Journal of Vector Borne Diseases最新文献

Backgound objectives: A small-scale In2Care® EaveTubes (ET) new malaria vector control product efficacy study was carried out at Kagera Sugar Ltd, Missenyi, Tanzania between October 2019 and July 2020. Its main aim was to gather proof of impact against wild populations of anopheline mosquitoes (malaria vectors) in Tanzanian rural field settings.

Methods: In total, 350 Eave Tubes were installed in 100 iron sheet barrack rooms and 35 mud houses in a selected camp where workers of Kagera Sugar Ltd resided. Two similar camps did not receive any malaria interventions and served as control sites to monitor baseline mosquito densities. During the 9-month intervention period, the quality and durability of the insecticide- treated ET were tested. Entomological sampling was conducted to assess indoor mosquito densities pre- and post ET installation. Furthermore, malaria disease cases were monitored through passive case detection at the local health facility to indicate potential epidemiological impacts.

Results: Entomological data showed that ET significantly reduced indoor anopheline vector densities by 58% overall and 75% during the peak mosquito season. Quality control results showed no degradation of insecticide content or mosquitocidal efficacy of ET netting samples used for 6 months under field conditions. Malaria incidence results showed a decline in disease cases in the ET-treated camp and the control camps, compared to the baseline. The highest malaria case incidence reduction was in the ET intervention camp (25.6%).

Interpretation conclusion: These findings indicate a high efficacy and durability of ET against wild malaria mosquitoes. Eave Tubes can be a new tool in the malaria control toolbox, complementing malaria vector control tools available in areas where insecticide resistance has compromised existing vector control tools.

Background objectives: Chagas is a neglected tropical disease with a significant socioeconomic impact. Although several studies have focused on evaluating its epidemiological aspects, the cyclical behavior of its incidence and mortality remains poorly explored; thereto, this study aimed to evaluate them.

Methods: This was a retrospective with populational approach study that employed data from the Global Burden of Disease. The cyclicity was evaluated by using the Fast Fourier Transform to fit cyclical sinusoidal models for every period between 2 and 40 years in 0.1 -year increments. Each model was manually evaluated by its p-value of joint sine-cosine term, its semiamplitude, its 95% confidence interval, and how well it followed the graphical behavior of the reference source. Data were stratified by age group, sex, and country by using R software 4.4.2.

Results: Overall, cycles betwixt 20 and 30 years were identified, with incidence and mortality cyclicity displaying alignment trends. Shorter cycle lengths were observed in the 0-14 age group compared to other age groups. Sex differences were minor noted. Between the evaluated countries, Mexico and Argentina presented shorter mortality cycles in comparison with their incidence cycles.

Interpretation conclusion: Interpretation & Conclusion: Although there are some specificities in the Chagas cyclicity, there is a general tendency of alignment among its cycles. Recognizing these patterns, derived from a complex interplay between biological, economic, social, and political variables, is fundamental to optimizing the timing and targeting of public health interventions on the issue.

Background objectives: Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection often results in persistent sequelae, including chronic pain and functional limitations, significantly impacting quality of life. Physical exercise is a potential intervention, but its efficacy remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the impact of physical exercises on chikungunya sequelae, focusing on pain reduction and functional restoration.

Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search of electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library) for last 10 years. Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) and quasi-experimental studies assessing the effects of physical exercise interventions on pain and functional outcomes in individuals with chikungunya sequelae were included. Data extraction encompassed study characteristics, intervention details, and outcome measures.

Results: A total of 8 studies, involving 307 participants with mean age of 46.17±11.27 years met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis revealed that physical exercise interventions significantly reduced pain levels compared to control groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, physical exercise demonstrated a significant improvement in functional outcomes (p < 0.05). Subgroup analyses indicated potential variations in effect sizes based on exercise type, duration, and intensity.

Interpretation conclusion: Physical exercise interventions are effective in reducing pain and improving functional outcomes in individuals with chikungunya sequelae. These findings support the integration of structured exercise programs into the rehabilitation management of CHIKV-related chronic conditions. Further research is warranted to optimize exercise protocols for specific patient populations and long-term benefits.

Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are the main vectors of arboviruses such as dengue, Zika virus, and chikungunya. Ae. aegypti is a widely spread mosquito in tropical and subtropical regions, whereas Ae. albopictus is a culicid of Asian origin that shows exophilic behavior and can be found in subtropical and temperate areas. Climatic factors could influence the distribution of both species, making them use genetic and environmental resources to adapt to the environment, activating survival mechanisms (embryonic dormancy) that increase the developmental period and keep their offspring in the environment. This review aimed to compare the different physiological mechanisms of embryonic dormancy between Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus and their impact on the development and environmental adaptability of these two species. A total of 62 articles were identified from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases corresponding to the period from 1981 to 2021. In diapause, the results mentioned above are indirectly linked to temperature and directly linked to photoperiod variations. With regard to quiescence, temperature and humidity are directly related to the activation of this mechanism. In conclusion, it is essential to highlight the expansion of arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, and Zika virus and their relationship with embryonic dormancy, diapause and quiescence which are extremely important strategies for Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus to keep their offspring in the environment under adverse conditions.

Background objectives: Quantum chemical and molecular docking practices deliver new perceptions into how etoposide, novobiocin, nogalamycin and netropsin interact with the biological targets PF3D7_0918600 ( Plasmodium falciparum 3D7). Further, pharmacokinetics of a drug candidate which is influenced by a variety of factors, including P-glycoprotein (Pgp) transport, PBB (Plasma protein binding), and BBB (Blood-brain barrier) permeation, help to forecast the pharmacological characteristics of acetyl-CoA reductase inhibitors (ADMEs) and their metabolites.

Methods: We have elevated four compounds, etoposide, novobiocin, nogalamycin and netropsin. We have studied molecular docking against target protein of Plasmodium falciparum (PF3D7_0918600) through AutoDock Vina platform and AutoDock-Tools (ADT) and pharmacokinetic properties were carried out using ADMET 2.0.

Results: The relative results of molecular docking recommended a greater binding affinity of novobiocin with the selected receptors among other compounds. In silico ADME screening is a computational approach utilised to forecast the pharmacological characteristics of acetyl-CoA reductase inhibitors (ADMEs) and their metabolites.

Interpretation conclusion: The ADMEs are based on adsorption-desorption kinetics and pharmacopoeia. Adsorption and distribution analysis is used to assess the potential of a drug candidate. In vitro ADME is exploited to expect the effect of Pgp transport on the drug candidates. ADME has been used to predict CYP1A2 inhibitors and to predict PPB and BBB penetration. This work summarizes the current knowledge on molecular docking, ADME and identifies potential drug candidates for ADME in vitro and in vivo .

Background objectives: Lyme disease is a multisystem illness caused by the spirochaetes bacteria belonging to the genus Borrelia . It is a tick-borne disease that poses serious health concerns in major parts of the world including India. This review aims to comprehend the disease in depth encompassing its pathogen biology, clinical presentations, diagnosis, treatment strategies, epidemiology in India, and preventive measures against it.

Methods: Peer-reviewed articles, reviews, meta-analyses and clinical studies relating to the topic were searched across reliable electronic databases like PubMed, and ScienceDirect, without imposing any time restriction for up-to-date information with a focus on sources indexed in the Science Citation Index (SCI).

Results: The pathogen is a gram-negative bacterium namely Borrelia burgdorferi infesting ticks mainly belonging to the genus Ixodes . Clinical presentations vary from single Erethema Chronicum Migrans (ECM) to neurological complexities, cardiac disorders, and severe arthritic conditions. A two-tiered test recommended by Centre for Disease Control is currently employed to diagnose the disease. Fifteen out of 28 states in India have reports of Lyme disease; most of these states also have Ixodes ticks. However, the exact vector is not confirmed in India.

Interpretation conclusion: Thirteen of the 15 states where Lyme disease cases have been reported have also had ticks belonging to the genus Ixodes . Thus, it can be assumed that vectors of Lyme disease in India are Ixodes sp. More studies are required to confirm and validate this assumption, and find the exact species of the vector tick. As an ignored vector-borne disease in India, Lyme disease warrants more research and surveillance.

Background objectives: Dengue is now endemic in over 100 countries, with Asia bearing over 70% of the global burden. In Malaysia, dengue cases have increased dramatically, particularly in Pulau Pinang, where cases rose from 1621 in 2022 to 7343 in 2023. This study aimed to examine factors associated with dengue outbreaks in Pulau Pinang in 2023 by comparing outbreak cases with single cases.

Methods: This is a cross-sectional study using eDengue database, the Malaysian National Dengue Registry.

Results: The study included 1106 confirmed dengue cases, with 553 categorised as outbreak cases and 553 as single cases. Significant associations were found between dengue outbreaks and Priority Locality 1 (areas with Uncontrolled Outbreaks/ Hotspots/ Recurrent Outbreaks/ Dengue Deaths in the previous year) (aOR: 0.15, 95% CI: 0.06,0.37, p<0.001), Aedes Index ≥1% (aOR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.02,1.77, p=0.031), patients initially visiting government clinics (aOR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.10,2.43, p=0.015), hospitalized dengue patients (aOR: 0.70. 95%CI: 0.52,0.96, p=0.029), the time taken from notification to source reduction (aOR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.50,0.66, p<0.001) and time taken from notification to investigation (aOR: 2.40 95%CI: 1.77,3.24, p<0.001).

Interpretation conclusion: This study identifies key factors associated with dengue outbreaks in Pulau Pinang such as Aedes Index, Priority Locality 1 areas and initial visits to government clinics. These findings underscore the need for targeted vector control and early intervention in high-risk areas to reduce outbreak risk. Early healthcare seeking behavior and timely intervention are critical in managing the spread of dengue. Further research is needed to explore additional factors and improve public health strategies.

Background objectives: Salivary gland proteins but not glycoconjugates have been previously studied in mosquito vectors of human diseases. Glycoconjugates from salivary gland-derived proteins from human-feeding tick vectors can elicit hypersensitivity reactions which may also occur with mosquito bites. Protein glycoconjugate in salivary glands of the principal arboviral vector Aedes aegypti and the rapidly spreading malaria vector Anopheles stephensi were investigated.

Methods: Forty different lectins in a microarray were used to analyse glycoconjugates in salivary gland proteins from both mosquito species.

Results: Salivary gland glycoproteins of both mosquitoes possessed similar lectin-binding specificities. Lectin-binding profiles in both mosquitoes showed the significant presence of oligomannose N-linked glycans, O-linked glycans, a limited presence of glycan structures capped with terminal GalNAc, GlcNAc, β-linked Gal, αl-6 linked fucose, and no detectable sialic acids or terminal α-linked Gal in salivary gland glycoproteins.

Interpretation conclusion: Aedes aegypti and An. stephensi possess similar salivary gland protein glycoconjugates to mosquito larval tissues. They differ from arachnid ticks in lacking detectable α-gal epitopes that are responsible for red meat allergy caused by tick bites.

Background objectives: Vector-borne diseases, particularly mosquito-bome illnesses, cause significant global health challenges, leading to approximately 700,000 deaths annually. In India, malaria remains a critical issue, especially in regions like Odisha state, where climatic factors heavily influence transmission dynamics. The study aimed to investigate the correlation between climatic factors (rainfall, temperature, and humidity) and malaria transmission in Kalahandi district of Odisha, India. This work focuses on understanding how local weather conditions affect mosquito breeding, population dynamics, and malaria incidence.

Methods: Epidemiological data from 2019 to 2021 on malaria cases was collected from the Chief District Medical Officer's office in Kalahandi. Entomological data were gathered bimonthly by capturing mosquitoes from various locations in Kalahandi using standard methods. Meteorological data, including monthly rainfall, temperature, and humidity, were obtained from the Odisha government database. The data were analyzed using correlation analysis, linear regression, and Pearson correlation to explore the relationship between weather parameters and malaria cases.

Results: The study found that rainfall positively correlates with malaria incidence, particularly during peak rainy seasons (July to September). Plasmodium falciparum cases showed a strong association with precipitation, while temperature and humidity showed mixed results. Excessive rainfall, however, may disrupt mosquito breeding sites.

Interpretation conclusion: It was noticed that Anopheles culicifacies was prevalent year-round but was particularly dense during the winter and summer (pre-monsoon) seasons, often in conjunction with Anopheles fluviatilis . The findings highlight the complex interplay of climatic factors influencing malaria transmission in the region, with rainfall being the most significant driver.

Background objectives: Dengue, a fast-growing vector-borne disease, has an estimated case-fatality rate of 5% and India is largely affected by dengue. Due to its unpredictable course and non-availability of specific treatment, timely identification of risk factors of severe dengue and its management is crucial. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical profile of children admitted to a tertiary care hospital with dengue, including their outcome, and identify the risk factors for severe dengue.

Methods: This prospective observational study included children admitted with serologically confirmed dengue. World Health Organization classification was used to classify the illness. The details of demographic characteristics, history, clinical examination, laboratory parameters, and outcome were noted. Various risk factors associated with severe dengue, including clinical and laboratory parameters, were determined using crude and adjusted odds ratios at 95% CI.

Results: Out of 157 enrolled children, 51 (32.5%) had severe dengue, and 5 (3.2%) died. Severe dengue showed no predilection for age, gender, or baseline IgG positivity. Multivariate-logistic regression analysis identified only fever ≥39°C [aOR 4.06 (1.60-10.27)] and petechiae [aOR 9.91(3.07-32.03)] as the clinical risk factors for severe dengue. Prolonged prothrombin time (>14s) [aOR 37.21(1.46-946.23)] and platelet count less than 50,000/cu mm [aOR 12.83(1.12-147.17] were observed as independent laboratory risk factors for severe dengue.

Interpretation conclusion: Simple clinical measures like a detailed history of fever >39°C and examination, especially for petechiae, should caution clinicians against progressing to severe dengue. Along with platelet count, prothrombin time should also be monitored during laboratory investigations.