Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical used in the production of polycarbonate plastics and for lining metal cans, used in canned foods. BPA is a well-known endocrine disrupting chemical, it therefore, is very hazardous to human health. BPA levels were determined in three brands of canned tomatoes (Gino, Super Mama, Derica) as sold in Nigerian markets. The samples were analyzed using solvent extraction, separation and quantitation by gas chromatography- mass spectrometric method. The recovery value for BPA in the method was 89% with the relative standard deviations of 3%.The BPA concentration in the samples ranged from 0.124 to 0.141 (), which are higher than the European Food Safety Authority Specific Migration Limit (SML) of 0.05 mg/kg in food sample. The samples analyzed in this work may be, therefore, of a potential health concern to the consumers.
{"title":"Determination of 4,4-(propane-2,2-diyl) diphenol (Bisphenol A) Concentration in Canned Tomatoes","authors":"G.P Fabusola, V. Akpambang","doi":"10.25026/JTPC.V5I3.273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25026/JTPC.V5I3.273","url":null,"abstract":"Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical used in the production of polycarbonate plastics and for lining metal cans, used in canned foods. BPA is a well-known endocrine disrupting chemical, it therefore, is very hazardous to human health. BPA levels were determined in three brands of canned tomatoes (Gino, Super Mama, Derica) as sold in Nigerian markets. The samples were analyzed using solvent extraction, separation and quantitation by gas chromatography- mass spectrometric method. The recovery value for BPA in the method was 89% with the relative standard deviations of 3%.The BPA concentration in the samples ranged from 0.124 to 0.141 (), which are higher than the European Food Safety Authority Specific Migration Limit (SML) of 0.05 mg/kg in food sample. The samples analyzed in this work may be, therefore, of a potential health concern to the consumers.","PeriodicalId":17494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49350103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The genus Eucalyptus has been used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. In this work, chloroform and methanol extracts from the leaves of Eucalyptus citriodora was investigated for their phytochemicals, cytotoxicity and antioxidant potentials. Phytochemical screening of the extracts showed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, phenols, reducing sugar and steroids in the methanol extract. IR absorptions of the extract supported the presence of these phytochemicals by revealing the bands 3335 cm-1 (O-H), 1613, 1480 cm-1 (C=C) and 1721 cm-1 (C=O). Evaluation of the cytotoxicity of the methanol extract using brine shrimp assay, suggested that, the extract was not toxic with LC50 value of 1.64 mg/mL. Antioxidant potentials of both chloroform and methanol extracts were determined using phenolic content quantification and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging. Methanol extract (37.32 μg TAE/mg) had higher phenolic content than the chloroform extract (12.09 μg TAE/mg). The radical scavenging potentials of the extracts recorded inhibitory activities of IC50 values of 892.7 μg/mL (chloroform extract) and 8.3 μg/mL (methanol extracts) relative to the positive control values of 31.1 μg/mL (butylated hydroxytoluene) and 3.5 μg/mL (ascorbic acid). These results showed that E. citriodora might contain promising antioxidant agents.
{"title":"Phytochemical Screening, Cytotoxicity and Antioxidant Activities of Leaves Extracts from Eucalyptus citriodora","authors":"M. Idris, A. Yelwa, Aminu Muhammad","doi":"10.25026/JTPC.V5I3.280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25026/JTPC.V5I3.280","url":null,"abstract":"The genus Eucalyptus has been used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. In this work, chloroform and methanol extracts from the leaves of Eucalyptus citriodora was investigated for their phytochemicals, cytotoxicity and antioxidant potentials. Phytochemical screening of the extracts showed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, phenols, reducing sugar and steroids in the methanol extract. IR absorptions of the extract supported the presence of these phytochemicals by revealing the bands 3335 cm-1 (O-H), 1613, 1480 cm-1 (C=C) and 1721 cm-1 (C=O). Evaluation of the cytotoxicity of the methanol extract using brine shrimp assay, suggested that, the extract was not toxic with LC50 value of 1.64 mg/mL. Antioxidant potentials of both chloroform and methanol extracts were determined using phenolic content quantification and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging. Methanol extract (37.32 μg TAE/mg) had higher phenolic content than the chloroform extract (12.09 μg TAE/mg). The radical scavenging potentials of the extracts recorded inhibitory activities of IC50 values of 892.7 μg/mL (chloroform extract) and 8.3 μg/mL (methanol extracts) relative to the positive control values of 31.1 μg/mL (butylated hydroxytoluene) and 3.5 μg/mL (ascorbic acid). These results showed that E. citriodora might contain promising antioxidant agents.","PeriodicalId":17494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43400785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gashaw Nigussie, Dinkayehu Desta, S. Ashenafi, Yemane Werede
Lepidium sativum plants are available abundantly in all part of Ethiopia and traditionally used for the treatment of various ailments. The work done on essential oil chemical characterization and biological activity of this plant are still insufficient reports in Ethiopia. Therefore the aim of the present study was to carry out essential oil chemical characterization and antibacterial activities of the seeds extracts and oils of L. sativum obtained from the local area Kersu Kebele, Goma Wereda, Jimma zone. The study was conducted by extraction of the seeds with organic solvents n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol. The study performed on extraction of essential oil of the seed through hydrodistillation and investigation of phytochemical constituents of each solvent extract. The n-hexane extract (oil) and the essential oil of the seed extract were analyzed with GC-MS and 11 components were obtained from each types of oil. 7, 10, 13-hexadecatrienoic acid (64.42%) and Indol (63.78%) were the major components of n-hexane extracted and essential oil of the seeds respectively. Moreover both oils were held unsaturated fatty acid, saturated fatty acid and aromatic derivative compounds. The preliminary phytochemical test revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, anthraqunnes, and tannins. Antibacterial activities of the essential oil were implemented by disc diffusion method against one Gram positive bacterium Stphylococus aureus and three Gram negative bacteria: E.coli, Proteus mirabilis and Klibsiella pneumoniae. The inhibition zones of the samples were compared with standard drug ceftriaxone. The essential oil showed antibacterial activities on all the tested bacteria.
{"title":"Essential Oil Chemical Characterization and Antibacterial Activities of Lepidium sativum Seed","authors":"Gashaw Nigussie, Dinkayehu Desta, S. Ashenafi, Yemane Werede","doi":"10.25026/JTPC.V5I3.265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25026/JTPC.V5I3.265","url":null,"abstract":"Lepidium sativum plants are available abundantly in all part of Ethiopia and traditionally used for the treatment of various ailments. The work done on essential oil chemical characterization and biological activity of this plant are still insufficient reports in Ethiopia. Therefore the aim of the present study was to carry out essential oil chemical characterization and antibacterial activities of the seeds extracts and oils of L. sativum obtained from the local area Kersu Kebele, Goma Wereda, Jimma zone. The study was conducted by extraction of the seeds with organic solvents n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol. The study performed on extraction of essential oil of the seed through hydrodistillation and investigation of phytochemical constituents of each solvent extract. The n-hexane extract (oil) and the essential oil of the seed extract were analyzed with GC-MS and 11 components were obtained from each types of oil. 7, 10, 13-hexadecatrienoic acid (64.42%) and Indol (63.78%) were the major components of n-hexane extracted and essential oil of the seeds respectively. Moreover both oils were held unsaturated fatty acid, saturated fatty acid and aromatic derivative compounds. The preliminary phytochemical test revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, anthraqunnes, and tannins. Antibacterial activities of the essential oil were implemented by disc diffusion method against one Gram positive bacterium Stphylococus aureus and three Gram negative bacteria: E.coli, Proteus mirabilis and Klibsiella pneumoniae. The inhibition zones of the samples were compared with standard drug ceftriaxone. The essential oil showed antibacterial activities on all the tested bacteria.","PeriodicalId":17494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41820001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of phytoconstituents single or combined with standard medicines has been utilized in cure of different diseases. Many plants of genus Cordia comprise of trees and shrubs are widely distributed in warmer regions and have been utilized in management of various diseases. Cordia africana Lam. (family- Boraginaceae) is a small to medium-sized evergreen tree, 4 to 15 (30) m high, heavily branched with a spreading, umbrella-shaped or rounded crown. Bole typically curved or crooked. Bark grayish-brown to dark brown, smooth in young trees, but soon becoming rough and longitudinally fissured with age; young branch lets with sparse long. Uses of C. africana: firewood, timber (furniture, beehives, boxes, mortars, church, drums), food (fruit), medicine (bark, roots), fodder (leaves), bee forage, mulch, soil conservation, ornamental, shade. Various phytoconstituents like flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, steroids, anthraquinones, carbohydrates and protins having different activities were screened and isolated from different parts of Cordia africana. Various important Pharmacological properties including Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, antimicrobial, anti-nociceptive, and others have been well documented for this plant. Therefore, we have briefly reviewed the various bioactivities of Cordia africana to improve our knowledge on plant phytochemicals as therapeutic entities. The present review describes the various phytoconstituents and therapeutic potential of Cordia africana that can be followed for future research on this plant for human health benefits.
{"title":"A Phytopharmacological Review on a Medicinal Plant: Cordia africana Lam.","authors":"Gashaw Nigussie, Fozia Ibrahim, Sebsib Neway","doi":"10.25026/JTPC.V5I3.267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25026/JTPC.V5I3.267","url":null,"abstract":"The use of phytoconstituents single or combined with standard medicines has been utilized in cure of different diseases. Many plants of genus Cordia comprise of trees and shrubs are widely distributed in warmer regions and have been utilized in management of various diseases. Cordia africana Lam. (family- Boraginaceae) is a small to medium-sized evergreen tree, 4 to 15 (30) m high, heavily branched with a spreading, umbrella-shaped or rounded crown. Bole typically curved or crooked. Bark grayish-brown to dark brown, smooth in young trees, but soon becoming rough and longitudinally fissured with age; young branch lets with sparse long. Uses of C. africana: firewood, timber (furniture, beehives, boxes, mortars, church, drums), food (fruit), medicine (bark, roots), fodder (leaves), bee forage, mulch, soil conservation, ornamental, shade. Various phytoconstituents like flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, steroids, anthraquinones, carbohydrates and protins having different activities were screened and isolated from different parts of Cordia africana. Various important Pharmacological properties including Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, antimicrobial, anti-nociceptive, and others have been well documented for this plant. Therefore, we have briefly reviewed the various bioactivities of Cordia africana to improve our knowledge on plant phytochemicals as therapeutic entities. The present review describes the various phytoconstituents and therapeutic potential of Cordia africana that can be followed for future research on this plant for human health benefits.","PeriodicalId":17494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47557838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
First nutritional intake supplied to newborn infants is exclusive breast milk because it contains a lot of nutrients and it is supplied for 6-month-old children without adding weaning foods. Global Nutrition Report (GNR) report in 2014 stated that Indonesia was included in 117 countries that had three highest nutritional problems in children, namely stunting (37.2%), wasting (12.1%), and overweight (11.9%). The result of Riskesdas prevalence in 2013 regarding to nutritional status of children in Papua Province was undernutrition (21.9%) while in Jayapura there were malnutrition (3.4%) for toddlers and undernutrition (17.8%). The purpose of the research was to analyze the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding with foods intake and nutritional status of 6-to-12-month-old children in the working area of Hamadi Primary Health Care in the city of Jayapura. Quantitative research methods with cross sectional study design using the spearman rank test were done which exclusive breastfeeding as independent variable, food intake and nutritional status as dependent variables. Statistical test results showed that there was no relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and nutritional status with parameter p = 0.658, there was no relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and food intake (TKE p = 0.335), (TKP p = 0.626), (TKL p = 0.715), (TKK p = 0.980), there was a relationship between food intake and nutritional status (TKE p = 0.050), (TKP p = 0.041), (TKL p = 0.032), (TKK p = 0.049). The conclusion of this research is either exclusive or non-exclusive breastfeeding children have the same nutritional status and food intake, while children's food intake affects nutritional status of children.
{"title":"The Relationship between Exclusive Breastfeeding with Foods Intake and Nutritional Status of 6-to-12-Month-Old Children in Working Area of Hamadi Primary Health Care in the City Jayapura","authors":"Ribka Fransiska Youwe, Dary Dary, Rifatolistia Tampubolon, Gelora Mangalik","doi":"10.25026/jtpc.v5i2.251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25026/jtpc.v5i2.251","url":null,"abstract":"First nutritional intake supplied to newborn infants is exclusive breast milk because it contains a lot of nutrients and it is supplied for 6-month-old children without adding weaning foods. Global Nutrition Report (GNR) report in 2014 stated that Indonesia was included in 117 countries that had three highest nutritional problems in children, namely stunting (37.2%), wasting (12.1%), and overweight (11.9%). The result of Riskesdas prevalence in 2013 regarding to nutritional status of children in Papua Province was undernutrition (21.9%) while in Jayapura there were malnutrition (3.4%) for toddlers and undernutrition (17.8%). The purpose of the research was to analyze the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding with foods intake and nutritional status of 6-to-12-month-old children in the working area of Hamadi Primary Health Care in the city of Jayapura. Quantitative research methods with cross sectional study design using the spearman rank test were done which exclusive breastfeeding as independent variable, food intake and nutritional status as dependent variables. Statistical test results showed that there was no relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and nutritional status with parameter p = 0.658, there was no relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and food intake (TKE p = 0.335), (TKP p = 0.626), (TKL p = 0.715), (TKK p = 0.980), there was a relationship between food intake and nutritional status (TKE p = 0.050), (TKP p = 0.041), (TKL p = 0.032), (TKK p = 0.049). The conclusion of this research is either exclusive or non-exclusive breastfeeding children have the same nutritional status and food intake, while children's food intake affects nutritional status of children.","PeriodicalId":17494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45514755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Crissty Magglin, I. Fikriah, K. Kosala, Hadi Kuncoro
Tarap (Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco) is one of the plants in the tropics that are consumed by dayak tribe in East Kalimantan. Toxicity tests on seeds and bark have been done but there is no data regarding the acute toxicity of Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco seeds and flesh of fruit causing the need for acute toxicity tests. This Research to know the acute toxic effects of tarap (Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco) seed and flesh extracts on larvae of Daphnia magna. Tarap seeds and flesh (Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco) was taken from dayak market in Samarinda, is East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The seeds and flesh of the tarap fruit are extracted by maceration with ethanol solvent. An acute toxicity test was performed by exposing Dapnia magna larvae aged ≤ 24 hours with a solution of the experimental group and the control group for 48 hours. Toxicity test results are expressed in percentage of immobilization of larvae of Daphnia magna calculated by probit test to obtain EC50 (Half maximal effective concentration) values. Extracts are toxic if the EC50 value > 1000ppm. EC50 Ethanol extract of tarap seeds obtained values ( 3922,301 ± 324,590 ) for EC50 24h and ( 2964,498 ± 412,498 ) for EC50 48h. The EC50 value of ethanol extract from flesh of tarap fruit is ( 12224.514 ± 2186. 899 ) EC50 24h and ( 6165,235 ± 1940,006 ) EC50 48h.Ethanol extract of tarap fruit and flesh is non toxic to larvae of Daphnia magna.
{"title":"Acute Toxicity Assay from Seeds and Flesh of Tarap Fruit (Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco) Ethanolic Extract against Daphnia magna Larvae","authors":"Crissty Magglin, I. Fikriah, K. Kosala, Hadi Kuncoro","doi":"10.25026/jtpc.v5i2.240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25026/jtpc.v5i2.240","url":null,"abstract":"Tarap (Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco) is one of the plants in the tropics that are consumed by dayak tribe in East Kalimantan. Toxicity tests on seeds and bark have been done but there is no data regarding the acute toxicity of Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco seeds and flesh of fruit causing the need for acute toxicity tests. This Research to know the acute toxic effects of tarap (Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco) seed and flesh extracts on larvae of Daphnia magna. Tarap seeds and flesh (Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco) was taken from dayak market in Samarinda, is East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The seeds and flesh of the tarap fruit are extracted by maceration with ethanol solvent. An acute toxicity test was performed by exposing Dapnia magna larvae aged ≤ 24 hours with a solution of the experimental group and the control group for 48 hours. Toxicity test results are expressed in percentage of immobilization of larvae of Daphnia magna calculated by probit test to obtain EC50 (Half maximal effective concentration) values. Extracts are toxic if the EC50 value > 1000ppm. EC50 Ethanol extract of tarap seeds obtained values ( 3922,301 ± 324,590 ) for EC50 24h and ( 2964,498 ± 412,498 ) for EC50 48h. The EC50 value of ethanol extract from flesh of tarap fruit is ( 12224.514 ± 2186. 899 ) EC50 24h and ( 6165,235 ± 1940,006 ) EC50 48h.Ethanol extract of tarap fruit and flesh is non toxic to larvae of Daphnia magna.","PeriodicalId":17494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43591146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ryan Ayub Wahjoedi, R. Saputri, Tjitjik Srie Tjahjandarie, M. Tandjung
Two furoquinoline alkaloids, leptanoine C (1) and haplopine-3,3´-dimethylallyl ether (2) were isolated from the leaves of Melicope moluccana. The chemical structure of both compounds was determined based on spectroscopic data, including UV, IR, HR-ESI-MS, 1D, and 2D NMR spectral data. The antimalarial activity of compounds 1-2 against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 showing their IC50 values are 0.18 ppm and 2.28 µg/mL, respectively.
{"title":"Melicope moluccana Antimalarial Activity of Furoquinoline Alkaloids from the Leaves of Melicope moluccana","authors":"Ryan Ayub Wahjoedi, R. Saputri, Tjitjik Srie Tjahjandarie, M. Tandjung","doi":"10.25026/jtpc.v5i2.260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25026/jtpc.v5i2.260","url":null,"abstract":"Two furoquinoline alkaloids, leptanoine C (1) and haplopine-3,3´-dimethylallyl ether (2) were isolated from the leaves of Melicope moluccana. The chemical structure of both compounds was determined based on spectroscopic data, including UV, IR, HR-ESI-MS, 1D, and 2D NMR spectral data. The antimalarial activity of compounds 1-2 against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 showing their IC50 values are 0.18 ppm and 2.28 µg/mL, respectively.","PeriodicalId":17494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49106839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the past with the advent of antibiotics, bacterial diseases have been under control. However rapid spread of antibiotic-resistant this success is reversing and searching for newer antibacterial agents is currently a top priority. This study was, thus, aimed at assessing the anti-microbial activities of two traditional medicinal plants: Vernonia myriantha and Olinia rochetiana. The crude extracts were tested for their in vitro antibacterial activities and phytochemical content. The extracts were tested against selected 3 clinical and 4 standard test bacterial strains by using agar well-diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC). The ethanol leaves and stem-bark extracts of O. rochetiana inhibited the growth of all bacterial strains at a concentration of 250mg/mL. The inhibition zones ranged from 20.33±0.57mm for clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa to 25.66±0.57mm for standard Salmonella typhi strains. The values for these same extracts were 20.66±2.51mm and 24.33±1.15mm for standard P. aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus strains respectively. The chloroform extract was similarly effective against all of the strains with inhibition zones between 19.00±1.73mm against P. aeruginosa and 22.66±2.51mm for S. aureus. Comparatively, the ethanol extract of O. rochetiana had the highest MIC (7.81mg/mL) and MBC (62.50mg/mL) were noted against P. aeruginosa. On the other hand, chloroform extract of O. rochetiana leaf showed the highest MIC (15mg/mL) and MBC (125mg/mL) were recorded against P. aeruginosa. The ethanol extract of V. myriantha showed growth inhibition only on S. aureus (21.00±1.7mm). Both plants tested for terpenoids and glycosides showed positive result, but none for resin.
{"title":"In Vitro Anti-bacterial Activities of Aqueous, Ethanol and Chloroform Crude Extracts of Olinia rochetiana and Vernonia myriantha","authors":"Gashaw Nigussie, Ayana Erdedo, S. Ashenafi","doi":"10.25026/jtpc.v5i2.243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25026/jtpc.v5i2.243","url":null,"abstract":"In the past with the advent of antibiotics, bacterial diseases have been under control. However rapid spread of antibiotic-resistant this success is reversing and searching for newer antibacterial agents is currently a top priority. This study was, thus, aimed at assessing the anti-microbial activities of two traditional medicinal plants: Vernonia myriantha and Olinia rochetiana. The crude extracts were tested for their in vitro antibacterial activities and phytochemical content. The extracts were tested against selected 3 clinical and 4 standard test bacterial strains by using agar well-diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC). The ethanol leaves and stem-bark extracts of O. rochetiana inhibited the growth of all bacterial strains at a concentration of 250mg/mL. The inhibition zones ranged from 20.33±0.57mm for clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa to 25.66±0.57mm for standard Salmonella typhi strains. The values for these same extracts were 20.66±2.51mm and 24.33±1.15mm for standard P. aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus strains respectively. The chloroform extract was similarly effective against all of the strains with inhibition zones between 19.00±1.73mm against P. aeruginosa and 22.66±2.51mm for S. aureus. Comparatively, the ethanol extract of O. rochetiana had the highest MIC (7.81mg/mL) and MBC (62.50mg/mL) were noted against P. aeruginosa. On the other hand, chloroform extract of O. rochetiana leaf showed the highest MIC (15mg/mL) and MBC (125mg/mL) were recorded against P. aeruginosa. The ethanol extract of V. myriantha showed growth inhibition only on S. aureus (21.00±1.7mm). Both plants tested for terpenoids and glycosides showed positive result, but none for resin.","PeriodicalId":17494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42383783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Essential oil has complex chemical substances with a lot of benefit, one of them is as mosquitoe or insect repellent. This research aims to find out the best essential oil formula for mosquito repellent. Essential oils that used in this research are citronella, lemongrass, cajeput, and lavender oil. Essential oils are characterized by its color, density, refractive index, and solubility in alcohol. The essential oil colors met the SNI which was pale yellow to clear yellow, the density was 0.8125 - 0.9114 g/ml, the refractive index was 1.4568-1.4665 and soluble in alcohol. The essential oil mixture resulted in 7 series of formula, namely series A1-A5, B1-B5, C1-C5, D1-D5, E1-E5, F1-F5, and G1-G5. The organoleptic test performed on all formula showed that the preferred formula was the formula E3, G3, and F3. All preferred formula were carried out repellent tests against mosquitoes to determine the effectiveness of the oil mixture in Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) carrier. The result showed that E3 was more effective repellent compare to F3 and G3 formulas, because it has protection value more than 90% until fourth-hour.
{"title":"Formulation of Essential Oils as Mosquito Repellent","authors":"D. Setyaningsih, Fitriana Roselly, N. Muna","doi":"10.25026/jtpc.v5i2.231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25026/jtpc.v5i2.231","url":null,"abstract":"Essential oil has complex chemical substances with a lot of benefit, one of them is as mosquitoe or insect repellent. This research aims to find out the best essential oil formula for mosquito repellent. Essential oils that used in this research are citronella, lemongrass, cajeput, and lavender oil. Essential oils are characterized by its color, density, refractive index, and solubility in alcohol. The essential oil colors met the SNI which was pale yellow to clear yellow, the density was 0.8125 - 0.9114 g/ml, the refractive index was 1.4568-1.4665 and soluble in alcohol. The essential oil mixture resulted in 7 series of formula, namely series A1-A5, B1-B5, C1-C5, D1-D5, E1-E5, F1-F5, and G1-G5. The organoleptic test performed on all formula showed that the preferred formula was the formula E3, G3, and F3. All preferred formula were carried out repellent tests against mosquitoes to determine the effectiveness of the oil mixture in Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) carrier. The result showed that E3 was more effective repellent compare to F3 and G3 formulas, because it has protection value more than 90% until fourth-hour.","PeriodicalId":17494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42751925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BenzilideneBenzylamine the derivative of Schiff bases contain azomethine group already used widely for industrial purposes and have wide range of biological activities. Benzilidene Benzylamine were synthesized by microwave irradiation reacting different aromatic and aniline purified pure crystal, 85% yield obtained reaction monitor by TLC. The Anticholinesterase activity utilized spectrophotometric Ellman assay for determination of butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase. The synthesis compound 1 – 6 showed a wide range of inhibitory activity the compound 3((E)-N-(4-fluorobenzylidene)aniline) at 1000µg/mL, 71.62±0.74 percent inhibitory acetylcholinesterase potential while compound 6 ((E)-4 ((phenylimino)methyl) benzaldehyde) at 500 and 1000 µg/mL at IC50 show 71.68±0.22, 77.84±0.32 percent inhibitory potential comparatively greater than standard Galanthamine at 62.5µg/mL, 74.10±0.90 at IC50. The butyrylcholinesterase activity of compound 6 ((E)-4 ((phenylimino)methyl)benzaldehyde) at 1000 µg/mL, show 75.83±1.07 percent inhibitory potential which is similar to standard compound at 62.5µg/mL concentration of 75.45±0.90 percent butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity.
{"title":"Microwave Assisted Synthesis of BenzilideneBenzylamine and Its Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase Activity","authors":"H. Ullah, K. Zaman, M. Ismail","doi":"10.25026/jtpc.v5i2.236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25026/jtpc.v5i2.236","url":null,"abstract":"BenzilideneBenzylamine the derivative of Schiff bases contain azomethine group already used widely for industrial purposes and have wide range of biological activities. Benzilidene Benzylamine were synthesized by microwave irradiation reacting different aromatic and aniline purified pure crystal, 85% yield obtained reaction monitor by TLC. The Anticholinesterase activity utilized spectrophotometric Ellman assay for determination of butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase. The synthesis compound 1 – 6 showed a wide range of inhibitory activity the compound 3((E)-N-(4-fluorobenzylidene)aniline) at 1000µg/mL, 71.62±0.74 percent inhibitory acetylcholinesterase potential while compound 6 ((E)-4 ((phenylimino)methyl) benzaldehyde) at 500 and 1000 µg/mL at IC50 show 71.68±0.22, 77.84±0.32 percent inhibitory potential comparatively greater than standard Galanthamine at 62.5µg/mL, 74.10±0.90 at IC50. The butyrylcholinesterase activity of compound 6 ((E)-4 ((phenylimino)methyl)benzaldehyde) at 1000 µg/mL, show 75.83±1.07 percent inhibitory potential which is similar to standard compound at 62.5µg/mL concentration of 75.45±0.90 percent butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity.","PeriodicalId":17494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47413201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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