Journal of Thyroid Research最新文献

Background: Several minimal access approaches to the thyroid gland have been widely applied; nevertheless, such approaches are still challenging when dealing with large-sized thyroid nodules or goiters. We hereby evaluated the outcomes and highlighted the merits of endoscopic axillo-breast hemithyroidectomy (EABH) for large-sized unilateral goiters.

Methods: Patients underwent EABH for unilateral large thyroid nodules ≥6 cm in its greatest dimension or unilateral large goiter (≥60 ml sonographic volume) whatever the size of its contained nodules were identified from a prospectively maintained database. Their demographic data, clinicopathological profiles, and surgical and esthetic outcomes are reported and analyzed.

Results: Over a 2-year period, 33 patients matched the selection criteria. Their mean age was 34.75 ± 11.39 years. There were 30 women and 3 men. The majority of nodules were radiologically TIRADS3 and cytologically Bethesda 3. The mean sonographic dominant nodule greatest dimension was 5.29 ± 1.48 cm (range: 3-9.5 cm). The mean sonographic volume of the pathological lobe was 101.86 ± 54.45 ml (range: 60.11-236.88 ml). All cases were completed endoscopically with no conversion to open. The mean operative time was 110.76 ± 18.75 minutes. No significant postoperative complications were reported except for one case with temporary vocal cord paresis. Most (87.9%) of the patients were extremely satisfied with the procedure.

Conclusion: EABH with our suggested key steps could be considered an effective valid approach for unilateral large goiters in trained hands and in patients desirous for cosmesis.

Background: In this study, we evaluate the rate of CLNM and related factors in patients with cN0 PTC undergoing transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA), a feasible and safe procedure that is widely approved for early stage PTC patients.

Method: A cross-sectional study was performed on 346 patients who underwent TOETVA due to thyroid cancer in the Department of Oncology and Palliative Care, Hanoi Medical University Hospital, from January 2020 to December 2021. The clinical, surgical, and pathological characteristics were recorded.

Results: The mean age was 36.1 ± 9.1 (13-67) years. Females accounted for 96%. Total thyroidectomy was applied in 55 cases (15.9%), and conservative thyroidectomy accounted for 291 (84.4%). The median number of harvested lymph nodes in ipsilateral and bilateral CND groups is 5 (IQR: 3-7) and 7 (IQR: 3-10). The median number of metastasized lymph nodes in these two groups is 2 (IQR: 1-3) and 3 (IQR: 2-6), respectively. The rate of CLNM was 39.9%. Thyroiditis increased the number of harvested lymph nodes: 8.3 ± 0.7 (1-24) nodes, p = 0.002. Tumor size on ultrasound, young age (<29 years old), and stage of tumor increased the possibility of CLNM, p < 0.05. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression revealed that young age (<29 years old) and gross tumor invasion were independent risk factors of high number of CLNM with p < 0.05.

Conclusion: In summary, CLNM rate in patients with cN0 PTC accounted for 39.9%. With the facilities of pCND by TOETVA, a procedure that is widely approved for early PTC and has excellent cosmetics and oncological results, pCND should be considered in patients with risk factors like young age or large tumor. High volume of CLNM is associated with young age and gross tumor extension, and total thyroidectomy should be indicated in these patient groups.

Introduction: Hashimoto thyroiditis is the most common cause of chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland. Ultrasound is the modality for detection, while fine needle aspiration is the gold standard method for diagnosis. Serologic markers, such as antithyroidal peroxidase antibody (TPO) and antithyroglobulin antibody (TG), are usually elevated.

Aim: The main objective is to appraise the incidence of neoplasms on a background of Hashimoto thyroiditis. Our second objective is to recognize the different sonographic appearances of Hashimoto thyroiditis, to focus on its nodular and focal patterns, and to measure the sensitivity of the ACR TIRAD system (2017) when interpreted on patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis.

Methods: A single-center retrospective cross-sectional study. We studied 137 cases diagnosed cytologically as Hashimoto thyroiditis from January 2013-December 2019. The data collected were analyzed using SPSS (26th edition), and ultrasounds were reviewed by a single board-certified radiologist. The ACR thyroid imaging and Data System 2017 (ACR TI-RADs 2017) and the Bethesda System for reporting thyroid cytology 2017 (BSRTC 2017) were used for reporting ultrasound and cytology, respectively.

Results: The mean age was 44.66 years and the female : male was 9 : 1. Serologically, anti-Tg was high in 22 cases (38%), while anti-TPO was positive in all of the 60 cases studied. Histologically, 11 cases were diagnosed with papillary thyroid carcinoma (8%) and a single case with follicular adenoma (0.7%). Ultrasonographically, 50% of the cases showed diffuse pattern, in which 13% of them showed micronodules. 32.2% were macronodular, and 17.7% were a focal nodular pattern. 45 nodules were interpreted with the ACR TIRAD system (2017), in which 22.2% were TR2, 26.6% were TR3, 17.7% were TR4, and 33.3% were TR5.

Conclusion: Hashimoto thyroiditis is a risk factor for developing thyroid neoplasms, which necessitate a proper assessment of the cytological material studied and a correlation with the clinical and radiological features. Recognizing the different types of Hashimoto thyroiditis and its variable appearances is significantly important in performing and interpreting thyroid ultrasound imaging. Microcalcification is the most sensitive parameter to discriminate between PTC and nodular type of Hashimoto thyroiditis. The TIRAD system (2017) is a useful tool for risk stratification; however, it might create unnecessary FNA studies in the setting of Hashimoto thyroiditis because of its variable appearances on ultrasound. A modified TIRAD system for patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis is important to alleviate this confusion. Finally, anti-TPO is a sensitive marker for detecting Hashimoto thyroiditis, which could be used for future referencing of newly diagnosed cases.

Background: Bone turnover markers (BTMs) have emerged as a useful tool for monitoring bone remodeling activity in the skeleton, and their serum levels correlate with bone loss rates in osteoporotic and normal individuals. Whether the same holds for other metabolic bone diseases is still subject to discussion.

Methods: We analyzed the relation between levels of BTMs and TSH in 79 females on thyroid hormone substitution therapy for hypothyroidism. Based on the reference range for TSH (0.2-4.0 mU/L) in our lab, we assessed BTMs in five different groups of patients based on the following criteria: (1) hypothyroidism (TSH >4.0); (2) TSH in the high normal range (1.0-4.0); (3) TSH in the low normal range (0.2-1.0); (4) TSH below the normal range (0.01-0.2); (5) TSH undetectable (<0.01). We studied the relationship between TSH and four different bone markers: procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (PINP), C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX), osteocalcin (OC), and bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP). In a subgroup of patients, bone mineral density was assessed by a DXA scan.

Results: PINP emerged as the most sensitive and dynamic BTM for assessment of bone turnover in this patient group, achieving significant rho values on nonparametric correlation analysis for both TSH (rho -0.47; p=0.0001) and FT4 (rho 0.27; p=0.018). CTX and OC also revealed significant correlations to TSH, albeit with lower rho values (-0.37 and -0.24, respectively). Categorical analysis showed that bone turnover increased significantly, albeit with pronounced interindividual variability for TSH values below the lower limit of normal (0.2 mU/l), with the most severe affected being women exhibiting suppression of TSH. Further analysis of loss rates by DXA in a limited subgroup of patients showed that this was accompanied by accelerated bone loss.

Conclusion: PINP is the most sensitive marker of bone turnover in thyroid disorders. TSH values below the lower limit of normal are associated with increased bone turnover and accelerated bone loss, however, with pronounced interindividual variations. Assessment of PINP may be a valuable tool in cases where there is concern about possible adverse effects of thyroid hormone substitution therapy on bone.

Objective: To evaluate whether thyroid nodule depth correlates with nondiagnostic results in ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytopathology.

Background: Many factors correlate with nondiagnostic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) results, including older age, macrocalcification, small-sized nodules, aspirin medication, and cystic portion in more than 50% of the thyroid nodules. However, there are few studies which have examined whether there is a relationship between the depth of nodules and the percentage of nondiagnostic results in cytology (Bethesda category I). We conducted this study in order to investigate if such a correlation exists.

Materials and methods: FNAC was performed on 283 thyroid nodules between January 2019 and December 2020. Cytological analyses of the nodules were reviewed and sorted as nondiagnostic and diagnostic according to the Bethesda score. Patient files and ultra sound (US) scans were reviewed for clinical information (such as age, sex, and ethnic group) and sonographic features of nodules (such as depth, size, cystic portion, type of calcification, and echogenicity) and were compared between the nondiagnostic and diagnostic nodule results. The depth of a nodule was calculated as the shortest distance from the skin to the most superficial border of the nodule in the axial plane, using our medical center's computer program, which allows reviewing all saved shots of the US scan.

Results: Age, sex, and ethnicity were not significantly different between the nondiagnostic group and the diagnostic group (p > 0.05). Nodule diameter, cystic portion, calcification, and echogenicity were also not associated with the frequency of nondiagnostic results. The depth of nodules ≥9 mm was correlated with nondiagnostic US-guided FNA cytological results (OR = 2.55, p=0.018).

Conclusions: Deep thyroid nodules correlated with nondiagnostic US-guided FNA cytological results. Further studies are needed for optimizing the approach to deep thyroid nodules in order to improve the efficacy of FNA in deep thyroid nodules.