Pediatric patients are among the recipients of most antibiotic treatment in hospitals so as to induce irrational use of antibiotics. This study aims to monitor the use of antibiotics in pediatric using ATC/DDD methods and DU 90%. This study is a descriptive study with a retrospective study by taking data from medical records to assess the use of antibiotics in pediatric patients with various diseases in the hospital. Quantitative data analysis using ATC/DDD methods showed that the widely used antibiotic was ceftriaxone 16,93% DDD. Antibiotics that include into the DU segment 90% use in the order of the largest to the smallest, respectively are ceftriaxone, metronidazole, cefotaxime, gentamycin, polymyxin B, colistin, cotrimoxazole, cefuroxime, and meropenem. The prescribing effect of short-term antibiotic use in basic medical services may increase the incidence of resistance.
{"title":"Monitoring Use of Antibiotic with ATC/DDD and DU 90% on Pediatric Patients at One of the Government Hospitals in East Borneo","authors":"Risna Agustina, W. Prabowo","doi":"10.25026/jtpc.v5i2.252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25026/jtpc.v5i2.252","url":null,"abstract":"Pediatric patients are among the recipients of most antibiotic treatment in hospitals so as to induce irrational use of antibiotics. This study aims to monitor the use of antibiotics in pediatric using ATC/DDD methods and DU 90%. This study is a descriptive study with a retrospective study by taking data from medical records to assess the use of antibiotics in pediatric patients with various diseases in the hospital. Quantitative data analysis using ATC/DDD methods showed that the widely used antibiotic was ceftriaxone 16,93% DDD. Antibiotics that include into the DU segment 90% use in the order of the largest to the smallest, respectively are ceftriaxone, metronidazole, cefotaxime, gentamycin, polymyxin B, colistin, cotrimoxazole, cefuroxime, and meropenem. The prescribing effect of short-term antibiotic use in basic medical services may increase the incidence of resistance.","PeriodicalId":17494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43570524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Annisa, Yen yen Ari Indrawijaya, D. Megawati, Ana Fikrotus Zakia
Eleutherine palmifolia (E. palmifolia) is a common plant used as an anticancer drug in Kalimantan, Indonesia. The active compound present in it is naphthoquinone, which has low water solubility and needs to be formulated into SNEDDS preparations to improve its dissolution and bioavailability in the body. The dispersion method is used in the preparation of Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SNEDDS) and PEG 400 cosurfactants. Furthermore, this study aims to ascertain the effects of oil on the SNEDDS preparations. The results showed that the effect of the preparations on olive oil, VCO, and oleic acid in the organoleptic test produced dark red, clear, and non functional emulsion. The average particle sizes obtained in the AGF media were 61,10, 774,33, and 211,70 nm; in AIF media it amounted to 211,70, 123,65, and 830,22 nm. The pH value for each formula was 6,8, while the average emulsification time for the AGF media was 24,10, 22,53, and 25,75 seconds, and, lastly, for the AIF media, they were 20,96, 19,62, and 23,74 second.
{"title":"Formulation and Characterization on Self Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System of Eleutherine Palmifolia Extract Employing Short, Medium, and Long Chain Triglyceride","authors":"R. Annisa, Yen yen Ari Indrawijaya, D. Megawati, Ana Fikrotus Zakia","doi":"10.25026/jtpc.v5i2.232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25026/jtpc.v5i2.232","url":null,"abstract":"Eleutherine palmifolia (E. palmifolia) is a common plant used as an anticancer drug in Kalimantan, Indonesia. The active compound present in it is naphthoquinone, which has low water solubility and needs to be formulated into SNEDDS preparations to improve its dissolution and bioavailability in the body. The dispersion method is used in the preparation of Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SNEDDS) and PEG 400 cosurfactants. Furthermore, this study aims to ascertain the effects of oil on the SNEDDS preparations. The results showed that the effect of the preparations on olive oil, VCO, and oleic acid in the organoleptic test produced dark red, clear, and non functional emulsion. The average particle sizes obtained in the AGF media were 61,10, 774,33, and 211,70 nm; in AIF media it amounted to 211,70, 123,65, and 830,22 nm. The pH value for each formula was 6,8, while the average emulsification time for the AGF media was 24,10, 22,53, and 25,75 seconds, and, lastly, for the AIF media, they were 20,96, 19,62, and 23,74 second.","PeriodicalId":17494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43114579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Norio Kamemura, Keisuke Oyama, S. Ueno, Mizuki Mizobuchi, K. Ishidoh, Naoki Kanematsu
Thiopental is an ultra-short-acting barbiturate and has been used commonly in the induction phase of general anesthesia. However, the toxic effect of thiopental is not completely clear. The effect of thiopental on intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) levels was investigated in non-excitable cells. Experiments were carried out using a flow-cytometric technique, rat thymic lymphocytes (as non-excitable cells), and appropriate fluorescent probes. Treatment of cells with 300 µM thiopental increased Fluo-3 fluorescence intensity, indicating elevation of [Ca2+]i. This increase was partially attenuated by a chelator of intracellular Zn2+. Thus, thiopental elevated both [Ca2+]i and intracellular Zn2+ ([Zn2+]i) levels. Under intracellular Zn2+-free conditions, 100–300 µM thiopental was still able to induce a statistically significant increase in [Ca2+]i, whereas removal of extracellular Ca2+ greatly reduced the increase in [Ca2+]i induced by this dose of thiopental. Therefore, the thiopental-induced increase in [Ca2+]i was mainly due to an increased influx of Ca2+. Treatment of cells with 300 µM thiopental increased FluoZin-3 fluorescence intensity, indicating the presence of [Zn2+]i, both in the presence and absence of extracellular Zn2+. The thiopental-induced elevation of [Zn2+]i was due to an increase in both influx of Zn2+ and intracellular Zn2+ release. Concanavalin A (10 µg/mL) augmented Fluo-3 fluorescence in the presence of an intracellular Zn2+ chelator. The combination of concanavalin A and 100–300 µM thiopental synergistically increased [Ca2+]i. Results suggest that thiopental increases [Ca2+]i in both quiescent and activated lymphocytes, possibly resulting in modulation of immune system function.
{"title":"Thiopental Elevates Steady-State Levels of Intracellular Ca2+ and Zn2+ in Rat Thymic Lymphocytes","authors":"Norio Kamemura, Keisuke Oyama, S. Ueno, Mizuki Mizobuchi, K. Ishidoh, Naoki Kanematsu","doi":"10.25026/jtpc.v5i2.259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25026/jtpc.v5i2.259","url":null,"abstract":"Thiopental is an ultra-short-acting barbiturate and has been used commonly in the induction phase of general anesthesia. However, the toxic effect of thiopental is not completely clear. The effect of thiopental on intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) levels was investigated in non-excitable cells. Experiments were carried out using a flow-cytometric technique, rat thymic lymphocytes (as non-excitable cells), and appropriate fluorescent probes. Treatment of cells with 300 µM thiopental increased Fluo-3 fluorescence intensity, indicating elevation of [Ca2+]i. This increase was partially attenuated by a chelator of intracellular Zn2+. Thus, thiopental elevated both [Ca2+]i and intracellular Zn2+ ([Zn2+]i) levels. Under intracellular Zn2+-free conditions, 100–300 µM thiopental was still able to induce a statistically significant increase in [Ca2+]i, whereas removal of extracellular Ca2+ greatly reduced the increase in [Ca2+]i induced by this dose of thiopental. Therefore, the thiopental-induced increase in [Ca2+]i was mainly due to an increased influx of Ca2+. Treatment of cells with 300 µM thiopental increased FluoZin-3 fluorescence intensity, indicating the presence of [Zn2+]i, both in the presence and absence of extracellular Zn2+. The thiopental-induced elevation of [Zn2+]i was due to an increase in both influx of Zn2+ and intracellular Zn2+ release. Concanavalin A (10 µg/mL) augmented Fluo-3 fluorescence in the presence of an intracellular Zn2+ chelator. The combination of concanavalin A and 100–300 µM thiopental synergistically increased [Ca2+]i. Results suggest that thiopental increases [Ca2+]i in both quiescent and activated lymphocytes, possibly resulting in modulation of immune system function. \u0000","PeriodicalId":17494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43612049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Raissa, Windi Cahya Amalia, Meri Ayurini, Khabib Khumaini, P. J. Ratri
Indonesia is one of the largest spice-producing regions such as the Java Cardamom (Amomum compactum). The cardamom can be converted into derivative products in the form of cardamom essential oil. In this work, we attempted to extract the essential oil from the cardamom by comparing two methods of extraction which are the steam distillation and the simple distillation. The optimization factors considered on the extraction yield were solvent (ethyl acetate and n-hexane) and extraction time (3-6 h). The extraction yield obtained by both methods in ethyl acetate solvents was almost equal to that obtained in n-hexane. Also, the result obtained revealed that the extraction yield increased with time. The optimum essential oil yield was obtained by the simple distillation method in 6 hours duration time using n-hexane solvent giving the yield of 6.3 %. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify the chemical composition of the extracted oil. The results showed that the chemical composition of the essential oils is different in each extraction time. The main compounds in all oil samples were eucalyptol and camphene among four other constituents. The concentration of eucalyptol reached an optimum (90.89 - 93.74 %) at 4 – 5 h of distillation times, while the concentration of camphene reached an optimum (52.98 %) at 6 h. The purity of the essential oil was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR). Moreover, this research will help to utilize the cardamom due to its main compounds that act as herbal medicine.
{"title":"The Optimization of Essential Oil Extraction from Java Cardamom","authors":"R. Raissa, Windi Cahya Amalia, Meri Ayurini, Khabib Khumaini, P. J. Ratri","doi":"10.25026/jtpc.v5i2.257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25026/jtpc.v5i2.257","url":null,"abstract":"Indonesia is one of the largest spice-producing regions such as the Java Cardamom (Amomum compactum). The cardamom can be converted into derivative products in the form of cardamom essential oil. In this work, we attempted to extract the essential oil from the cardamom by comparing two methods of extraction which are the steam distillation and the simple distillation. The optimization factors considered on the extraction yield were solvent (ethyl acetate and n-hexane) and extraction time (3-6 h). The extraction yield obtained by both methods in ethyl acetate solvents was almost equal to that obtained in n-hexane. Also, the result obtained revealed that the extraction yield increased with time. The optimum essential oil yield was obtained by the simple distillation method in 6 hours duration time using n-hexane solvent giving the yield of 6.3 %. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify the chemical composition of the extracted oil. The results showed that the chemical composition of the essential oils is different in each extraction time. The main compounds in all oil samples were eucalyptol and camphene among four other constituents. The concentration of eucalyptol reached an optimum (90.89 - 93.74 %) at 4 – 5 h of distillation times, while the concentration of camphene reached an optimum (52.98 %) at 6 h. The purity of the essential oil was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR). Moreover, this research will help to utilize the cardamom due to its main compounds that act as herbal medicine.","PeriodicalId":17494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41312909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. Widayat, Muhammad Satyo Pradana, Mirhansyah Ardana
The lack of conventional availability of plant Kumis Kucing makes tissue culture techniques used as a solution to overcome this problem. In tissue culture, media is a major factor in producing a good crop of plantlets. Media Murashige & Skoog (MS), Lloyd & McCown Woody Plant (WPM) media was used in the induction of Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq cat whiskers callus culture, in this study also used growth regulators in the form of 2,4-D added to each-individual media. The results showed the best callus growth occurred in Murashige & Skoog (MS) media compared to the Lloyd & McCown Woody Plant (WPM) media, where the callus produced was 3.28 g on MS media.
{"title":"Effect of Media Types on the Growth of Callus Culture in Kumis Kucing Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq.","authors":"W. Widayat, Muhammad Satyo Pradana, Mirhansyah Ardana","doi":"10.25026/jtpc.v5i1.210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25026/jtpc.v5i1.210","url":null,"abstract":"The lack of conventional availability of plant Kumis Kucing makes tissue culture techniques used as a solution to overcome this problem. In tissue culture, media is a major factor in producing a good crop of plantlets. Media Murashige & Skoog (MS), Lloyd & McCown Woody Plant (WPM) media was used in the induction of Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq cat whiskers callus culture, in this study also used growth regulators in the form of 2,4-D added to each-individual media. The results showed the best callus growth occurred in Murashige & Skoog (MS) media compared to the Lloyd & McCown Woody Plant (WPM) media, where the callus produced was 3.28 g on MS media.","PeriodicalId":17494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42834482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Based on a previous survey of ethnopharmaceutical studies (local culture), it was known that the use of decoction of candlenut stem bark (Aleurites Moluccana) was used as typhoid medicine in the treatment tradition of the people of East Kalimantan. In antibacterial screening by diffusion test, methanol extract of stem bark A.moluccana showed excellent growth inhibition of Salmonella thypimurium. Working method: Simplicia of A.moluccana stem bark was extracted by maceration using methanol. Maserate was extracted liquid-liquid using n-hexane and ethyl acetate solvents. The hexane and ethyl acetate fraction was monitored for active spots with TLC bioautography. The active compound is separated using vacuum liquid chromatography and radial chromatography. Results: The fraction J of KCV and J2 subfraction results from radial chromatography provides antibacterial activity of S. thpimurium. From the J2 subfraction obtained pure isolates in the form of yellowish needle crystals. The isolate was tested for antibacterial S.thypimurium using the microdilution method with a value of MIC is 250 µg/ml. Based on spectroscopic data and comparing the published spectra of the compound, the elucidation of the isolate is Scopoletin (7-hydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin).
{"title":"Antibacterial Activity of Scopoletin from Stem Bark of Aleurites moluccana Against Salmonella typhi","authors":"W. Prabowo, Risna Agustina","doi":"10.25026/jtpc.v5i1.218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25026/jtpc.v5i1.218","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Based on a previous survey of ethnopharmaceutical studies (local culture), it was known that the use of decoction of candlenut stem bark (Aleurites Moluccana) was used as typhoid medicine in the treatment tradition of the people of East Kalimantan. In antibacterial screening by diffusion test, methanol extract of stem bark A.moluccana showed excellent growth inhibition of Salmonella thypimurium. Working method: Simplicia of A.moluccana stem bark was extracted by maceration using methanol. Maserate was extracted liquid-liquid using n-hexane and ethyl acetate solvents. The hexane and ethyl acetate fraction was monitored for active spots with TLC bioautography. The active compound is separated using vacuum liquid chromatography and radial chromatography. Results: The fraction J of KCV and J2 subfraction results from radial chromatography provides antibacterial activity of S. thpimurium. From the J2 subfraction obtained pure isolates in the form of yellowish needle crystals. The isolate was tested for antibacterial S.thypimurium using the microdilution method with a value of MIC is 250 µg/ml. Based on spectroscopic data and comparing the published spectra of the compound, the elucidation of the isolate is Scopoletin (7-hydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin).","PeriodicalId":17494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49177294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aims to examine the presence or absence of secondary metabolite compounds in ethanol extract, simplicia steeping and forest onion tuber juice, in male glucose parameters and pancreatic histopathology. Using test animals as many as 30 male white rats divided into 6 groups and each group consisted of 5 rats with group I details as normal controls, group II as negative controls given 0.5% Na-CMC suspension, group III as positive control who were given Metformin 45 mg / kg BB and IV, V, VI as the test group were given ethanol extract, simplicia extract and forest onion tuber juice with each dose of 20 g / kg BW. The results showed that there were secondary metabolites in the ethanol extract of forest onion tubers, namely flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, steroids and tannins, giving ethanol extract of forest onion bulbs had the effect of reducing blood glucose levels in white mice with a dose of 20g / kgBW with an average of 132 and ethanol extract of forest onion bulbs at a dose of 20g / kg BB with an average of 0.5 can regenerate pancreatic tissue.
{"title":"Test of the Potential of Ethanol Extracts, Simplician Medium and Forest Umbi Juice (Eleutherine bulbosa (Factory) Urb.) against Blood Glucose Levels of Rats, and Histopatology Ratkreas Rat (Rattus norvegicus) Hypercolesterolemia Model Diabetic","authors":"Joni Tandi, T. W. Handayani, N. Purwasih","doi":"10.25026/jtpc.v5i1.229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25026/jtpc.v5i1.229","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to examine the presence or absence of secondary metabolite compounds in ethanol extract, simplicia steeping and forest onion tuber juice, in male glucose parameters and pancreatic histopathology. Using test animals as many as 30 male white rats divided into 6 groups and each group consisted of 5 rats with group I details as normal controls, group II as negative controls given 0.5% Na-CMC suspension, group III as positive control who were given Metformin 45 mg / kg BB and IV, V, VI as the test group were given ethanol extract, simplicia extract and forest onion tuber juice with each dose of 20 g / kg BW. The results showed that there were secondary metabolites in the ethanol extract of forest onion tubers, namely flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, steroids and tannins, giving ethanol extract of forest onion bulbs had the effect of reducing blood glucose levels in white mice with a dose of 20g / kgBW with an average of 132 and ethanol extract of forest onion bulbs at a dose of 20g / kg BB with an average of 0.5 can regenerate pancreatic tissue.","PeriodicalId":17494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47464033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amir Hassan, Muhammad Ashfaq, Ali Khan, M. S. Khan
The work presented on the isolation of naturally occurring alkaloid from carbonated beverages. The extensive presence of caffeine in different plants plays an important role in the long-standing acceptance of caffeine-containing products. Caffeine (3,7-dihydro-1, 3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione or 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is an alkaloid belongs to Methylxanthine family. Liquid-liquid extraction methods were used in the assay of research work. Chloroform was taken as extracting solvent. Solid residue of caffeine was recrystallized from 95% ethanol using 5ml/gram (5ml per gram). It is declared to raise caffeine, effects a number of different drugs include Paracetamol, Benzodiazepines and Aspirin and amount of plasma free Fatty acids increases. While inform that in regular sleeping interaction caffeine take place and raise the absorption of certain drugs. Changes in drug metabolizing enzymes, acts as an agent in a microsomal system of the body. The highest amount of caffeine dry crystal is extracted in sting sample while the 7up sample is free from caffeine.
{"title":"Isolation of Caffeine from Carbonated Beverages","authors":"Amir Hassan, Muhammad Ashfaq, Ali Khan, M. S. Khan","doi":"10.25026/jtpc.v5i1.234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25026/jtpc.v5i1.234","url":null,"abstract":"The work presented on the isolation of naturally occurring alkaloid from carbonated beverages. The extensive presence of caffeine in different plants plays an important role in the long-standing acceptance of caffeine-containing products. Caffeine (3,7-dihydro-1, 3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione or 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is an alkaloid belongs to Methylxanthine family. Liquid-liquid extraction methods were used in the assay of research work. Chloroform was taken as extracting solvent. Solid residue of caffeine was recrystallized from 95% ethanol using 5ml/gram (5ml per gram). It is declared to raise caffeine, effects a number of different drugs include Paracetamol, Benzodiazepines and Aspirin and amount of plasma free Fatty acids increases. While inform that in regular sleeping interaction caffeine take place and raise the absorption of certain drugs. Changes in drug metabolizing enzymes, acts as an agent in a microsomal system of the body. The highest amount of caffeine dry crystal is extracted in sting sample while the 7up sample is free from caffeine.","PeriodicalId":17494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48691247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wound is a condition that is the destruction of the unity or network components, which are specifically found the substance of tissue damaged or lost, either damage the continuity of the skin, mucous membranes and bones or other organs. Wound healing is a very complex process involving many cells. The process of wound healing is portrayed as occurs in biological surgical wound occurred. Several phases of wound healing are: the process of inflammation (inflammatory), the process of cell multiplication (proliferation) and cell maturation process (maturase). Okra is a plant that allegedly came from Southeast Asia. Okra has grown in many countries in almost all over the world. In the UK okra known as the Lady's Finger, in India it is called by the name of Bhindi while the United States called Gumbo. In Indonesia, this plant also has a local name that is Rabamea (Bima), Coffee Java (Java), Arabian Coffee (Sulawesi), Hoinu (Southeast Sulawesi), but better known by the name of okra. This study aims to determine the effective concentration and determine the length of time of wound healing using a combination gel okra fruit extract (Abelmoschus esculentus) And shallots (Allium cepa L.) as an anti-inflammatory against cuts in male white rats (Sprague -Dawley) with a length of observation for 9 days. This study uses Betadine® ointment as a positive control. The results showed the combination of fruit extract gel okra 6% and shallots 2% contained in the formula 3 most effective as an anti-inflammatory against cuts in male rats by administration for 6 days.
{"title":"The Effectiveness of the Antiinfamation Combination Gel of Okra Fruit (Abelmoschus esculentus) Extracts and Shallots Extract (Allium cepa L.)","authors":"Sara Nurmala, Moerfia Moerfia, S. Novianti","doi":"10.25026/jtpc.v5i1.228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25026/jtpc.v5i1.228","url":null,"abstract":"Wound is a condition that is the destruction of the unity or network components, which are specifically found the substance of tissue damaged or lost, either damage the continuity of the skin, mucous membranes and bones or other organs. Wound healing is a very complex process involving many cells. The process of wound healing is portrayed as occurs in biological surgical wound occurred. Several phases of wound healing are: the process of inflammation (inflammatory), the process of cell multiplication (proliferation) and cell maturation process (maturase). Okra is a plant that allegedly came from Southeast Asia. Okra has grown in many countries in almost all over the world. In the UK okra known as the Lady's Finger, in India it is called by the name of Bhindi while the United States called Gumbo. In Indonesia, this plant also has a local name that is Rabamea (Bima), Coffee Java (Java), Arabian Coffee (Sulawesi), Hoinu (Southeast Sulawesi), but better known by the name of okra. This study aims to determine the effective concentration and determine the length of time of wound healing using a combination gel okra fruit extract (Abelmoschus esculentus) And shallots (Allium cepa L.) as an anti-inflammatory against cuts in male white rats (Sprague -Dawley) with a length of observation for 9 days. This study uses Betadine® ointment as a positive control. The results showed the combination of fruit extract gel okra 6% and shallots 2% contained in the formula 3 most effective as an anti-inflammatory against cuts in male rats by administration for 6 days.","PeriodicalId":17494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44471765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nanoparticles are used in drug delivery which can increase mass transfer so increase the absorption and effectiveness of the drug. Therefore, its prospect to improve antibacterial and antioxidants activities of betel leaves. The research aimed to preparation and characterization of betel leaf extract using ionic gelation technique. The formulation of nanoparticles from betel leaf extract with ionic gelation method using alginate and CaCl2 with a ratio of 2.5: 1. The characterization of the nanoparticles includes particle size analysis, zeta potential, particle morphology and determination of flavonoid content. Particle size analysis demonstrated that the betel leaf extract nanoparticles had a particle size of 243,03 ± 1,48 nm, zeta potential of -23,0 ± 0,35 mV and morphology of particle showed that a flat shape. The betle leaf exctract nanoparticle positively contained flavonoid with Rf 0.7 equivalent to quercetin. The betel leaf extract can be made nanoparticles with ionic gelation method using alginate and CaCl2.
{"title":"Preparation and Characterization of Betel Leaves (Piper betle Linn) Extract Nanoparticle with Ionic Gelation Method","authors":"Dwi Saryanti, Dian Nugraheni, Nisa Sindi Astuti","doi":"10.25026/jtpc.v5i1.224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25026/jtpc.v5i1.224","url":null,"abstract":"Nanoparticles are used in drug delivery which can increase mass transfer so increase the absorption and effectiveness of the drug. Therefore, its prospect to improve antibacterial and antioxidants activities of betel leaves. The research aimed to preparation and characterization of betel leaf extract using ionic gelation technique. The formulation of nanoparticles from betel leaf extract with ionic gelation method using alginate and CaCl2 with a ratio of 2.5: 1. The characterization of the nanoparticles includes particle size analysis, zeta potential, particle morphology and determination of flavonoid content. Particle size analysis demonstrated that the betel leaf extract nanoparticles had a particle size of 243,03 ± 1,48 nm, zeta potential of -23,0 ± 0,35 mV and morphology of particle showed that a flat shape. The betle leaf exctract nanoparticle positively contained flavonoid with Rf 0.7 equivalent to quercetin. The betel leaf extract can be made nanoparticles with ionic gelation method using alginate and CaCl2.","PeriodicalId":17494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45504075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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