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Effect of the Particle Size on the Rheology of Gellan Gum Micro Gel 粒径对结冷胶微凝胶流变性的影响
Pub Date : 2003-01-01 DOI: 10.1678/RHEOLOGY.31.337
Riwako Nakamoto, Ryoji Yasue
Focusing on the particle size of gellan gum microgel fluid dispersion, we found that even with the same composition, the appearance and rheological characteristics of microgel fluid dispersion were different depending on the difference of particle size. Comparison among rheological characteristics indicated that the greater the particle size of microgel was, the larger the yield stress and shear stress during flowage were and that there was an appropriate correlation (r=0.97) between the particle size of microgel and the yield stress of fluid dispersion. It was observed that among microgel fluid dispersion samples having the same particle size, the less concentration of calcium ions added as crosslinker for double helix they had, the greater shear stress they showed. We considered it as an influence of interaction among microgel particles. We found that the control of the particle size of microgel fluid dispersion and the calcium ion concentration was effective as a method of controlling the properties of microgel fluid dispersion. Microgel particles with smaller size decrease the yield stress of fluid dispersion, deteriorating the dispersion stability of dispersoid. However, by including the dispersoid in microgel particles, we could prepare a product providing a compatibility between the product appearance and stability.
重点研究了结冷胶微凝胶液分散体的粒径,发现即使在相同的成分下,微凝胶液分散体的外观和流变特性也因粒径的不同而不同。流变特性比较表明,微凝胶粒径越大,流动过程中的屈服应力和剪切应力越大,微凝胶粒径与流体分散的屈服应力之间存在适当的相关关系(r=0.97)。观察到,在相同粒径的微凝胶液分散样品中,作为双螺旋交联剂的钙离子浓度越低,所表现出的剪切应力越大。我们认为这是微凝胶粒子之间相互作用的影响。研究发现,控制微凝胶液分散体的粒径和钙离子浓度是控制微凝胶液分散体性能的有效方法。粒径较小的微凝胶颗粒降低了流体分散体的屈服应力,使分散体的分散稳定性恶化。然而,通过在微凝胶颗粒中加入分散体,我们可以制备一种产品,在产品外观和稳定性之间提供兼容性。
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引用次数: 2
Rheology of entangled polymeric liquids: Current molecular pictures and problems 纠缠聚合物液体的流变性:当前的分子图像和问题
Pub Date : 2003-01-01 DOI: 10.1678/RHEOLOGY.31.3
H. Watanabe
Prominent viscoelasticity emerges in entangled polymeric liquids composed of long, flexible polymer chains exhibiting active thermal motion. In attempt of establishing a molecular picture of the entanglement dynamics, extensive theoretical and experimental efforts have been made over several decades. This article summarizes the current picture of the equilibrium dynamics of the entangled chains and addresses some remaining problems.
突出的粘弹性出现在纠缠的聚合物液体中,由长而灵活的聚合物链组成,表现出活跃的热运动。为了建立纠缠动力学的分子图谱,几十年来进行了广泛的理论和实验研究。本文综述了缠绕链平衡动力学的现状,并提出了一些有待解决的问题。
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引用次数: 5
The Present Status and Prospect of Suspension Rheology. 悬浮液流变学的现状与展望。
Pub Date : 2003-01-01 DOI: 10.1678/RHEOLOGY.31.15
Y. Otsubo
Particles dispersed in a liquid tend to form flocs due to attractive forces between particles. The rheological properties of suspensions depend on the dynamic structures of flocs in shear fields. Main task of suspension rheology is to establish the quantitative relation among the mechanical properties of particle bond, geometrical structures of flocs, and macroscopic rheology. For understanding of current status of suspension rheology, the fundamental properties of ordinary flocculated suspensions are summarized. The most important aspect is that the particle bonds are not broken down in a quiescent state. Hence, the gross structure of flocs may be statistically invariant. The relation between rheology and floc structure is discussed on the basis of fractal and percolation concepts. The suspensions flocculated by polymers show interesting rheological behavior. For example, the suspensions flocculated by reversible bridging are Newtonian at low shear rates and shear-thickening at high shear rates, whereas the ordinary flocculated suspensions are shear-thinning in a wide range of shear rates due to the progressive breakdown of flocs. Since the particle-particle interactions are strongly influenced by adsorption affinity for surfaces, the flocculation induced by polymer has great potential as a new technique in rheology control of suspensions. The unique rheological behavior can be directly connected with the mechanical properties of the bonds between two primary particles. The physical quantities which determine the floc structures and rheological properties are the transverse and central components of attractive force between particles. The importance of vector nature of particle bonds is demonstrated, with a perspective of quantitative understanding of suspension rheology.
分散在液体中的颗粒由于颗粒之间的吸引力而容易形成絮凝体。悬浮液的流变性能取决于絮凝体在剪切场中的动态结构。悬浮液流变学的主要任务是建立颗粒粘结力学性能、絮凝体几何结构与宏观流变学之间的定量关系。为了解悬浮液流变学的研究现状,综述了普通絮凝悬浮液的基本性质。最重要的方面是粒子键不会在静止状态下被破坏。因此,絮凝体的总体结构可能是统计不变的。在分形和渗流概念的基础上,讨论了流变学与絮体结构的关系。高分子絮凝悬浮液表现出有趣的流变性能。例如,通过可逆桥接絮凝的悬浮液在低剪切速率下是牛顿式的,在高剪切速率下是剪切增稠的,而普通絮凝悬浮液由于絮凝体的逐步分解,在大剪切速率范围内是剪切减薄的。由于颗粒间的相互作用受表面吸附亲和性的强烈影响,聚合物诱导的絮凝作为一种控制悬浮液流变学的新技术具有很大的潜力。这种独特的流变行为可以直接与两个主要颗粒之间的键的力学性能联系起来。决定絮团结构和流变性能的物理量是粒子间引力的横向分量和中心分量。从定量理解悬浮流变学的角度,论证了粒子键的矢量性质的重要性。
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引用次数: 8
Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Particle Filled Elastomers 颗粒填充弹性体的流变学和力学性能
Pub Date : 2003-01-01 DOI: 10.1678/RHEOLOGY.31.329
Kazuyuki Shohara, K. Uotani, H. Yamane
Rheological and mechanical properties and particle dispersion state of silicone resin filled with various silica particles were investigated before and after crosslinking. Uncrosslinked resin filled with smaller particles at higher content showed higher storage modulus G' and complex viscosity |η*| at lower frequency region and a second plateau was observed. When the particle size is almost identical, particle with hydrophilic surface made G' and |η*| slightly higher. From those results, liquid matrix containing smaller particles at higher content has stronger three-dimensional structure. This structure seems to be stronger in the hydrophobic matrix filled in the hydrophilic particles. On the other hand, small hydrophobic particles increased the storage modulus E' of crosslinked resin at the rubbery region. These increases in E' at the rubbery region reflect the increases in the tensile modulus and strength of particle filled elastomers in the tensile test. These results suggested that the three-dimensional network structure formed with hydrophilic particles in hydrophobic matrix increased elastic character when the matrix is uncrosslinked. However, once matrix is crosslinked, adhesion between particles and matrix enhances the mechanical properties.
研究了不同硅粉填充的硅树脂在交联前后的流变性能、力学性能和颗粒分散状态。高含量小颗粒填充的非交联树脂在低频区表现出较高的存储模量G′和复合粘度|η*|,并出现了第二次平台。当颗粒尺寸几乎相同时,具有亲水性表面的颗粒使G′和|η*|略高。结果表明,含小颗粒、高含量的液体基质具有较强的三维结构。在亲水颗粒填充的疏水基质中,这种结构似乎更强。另一方面,小疏水颗粒增加了交联树脂在橡胶区的储存模量E'。橡胶区E′的增加反映了颗粒填充弹性体在拉伸试验中拉伸模量和强度的增加。这些结果表明,疏水基质中亲水颗粒形成的三维网络结构在基体非交联时增加了弹性特性。然而,一旦基体交联,颗粒与基体之间的粘附增强了力学性能。
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引用次数: 1
Birefringence of Aqueous Surfactant Solution in the Vicinity of a Slit Exit 表面活性剂水溶液在狭缝出口附近的双折射
Pub Date : 2003-01-01 DOI: 10.1678/RHEOLOGY.31.99
Hideo Asama, T. Hasegawa, T. Narumi
Two dimensional jets of a visocoelastic fluid have been studied using aqueous surfactant solution of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium salicylate (NaSal). The solution shows strong viscoelasticity even at low concentration condition 0.01[mol/l] and 0.07[mol/l] for CTAB and NaSal, respectively. Shapes of jets issuing from slits are observed, and the birefringence of sample solution is measured along the flow direction from the inside to the outside of the slit. Elastic stresses of jets are evaluated from their shapes, and the degree of orientation of thread-like micelles is calculated from the value of birefringence. The elastic stress of the slit jets agrees with that of capillary jets, and the value of birefringence increases and is followed by decreasing inside of the slit near the exit. The increase and decrease in the value of birefringence is related to a change in the orientation of micelles caused by the contraction and expansion of the flow near the exit. The increase in the value of birefringence is also observed with die swelling.
以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)和水杨酸钠(鼻)为表面活性剂,研究了粘弹性流体的二维射流。在低浓度条件下(CTAB为0.01[mol/l],鼻腔为0.07[mol/l]),溶液仍表现出较强的粘弹性。观察了从狭缝中喷出的射流的形状,并测量了样品溶液沿狭缝内向外流动方向的双折射率。根据射流的形状计算了射流的弹性应力,并根据双折射值计算了线状胶束的取向程度。狭缝射流的弹性应力与毛细射流的弹性应力基本一致,双折射值在狭缝内靠近出口处先增大后减小。双折射率值的增加和减少与出口附近流动的收缩和膨胀引起胶束取向的变化有关。双折射值的增加也观察到模具膨胀。
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引用次数: 2
Evaluation of Thermal Endurance Characteristics of Expanded Polystyrene Foams by Dynamic Compression Modulus 用动态压缩模量评价膨胀聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料的热耐久特性
Pub Date : 2003-01-01 DOI: 10.1678/RHEOLOGY.31.109
H. Adachi, Teruo Hasegawa
For evaluation of thermal endurance in foamed plastics, temperature and time characteristics of compression dynamic modulus of four expanded polystyrene foams were investigated by the dynamic viscoelastic measurements in compression mode. Log t which dynamic modulus 10 or 20% fall as compared with the start time of measurement, has been found to relate linearly with the reciprocal of the absolute temperature from the time characteristics of dynamic modulus in foams before destruction of cell. Thermal endurance temperature that is a measure to evaluate thermal endurance is not suitable for being given by the temperature characteristics of the dynamic modulus, and is suitable for being given by the temperature for setting up durable time from the relations between log t and the reciprocal of the absolute temperature.
为了评价泡沫塑料的热耐久性,采用压缩模式下的动态粘弹性测量方法,研究了4种膨胀聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料的压缩动模量的温度和时间特性。与开始测量时间相比,动态模量下降10%或20%的logt,已经发现与绝对温度的倒数线性相关,从泡沫破坏前的动态模量的时间特性。热耐久温度是评价热耐久的一个尺度,不宜用动态模量的温度特性来给出,而宜由对数t与绝对温度倒数的关系来确定耐久时间的温度来给出。
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引用次数: 2
Steady Planar Elongational Viscosity of CTAB/NaSal Aqueous Solutions Measured in a 4-Roll Mill Flow Cell. 在四辊轧机流池中测量CTAB/ nose水溶液的稳定平面伸长粘度。
Pub Date : 2002-12-15 DOI: 10.1678/RHEOLOGY.30.283
Manabu Kato, Tsutomu Takahashi, M. Shirakashi
Rheological properties in steady planar elongational flow of CTAB/NaSal aqueous solutions were investigated using a 4-roll mill flow cell. The planar elongational stress was measured by using a flow-birefringence technique, which is based on the stress-optic rule. On the other hand, the rate of planar elongation was accurately determined by the analysis of the tracer particles in the system. The planar elongational viscosity showed elongational thinning as well as shear thinning. The planar elongational viscosity measured in the 4-roll mill flow cell was compared with that measured in a squeeze flow cell, and both well agreed with each other. Trouton ratio was evaluated to be 4 in both the Newtonian and elongational thinning region. Flow instability is observed in the 4-roll mill flow cell at a planar elongation rate lower than the shear rate at which the shear flow instability takes place.
采用四辊轧机流动池研究了CTAB/ nose水溶液在稳定平面拉伸流动中的流变特性。采用基于应力-光学原理的流动双折射法测量了平面拉伸应力。另一方面,通过对体系中示踪粒子的分析,准确地测定了体系的平面伸长率。平面伸长黏度表现为伸长变薄和剪切变薄。将四辊轧机流池的平面伸长黏度与挤压流池的平面伸长黏度进行了比较,两者吻合较好。在牛顿减薄区和伸长减薄区,鳟鱼比均为4。在平面延伸率低于剪切速率时,在四辊轧机流室中观察到流动不稳定。
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引用次数: 14
Observation of Coalescence of Two Polyisobutylene Droplets in Polydimethylsiloxane under Large Step Shear Strain 大阶剪切应变下聚二甲基硅氧烷中两个聚异丁烯液滴聚结的观察
Pub Date : 2002-02-15 DOI: 10.1678/RHEOLOGY.30.45
Kenzo Okamoto, Ryota Tamura, M. Ishikawa
We observed collision and coalescence after application of large step shear strains for two polyisobutylene (PIB) droplets in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix using a stereo microscope. When coalescence occurred, interface vanished in an overlapped area of deformed droplets. Then a single droplet recovered to spherical shape. Time necessary for recovery to spherical shape with coalescence was longer than that without coalescence. Coalescence was easy to occur for larger strain and smaller d0/r 0, where d0 and r0 represent initial distance between centers of droplets and initial droplet radius, respectively. In the case of shape recovery without coalescence, the distance between the centers after shape recovery was smaller than d0. Time dependence of shape of droplets was similar in both cases with coalescence and without coalescence. Ratio of length of overlap, lov', to length of semi major axis, a', in view perpendicular to shear plane determines occurrence of coalescence.
用立体显微镜观察了两个聚异丁烯(PIB)液滴在聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)基体上施加大阶剪切应变后的碰撞和聚并。当聚结发生时,界面在变形液滴的重叠区域消失。然后一个液滴恢复为球形。有聚结的恢复球形所需的时间比没有聚结的要长。较大的应变和较小的d0/r 0时容易发生聚结,其中d0和r0分别表示液滴中心之间的初始距离和初始半径。在形状恢复不合并的情况下,形状恢复后中心之间的距离小于10。有聚结和没有聚结的情况下,液滴形状的时间依赖性相似。重叠长度lov′与垂直于剪切面的半长轴长度a′之比决定了聚并的发生。
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引用次数: 4
Study of the Flow in a Dual Cavity Slot Die. 双腔槽型模具的流动研究。
Pub Date : 2002-01-01 DOI: 10.1678/RHEOLOGY.30.179
T. Tsuda, T. Hasegawa, T. Narumi
One-dimensional flow model for non-Newtonian fluids in a dual cavity slot die is presented. The viscosity of nonNewtonian fluids is treated as the Ellis model. The conservation equations of mass and momentum in a dual-cavity slot die are one-dimensionally simplified by assuming an appropriate mean flow over the cross section of the flow. The flow field in the slot is assumed to be fully developed. The equations of flow for the cavity and the slot are derived separately and then coupled. We use a finite difference method to solve these governing equations. Using this model, we find that the location and the cross-section area of a secondary cavity have large effects on the distribution of outlet flow. It is concluded that the dual cavity die can effectively reduce the flow non-uniformity.
建立了双腔槽型模具中非牛顿流体的一维流动模型。非牛顿流体的粘度用埃利斯模型来处理。通过假定在流动截面上有适当的平均流量,对双腔槽型模具的质量和动量守恒方程进行了一维简化。假设槽内流场充分发展。分别推导了腔体和槽体的流动方程,然后进行了耦合。我们用有限差分法求解这些控制方程。利用该模型,我们发现二次空腔的位置和截面面积对出口流动的分布有很大的影响。结果表明,双腔模具可以有效地降低流动不均匀性。
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引用次数: 1
Rheological Properties and Fiber Dispersion and Orientation in Potassium Titanate Whisker Filled Polyoxymethylene Melts. 钛酸钾晶须填充聚乙烯熔体的流变性能及纤维分散取向。
Pub Date : 2002-01-01 DOI: 10.1678/RHEOLOGY.30.33
Wanhu Zhang, H. Yamane, Masaoki Takahashi
Dynamic viscoelastic properties, steady shear and biaxial extensional flow behaviors have been investigated for melts of potassium titanate whisker filled polyoxymethylene. A second plateau appears in the low frequency region of the storage modulus G', and the plateau value increases with whisker content. Addition of the whisker also increases the steady shear viscosity and the low strain rate asymptote of the biaxial extensional viscosity. The upturn of biaxial extensional viscosity from the low strain rate asymptote decreases by the addition of whisker due to suppression of polymer chain extension. Change in whisker dispersion and orientation in the melts was observed with scanning electron microscopy after quenching the samples in biaxial extensional flow. The degree of whisker orientation to the flow direction decreases with increasing strain rate in the range where the strain rate is much greater than the rate of whisker orientation and it is smaller than or comparable with the relaxation rate of the matrix chain. It is suggested that the matrix does not have enough power to orient the whisker in this range of strain rate.
研究了钛酸钾晶须填充聚乙烯熔体的动态粘弹性、稳态剪切和双轴拉伸流动行为。在存储模量G′的低频区出现第二个平台,平台值随着晶须含量的增加而增加。晶须的加入也增加了稳态剪切粘度和双轴拉伸粘度的低应变速率渐近线。晶须的加入抑制了聚合物链的延伸,降低了双轴拉伸粘度从低应变速率渐近线的上升率。用扫描电镜观察了双轴拉伸淬火后熔体中晶须弥散和取向的变化。在应变速率远大于晶须取向速率且小于或与基体链弛豫速率相当的范围内,晶须向流动方向的取向程度随应变速率的增加而减小。这表明,在此应变速率范围内,基体没有足够的能量来定向晶须。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of the Society of Rheology, Japan
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