Journal of Vector Borne Diseases最新文献

Background objectives: Quantum chemical & molecular docking practices to deliver new perceptions into how etoposide, novobiocin, nogalamycin and netropsin interact with the biological targets PF3D7_0918600 (Plasmodium falciparum 3D7). Further the pharmacokinetics of a drug candidate which influenced by a variety of factors, including P- glycoprotein (Pgp) transport, PBB (Plasma protein binding), & BBB (Blood-brain barrier) permeation help to forecast the pharmacological characteristics of acetyl-CoA reductase inhibitors (ADMEs) and their metabolites.

Methods: At this point, we have elevated four compounds such as etoposide, novobiocin, nogalamycin & netropsin. We have also studied molecular docking against the target protein of the Plasmodium falciparum (PF3D7_0918600) through exhausting the AutoDock Vina platform and AutoDock-Tools (ADT) and pharmacokinetic properties were carried out using the ADMET 2.0.

Results: The relative results of molecular docking recommended a greater binding affinity of novobiocin with the selected receptors among other compounds. In-silico ADME screening is a computational approach utilised to forecast the pharmacological characteristics of acetyl- CoA reductase inhibitors (ADMEs) and their metabolites.

Interpretation conclusion: The ADMEs are based on the adsorption-desorption kinetics and pharmacopoeia. Adsorption and distribution analysis are used to assess the potential of the drug candidate. In vitro ADME is exploited to expect the effect of Pgp transport on the drug candidates. ADME has been used to predict CYP1A2 inhibitors and to predict PPB and BBB penetration. This paper summarizes the current knowledge on molecular docking, ADME and identifies potential drug candidates for ADME in vitro and in vivo.

Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are the main vectors of arboviruses such as dengue, Zika virus, and chikungunya. Ae. aegypti is a widely spread mosquito in tropical and subtropical regions, whereas Ae. albopictus is a culicid of Asian origin that shows exophilic behavior and can be found in subtropical and temperate areas. Climatic factors could influence the distribution of both species, making them use genetic and environmental resources to adapt to the environment, activating survival mechanisms (embryonic dormancy) that increase the developmental period and keep their offspring in the environment. From this perspective, this review aimed to compare the different physiological mechanisms of embryonic dormancy between Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus and their impact on the development and environmental adaptability of these two species. A total of 62 articles were identified in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases corresponding to the period from 1981 to 2021. In diapause, the results mentioned above are indirectly linked to temperature and directly linked to photoperiod variations. With regard to quiescence, temperature and humidity are directly related to the activation of this mechanism. In conclusion, it is essential to highlight the expansion of arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, and Zika virus and their relationship with embryonic dormancy, diapause and quiescence, extremely important strategies for Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus to keep their offspring in the environment under adverse conditions.

Malaria continues to be a significant global health challenge, with millions of cases and hundreds of thousands of deaths reported annually. To combat this disease effectively, it is imperative to identify and address significant research gaps in malaria control and elimination efforts. This review synthesizes current knowledge and highlights critical gaps in several crucial areas of malaria research. Firstly, we discuss the complexities of vector biology and control, emphasizing the need for a deeper understanding of vector behavior, particularly in urban settings. Secondly, the study examines the challenges posed by drug resistance and the urgent need for alternative treatment strategies and novel drug targets. Thirdly, the review explores the ongoing quest for an effective malaria vaccine, underscoring the importance of understanding immunological correlates of protection. The study also explores medication resistance genes and genomic epidemiology, highlighting the need for more investigation into potential targets for drugs and vaccine candidates. Furthermore, it addresses the socioeconomic and environmental determinants of malaria transmission, highlighting the importance of integrating multidisciplinary approaches to address transmission dynamics. The study concludes with a discussion of how malaria transmission is impacted by climate change and the necessity of research to guide adaptation measures.

Background objectives: Temephos is being used regularly to control immature of vector borne diseases in various states in India.

Methods: World Health Organization method was used to evaluate larval susceptibility status of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi against temephos in Dehradun of Uttarakhand.

Results: The results of the study revealed that the larval mortality in different localities ranged from 67.11% to 98.22%, the-lowest mortality was recorded from Kedarpuram (67.11%) and highest larval was recorded from Vikash Nagar (98.88%). The study revealed that most of larval populations of Ae. aegypti were resistant or under verification required category against temephos at diagnostic concentrations collected from six different localities of study area of Dehradun while only one larval population of Ae. aegypti was found susceptible. However, Anopheles stephensi larvae collected from all sites were susceptible at diagnostic concentration of temephos.

Interpretation conclusion: The study highlights the potential development of resistance to temephos in Ae. aegypti across most of the study areas in Dehradun.

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), posing a substantial threat to human health and property safety. Until now, there has been a lack of specific therapeutic options for treating JEV infections. In this review article, we provide a comprehensive discussion of JEV's characteristics, diagnostic methodologies, vaccine development efforts, and potential anti-JEV pharmaceuticals to provide insights and references that could be used to inform and enhance strategies for the prevention and control of Japanese encephalitis.

Background objectives: In malaria infection, quantifying blood parasitemia is a critical step for evaluating the severity of the disease. This has generally been conducted manually, and thus, its accuracy depends on the expertise of technicians. There is an urgent need for an automated technique to overcome manual errors. The aim of the study is to find an alternative method for counting malaria blood parasitemia.

Methods: This study evaluated the accuracy of automated counting using QuPath compared to manual counting. GraphPad Kappa evaluated agreement between high and low parasitemia in both counting methods using Cohen's test.

Results: QuPath was revealed to be a promising method that has fair agreement and no statistically significant differences compared to manual counting.

Interpretation conclusion: In conclusion, automated quantification is suggested to be a time- and effort-saving technique and, therefore, a worthwhile alternative to manual counting.

Malaria continues to remain a serious threat to public health, especially in regions with socio-economic and healthcare disparities. The paper attempts to contextualise the current scenario of malaria transmission, the advancement made towards its elimination and the multi-dimensional strategies that may be required to overcome cultural and regional barriers; with a focus on India's goal to eliminate malaria by 2030.

Background objectives: Area-specific identification and studies of Anopheles breeding habitat diversity, distribution, and productivity in different seasons are important in designing and advancing effective malaria vector control according to the local context and needs. This study identified and characterized Anopheles breeding habitats for targeted control of malaria vectors in Mazowe and Shamva districts.

Methods: Repeated cross-sectional surveys were conducted in Mazowe and Shamva districts between April and December 2023. Habitat productivity and physicochemical parameters were measured. Anopheles larvae were collected, reared to adults, and identified using morphological keys. SPSS software was used for data analysis. One-way ANOVA, Fisher's exact, Pearson's correlation, and simple linear regression tests were conducted.

Results: Seven different types of Anopheles breeding habitats were identified from 56 sites. The highest mean density of larvae was recorded in stream edge pools during the post-rainfall period. Anophelespretoriensis (67.4%), An. gambiae s.l. (23.1%), An. rufipes (9.2%) and An. coustani (0.38%) were breeding in the study area. Anopheles pretoriensis bred in all habitat types, An. coustani in swamps only while An. gambiae s.l. and An. rufipes preferred stream edge pools, roadside pools, and hoof prints. There was a significant positive correlation between larval density and dissolved oxygen (r = 0.535; p < 0.001) and conductivity (r = 0.288; p = 0.032).

Interpretation conclusion: Size, origin, and type of breeding habitat were positive indicators for different Anopheles species in the study area. Potential malaria vector breeding habitats should be targeted for larval control under the current malaria control and elimination phases in the two districts.

Background objectives: There is a persistent high microfilaria rate and variable reporting of coverage of Mass Drug Administration (MDA). The study aims to estimate the coverage, effective coverage, and compliance of drugs administered under MDA and to determine the predictors affecting the effective coverage.

Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Amethi, Lucknow, Raebareli and Sultanpur districts of Uttar Pradesh, India. The study participants were selected using multi-stage random sampling using Probability Proportional to Estimated Size (PPES). The coverage, effective coverage and compliance of drugs were presented as proportion. The multivariable logistic regression model was applied to identify the significant predictors for effective coverage.

Results: Of 4151 participants, 997 (24.0%), 340 (8.2%), 1158 (27.9%) and 1656 (39.9%) belonged to Amethi, Lucknow, Raebareli and Sultanpur districts respectively. The coverage ranged from 49.8% to 87.9% and effective coverage ranged from 51.8% to 73.2% across districts. The compliance was the poorest (70.7%) in Sultanpur. The source of information about MDA, the sex of the study participants and the area of residence emerged as predictors for effective coverage in the districts.

Interpretation conclusion: The effective coverage was poor with good drug complianceacross the districts. There is a need for a well-designed pre-MDA campaign addressing the fear of side effects of drugs and emphasising the presence of the community during the MDA round along with monitoring and evaluation of the round.

Background objectives: To understand the distribution and presence of West Nile (WN) among the acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) patients, a prospective facility-based study was conducted over 13 years (2007-2019).

Methods: During the period, 8957 patients hospitalized with AES in northeastern India were tested for the evidence of WN virus infection by IgM ELISA followed by Plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT).

Results: Of the samples tested 324 (3.62%) were found positive for WN IgM antibodies and 73 paired sera showed a fourfold rise in neutralizing antibody titre by PRNT. The study establishes WN as a noteworthy cause of encephalitis in an erstwhile endemic area for Japanese encephalitis (JE).

Interpretation conclusion: Therefore, it is important that WN is recognized as an important acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) causing aetiology in this region and the National centre for vector borne disease control (NCVBDC) guidelines for detection of AES may be modified accordingly. Thus, inclusion of WN in routine diagnosis, along with establishment of an integrative surveillance network with one-health approach will be important.