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Electrical Resistivity of PP/PE Composite Filled with Amino-silane Treated Carbon Black and Its Thermal Behavior 氨基硅烷处理炭黑填充PP/PE复合材料的电阻率及其热性能
Pub Date : 2004-01-01 DOI: 10.1678/RHEOLOGY.32.129
Mitsuharu Inaba, Y. Kimura, K. Nagata, K. Inomata, Kiyohisa Takahashi
Carbon black (CB)-filled composites of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and PP/PE blend with weight composition of 40/60 have been prepared by twin screw extruder, and their electrical resistivities have been investigated. In order to improve the surface properties of CB, γ-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane (APS) was used for the surface treatment of CB. The surface treatment of CB by APS was found to effectively decrease percolation threshold, φc, i.e., the electrical resistivity showed drastic decrease when the CB content was larger than φ c. Temperature dependence of APS-treated CB/PP/PE composites exhibited almost constant electrical resistivity (~106 Ωcm) in the range of 25-130°C, and it was increased drastically to ~1012Ωcm above the melting temperature of PE, resulting high positive temperature coefficient (PTC) intensity (ca. 106). This high resistivity was maintained even at the higher temperature than 150°C, and only weak negative temperature coefficient (NTC) behavior was observed. The surface treatment of CB by APS is effective to obtain CB/PP/PE composites having excellent thermal electrical property as a switching material.
采用双螺杆挤出法制备了重量比为40/60的聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)和PP/PE共混物填充炭黑(CB)复合材料,并对其电阻率进行了研究。为了改善CB的表面性能,采用γ-氨基丙基三甲氧基硅烷(APS)对CB进行表面处理。经APS处理的CB/PP/PE复合材料在25 ~ 130℃范围内电阻率基本不变(~106 Ωcm),在PE熔融温度以上电阻率急剧升高至~1012Ωcm,具有较高的正温度系数(PTC)强度(约106)。即使在高于150°C的温度下,也能保持这种高电阻率,并且只观察到弱的负温度系数(NTC)行为。采用APS对炭黑进行表面处理,可获得热电性能优异的炭黑/PP/PE复合材料作为开关材料。
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引用次数: 2
Theoretical and Numerical Studies on Viscoelastic Effect in Phase Separation of Polymeric Systems 聚合物体系相分离中粘弹性效应的理论与数值研究
Pub Date : 2004-01-01 DOI: 10.1678/RHEOLOGY.32.27
T. Taniguchi
Viscoelastic effects on phase separations in polymeric systems are investigated by a numerical method using a two fluid model. In the viscoelastic phase separation, the coupling of solvent diffusion and stress stored in polymeric materials strongly influences the dynamics, morphology of phase separated pattern. In our model we take into account the coupling and explain unusual phase separation phenomena observed experimentally in polymer solution systems. In our simulations, we reproduced the network pattern of polymer rich phase which is a minority phase and found that the coarsening of the network pattern is very slow. In order to clarify the origin of slowing down of coarsening dynamics of network pattern of polymer rich phase,we investigated the dynamics of an initially elongated droplet.We found that the flow field induced by the surface tension of droplet is suppressed by the stress produced by the induced flow field.
采用双流体模型,采用数值方法研究了聚合物体系中粘弹性对相分离的影响。在粘弹性相分离过程中,溶剂扩散和高分子材料中储存的应力的耦合作用强烈地影响了相分离图的动力学和形貌。在我们的模型中,我们考虑了耦合并解释了在聚合物溶液系统中实验观察到的不寻常的相分离现象。在我们的模拟中,我们再现了富聚合物相的网络模式,这是少数相,发现网络模式的粗化非常缓慢。为了弄清富聚合物相网络模式粗化动力学减缓的原因,我们研究了初始拉长液滴的动力学。结果表明,液滴表面张力诱导的流场被诱导流场产生的应力所抑制。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of Flows of Polymeric Solutions and Liquid Crystals 聚合物溶液和液晶流动分析
Pub Date : 2004-01-01 DOI: 10.1678/RHEOLOGY.32.245
N. Mori
Flows of polymeric fluids and liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs) were studied in complex flow geometries. In the present paper, however, there is a focus on the flow analysis of the flow of LCPs. Numerical simulations of flows of LCPs were carried out using the modified Doi equation with the quadratic closure approximation. Molecular orientation of LCPs is strongly affected by the velocity field including both the shear and elongational flows in the complex geometry while the velocity distribution is modified by the molecular orientation. Numerical simulations for a flow between parallel plates containing a cylinder and a spinning flow are presented as examples. A novel rubbing-free alignment layer for LCs was proposed as an application of flow-induced molecular orientation of LCPs. The development of wavy texture in startup flows of LCPs through a slit cell was discussed.
研究了聚合物流体和液晶聚合物(lcp)在复杂流动几何中的流动。然而,在本文中,重点是对lcp流动的流动分析。采用改进的Doi方程和二次闭包近似对lcp的流动进行了数值模拟。在复杂几何结构中,剪切流和拉伸流两种速度场对lcp的分子取向都有强烈的影响,而分子取向则改变了lcp的速度分布。给出了含圆柱平行板间流动和旋转流动的数值模拟实例。提出了一种新型的无摩擦液晶取向层,用于液晶的流动诱导分子取向。讨论了lcp通过狭缝池启动流动时波纹织构的发展。
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引用次数: 0
Transesterification Reaction and Morphology of PET/PEN Melt-mixed Blends and Their Flexural Strengths PET/PEN熔融混合共混物的酯交换反应、形态及抗弯强度
Pub Date : 2004-01-01 DOI: 10.1678/RHEOLOGY.32.133
Kensuke Mizufune, K. Soma, K. Nagata, K. Inomata, Kiyohisa Takahashi
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) / poly(ethylene naphthalate) (PEN) blends with 50/50 composition have been prepared by melt-mixing at the temperatures above 280°C and subsequent heating at 280°C before hot-press molding. Progress of transesterification reaction and formation of PET-PEN random copolymers during these melt-blending processes have been confirmed by 1H-NMR measurement. Dynamic viscoelasticity, DSC thermograms, and SEM images for the PET/PEN blends with shorter heating time at 280°C suggested that the blend sample was in an immiscible state when the transesterification level (T) was less than 5%. With the increase of the heating time, the sample changed to miscible state with T > 5 % and exhibited transparency. The phase-separated morphology was fine and the size of the phase-separated domain was several hundred nanometer when T ≈ 5%. Flexural test for the blend samples revealed that the PET/PEN blends exhibited the maximum flexural strength when T ≈ 5 %. Increase in the melt-mixing temperature was found to accelerate the transesterification reaction, and to shorten the processing time to obtain the miscible PET/PEN blend.
在280℃以上的温度下熔融混合,然后在280℃加热,然后热压成型,制备了50/50组成的聚对苯二甲酸乙酯(PET) /聚萘二甲酸乙酯(PEN)共混物。通过1H-NMR测量,证实了熔融共混过程中酯交换反应的进展和PET-PEN无规共聚物的形成。在280℃下加热时间较短的PET/PEN共混物的动态粘弹性、DSC热像图和SEM图像表明,当酯交换水平(T)小于5%时,共混物样品处于不混相状态。随着加热时间的延长,样品与t> %的混相变化,表现出透明。当T≈5%时,相分离形貌良好,相分离畴的尺寸可达几百纳米。对共混物试样的弯曲试验表明,当T≈5%时,PET/PEN共混物的弯曲强度最大。提高熔体混合温度可加快酯交换反应,缩短制备PET/PEN共混物的时间。
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引用次数: 2
Study on Surface Glass Transition Behavior in Monodisperse Polystyrene Films 单分散聚苯乙烯薄膜表面玻璃化转变行为的研究
Pub Date : 2004-01-01 DOI: 10.1678/RHEOLOGY.32.17
Keiji Tanaka
Japan Surfaces in polymeric materials play an important role in many technological applications. Hence, systematical understanding of aggregation states and physical properties at the surfaces is of pivotal importance as the first benchmark so that highly functionalized polymeric materials based on surface peculiarity can be promisingly designed and constructed. Nevertheless, surface properties, especially rheological properties, had not been studied until early 90s because of technical difficulties. In 1993, we started to embark on this intriguing and challenging issue by mainly scanning force microscopy using monodisperse polystyrene (PS) solid films. Consequently, conclusions obtained thus far are consistently arrived that molecular motion at the PS surfaces is thermally activated in comparison with the corresponding internal bulk region. However, it is far from clear for the moment what the whole picture of such peculiar surface mobility is, although we believe that some parts of it have been successfully clarified to date. Here, experimental methods to examine surface rheological properties, which we have proposed, are mentioned at first, and then, essential points of what we have established are
高分子材料表面在许多技术应用中起着重要的作用。因此,系统地了解表面的聚集状态和物理性质作为第一个基准是至关重要的,这样基于表面特性的高功能化聚合物材料就可以有希望地设计和制造出来。然而,由于技术上的困难,直到90年代初才对其表面特性,特别是流变性能进行研究。在1993年,我们开始着手这个有趣的和具有挑战性的问题,主要是扫描力显微镜使用单分散聚苯乙烯(PS)固体薄膜。因此,到目前为止得到的结论一致地得出,与相应的内部体积区域相比,PS表面的分子运动是热激活的。然而,目前还远不清楚这种奇特的表面流动性的全貌,尽管我们相信迄今为止已经成功地澄清了其中的一些部分。在这里,首先提到我们提出的检验表面流变特性的实验方法,然后,我们所建立的要点是
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引用次数: 0
Rheology of Colloidal Disperse Systems 胶体分散体系流变学
Pub Date : 2004-01-01 DOI: 10.1678/RHEOLOGY.32.3
Takayoshi Matsumoto
Rheological properties of various colloidal disperse systems were studied in the wide view of linear and non-linear viscoelasticity. The colloidal disperse systems show a unique relaxation mechanism in relatively long-time scale region, which is due to heterogeneity of the system. The disperse systems of fibrous particles show extremely high viscosity and large elastic modulus in comparison with that of the spherical particles.
从线性粘弹性和非线性粘弹性的角度研究了各种胶体分散体系的流变性能。胶体分散体系在相对较长的尺度区域表现出独特的松弛机制,这是由于体系的非均质性所致。与球形颗粒相比,纤维颗粒的分散体系具有极高的粘度和弹性模量。
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引用次数: 2
Phase Transition and Mechanical Properties of Elastomer 弹性体的相变与力学性能
Pub Date : 2004-01-01 DOI: 10.1678/RHEOLOGY.32.259
S. Kawahara
Mechanical properties of elastomers and their mixtures were investigated with respect to phase transition, that is, strain-induced crystallization of natural rubber. On crystallization of unstretched natural rubber, effect of fatty acids present in the rubber was investigated by polarized light microscopy. The fatty acids were proved to be nucleating agent on the crystallization. The strain-induced crystallization and its effect on the mechanical properties were investigated by measuring tear strength of blend of SBR with natural rubber dispersoid. Despite superposition of tear energy of SBR, the natural rubber/SBR blend showed abrupt increase in tear energy at melting temperature of natural rubber. Since, after removing fatty acids with acetone, the acetone-extracted natural rubber/SBR blend was superposed with temperature shift factor of SBR, fatty acids were suggested to play an important role in not only tear energy but also strain-induced crystallization.
研究了弹性体及其混合物在相变方面的力学性能,即天然橡胶的应变诱导结晶。利用偏光显微镜研究了脂肪酸对未拉伸天然橡胶结晶的影响。脂肪酸在结晶过程中起成核作用。通过测定SBR与天然橡胶分散体共混物的撕裂强度,研究了应变诱导结晶及其对力学性能的影响。尽管有SBR撕裂能的叠加,但在天然橡胶的熔融温度下,天然橡胶/SBR共混物的撕裂能急剧增加。用丙酮去除脂肪酸后,将丙酮提取的天然橡胶/SBR共混物与SBR的温移因子叠加,表明脂肪酸不仅在撕裂能中起重要作用,而且在应变诱导结晶中也起重要作用。
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引用次数: 0
Rheology in Food and Eating 食品和饮食中的流变学
Pub Date : 2003-02-15 DOI: 10.1678/RHEOLOGY.31.41
K. Nishinari
The role of rheology in food and nutrition science and technology is discussed. Since the mouthfeel or texture is one of the most important attributes of foods, rheological studies have been carried out extensively. Rheology is important in the understanding textural properties of foods and food processing, and mastication and deglutition in eating process. These problems are becoming more important with the advent of aged society where dysphagia is becoming a serious problem. Large deformation and fracture of food gels is discussed. Recent advances in the understanding of sol-gel transition of food macromolecules, sensory evaluation of viscosity in mouth, and flavour release are described.
讨论了流变学在食品和营养科学技术中的作用。由于口感或质地是食品最重要的属性之一,流变学研究得到了广泛的开展。流变学对于理解食品的质地特性和食品加工,以及在食用过程中的咀嚼和吞咽具有重要意义。随着老龄化社会的到来,吞咽困难成为一个严重的问题,这些问题变得更加重要。讨论了食品凝胶的大变形和断裂问题。综述了食品大分子的溶胶-凝胶转变、口腔黏度的感官评价和风味释放等方面的研究进展。
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引用次数: 8
Effects of Cell Destruction on Compression Moduli of Closed-Celled Polyethylene Foams 孔破坏对闭孔聚乙烯泡沫塑料压缩模量的影响
Pub Date : 2003-01-01 DOI: 10.1678/RHEOLOGY.31.105
H. Adachi, Teruo Hasegawa
Effects of cell destruction on compression moduli of four closed-cell polyethylene were studied by the dynamic viscoelastic measurements in compression mode and the static compression test. In the dynamic viscoelastic measurements, dynamic modulus after cell destruction was smaller than that before cell destruction, and in foams after cell destruction the relations with the dynamic modulus and the initial shrinkage for foams of small elastic modulus was different from those for foams of large elastic modulus. In the static compression test, stress-strain curves of virgin foams gave a bend in the small strain region as observed for expanded polystyrene foams, whereas after cell destruction the stress monotonically increased with strain for foams having low elastic modulus. On the other hand for foams of high elastic modulus, stress-strain curves gave a bend in the small strain region as observed for virgin foams after cell destruction. It is considered that the ratio of the resistance against the pressure inside the cells to the total resistance varies with the elastic modulus of foams.
通过压缩模式下的动态粘弹性测量和静态压缩试验,研究了细胞破坏对四种闭孔聚乙烯压缩模量的影响。在动粘弹性测试中,破坏后的动模量小于破坏前的动模量,在破坏后的泡沫中,小弹性模量的泡沫与大弹性模量的泡沫的动模量与初始收缩率的关系不同。在静态压缩试验中,未发泡泡沫的应力-应变曲线在小应变区出现弯曲,膨胀泡沫的应力-应变曲线在小应变区出现弯曲,而低弹性模量泡沫破坏后应力随应变单调增加。另一方面,对于高弹性模量的泡沫,应力-应变曲线在小应变区出现弯曲,这是在原生泡沫破坏后观察到的。考虑到泡沫的弹性模量随孔内压力阻力与总阻力的比值而变化。
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引用次数: 3
Study on Uniaxial Elongational Viscosity and Vacuum Molding Processability of the PP/PE Blends PP/PE共混物单轴拉伸粘度及真空成型加工性研究
Pub Date : 2003-01-01 DOI: 10.1678/RHEOLOGY.31.321
S. Shiromoto, Taro Miyazawa, K. Koyama
The relationship between uniaxial elongational viscosity and vacuum molding processability of the PP/PE blends were investigated. Propylene homo-polymer (PP) and 3 kinds of high pressure method low density polyethylene with different molecular weight (PE-A, PE-B, PE-C) were used. Materials were melt blended to the ratio of PP/PE=90/10, 80/20 and 70/30wt% for the experiments. The PP/PE blends showed strain hardening of uniaxial elongational viscosity, while PP showed no strain hardening. The strain hardening of PP/PE increased with increasing of the blend ratio of PE to PP, and the molecular weight of PE. The morphologies of PP/PE under uniaxial elongational flow were observed by TEM. For the samples with the lower molecular weight PE, the larger deformation of PE domain was observed. The deviation of thickness of the vacuum molding products decreased according to the increase of the strain hardening of PP/PE.
研究了PP/PE共混物的单轴拉伸粘度与真空成型加工性的关系。采用丙烯均聚物(PP)和3种不同分子量的高压法低密度聚乙烯(PE-A、PE-B、PE-C)。实验采用PP/PE=90/ 10,80 /20和70/30wt%的熔体共混。PP/PE共混物表现出单轴拉伸黏度的应变硬化,而PP没有表现出应变硬化。随着PE与PP共混比的增大和PE分子量的增大,PP/PE的应变硬化程度增大。用透射电镜观察了PP/PE在单轴拉伸流作用下的形貌。对于PE分子量较低的样品,PE畴变形较大。随着PP/PE应变硬化量的增加,真空成型制品的厚度偏差减小。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of the Society of Rheology, Japan
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