Research on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has been performed extensively. On top of that, water-assisted synthesis of CNT has started to emerge with captivating effect towards growth of CNT. The present study investigates a baseline inlet condition for water assisted case utilizing diffusion flame that imitates the temperature distribution and growth region of CNT without water vapor, on the basis of experimental data of non-water assisted high yield CNTs. To affirm the effect of water vapor, 35% to 70% of water vapor has been added replacing the fuel side nitrogen content. The results prove that water vapor suppresses the flame where the maximum temperature drops with increasing concentration. Consequently, this affects the length and growth region of CNTs. The region width has been reduced for about 7.4% to 18.5% with water vapor. This shows that excessive water poorly affects the growth of CNTs. On the other hand, the region has also shifted for about 0.64 mm to the fuel side (5.7%) from the origin when 70% of water vapor was added. Following this, the impact of catalyst towards CNT growth is subsequently presented whereby a comparison is made between Fe and Co to synthesize CNT using flame synthesis. Based on the result, Fe possess better activation for the CNTs to grow as compared to Co. A significant difference between the predicted CNT length for Fe (147 μm) and Co (56 μm) is attributed to their diffusivity values.
{"title":"Modelling of Water-Assisted Flame Synthesis of Carbon Nanotube using Counterflow Diffusion","authors":"Muhammad Abid Ira Irawan, M. Yasin, K. Tamrin","doi":"10.37934/arms.66.1.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37934/arms.66.1.17","url":null,"abstract":"Research on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has been performed extensively. On top of that, water-assisted synthesis of CNT has started to emerge with captivating effect towards growth of CNT. The present study investigates a baseline inlet condition for water assisted case utilizing diffusion flame that imitates the temperature distribution and growth region of CNT without water vapor, on the basis of experimental data of non-water assisted high yield CNTs. To affirm the effect of water vapor, 35% to 70% of water vapor has been added replacing the fuel side nitrogen content. The results prove that water vapor suppresses the flame where the maximum temperature drops with increasing concentration. Consequently, this affects the length and growth region of CNTs. The region width has been reduced for about 7.4% to 18.5% with water vapor. This shows that excessive water poorly affects the growth of CNTs. On the other hand, the region has also shifted for about 0.64 mm to the fuel side (5.7%) from the origin when 70% of water vapor was added. Following this, the impact of catalyst towards CNT growth is subsequently presented whereby a comparison is made between Fe and Co to synthesize CNT using flame synthesis. Based on the result, Fe possess better activation for the CNTs to grow as compared to Co. A significant difference between the predicted CNT length for Fe (147 μm) and Co (56 μm) is attributed to their diffusivity values.","PeriodicalId":176840,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Research in Materials Science","volume":"131 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133766739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nanofluids are important because they enhance heat transfer. Nanofluids are colloidal mixtures of nanometric metallic or ceramic particles in a base fluid, such as water, ethylene glycol or oil. Nanofluids possess immense potential to enhance the heat transfer character of the original fluid due to improved thermal transport properties. In this article, a brief overview has been presented to address the unique features of nanofluids, such as their preparation, heat transfer mechanisms, conduction and convection heat transfer enhancement, etc. About 55 published studies (1976-2015) are reviewed in this paper. It is marked from the literature survey articles that nano fluids performance are the most frequently studied as an efficient coolant for heat exchangers.
{"title":"Application of Nano-Fluids as Coolant in Heat Exchangers: A Review","authors":"M. A. Khattak, A. Mukhtar, S. Afaq","doi":"10.37934/arms.66.1.818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37934/arms.66.1.818","url":null,"abstract":"Nanofluids are important because they enhance heat transfer. Nanofluids are colloidal mixtures of nanometric metallic or ceramic particles in a base fluid, such as water, ethylene glycol or oil. Nanofluids possess immense potential to enhance the heat transfer character of the original fluid due to improved thermal transport properties. In this article, a brief overview has been presented to address the unique features of nanofluids, such as their preparation, heat transfer mechanisms, conduction and convection heat transfer enhancement, etc. About 55 published studies (1976-2015) are reviewed in this paper. It is marked from the literature survey articles that nano fluids performance are the most frequently studied as an efficient coolant for heat exchangers.","PeriodicalId":176840,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Research in Materials Science","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126987545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tubular carbon membrane was prepared from BTDA-TDI/MDI (P-84) polyimide as a main precursor that blends with nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) through controlled pyrolysis condition. The effects of the final pyrolysis environment on
{"title":"Polyimide Based-Carbon Membrane: Effect of Pyrolysis Environment","authors":"Sazali Norazlianie, J. Ramli, J. Siregar","doi":"10.37934/arms.65.1.1622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37934/arms.65.1.1622","url":null,"abstract":"Tubular carbon membrane was prepared from BTDA-TDI/MDI (P-84) polyimide as a main precursor that blends with nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) through controlled pyrolysis condition. The effects of the final pyrolysis environment on","PeriodicalId":176840,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Research in Materials Science","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114805944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The development of solar collectors for application in water heating, agricultural product drying, heat engines have attracted attention of scientist. Energy usage is inevitable, as renewable energy is becoming more popular and environmentally accepted. In this study, the concept of flow inside the collector tube is mainly by natural convection as a heat transport in the domain. The objectives of this study are to investigate the heat transfer enhancement of titanium water nanofluid (TiO2-water nanofluid) and the effect of inclination angle of a single tube evacuated solar collector in a closed thermosyphon. TiO2-nanoparticles was dispersed into the based fluid (water) using volume fraction concentrations of 0.05-1%. For the geometrical tilt angle, three different inclination angles of 30o, 45o and 60o for a constant heat flux of 500W/m2 corresponding to relative solar irradiance absorb by a single tube collector. Moreover, due to inevitable coupling of the flow with temperature and low velocity profile related with the flow, the velocity and pressure coupling was computed using PISO scheme. The present result demonstrated that addition of TiO2nanoparticles produced a reasonable Heat transfer enhancement in comparison with conventional heat transfer fluid (water). Heat transfer enhancement increases with increasing volume fraction of TiO2-nanoparticles. Nusselt number enhancement was common at inclination angle of 30 o. Therefore, enhancement of 25.6% was observed at a volume fraction of 0.1% and it was noting that increases the volume fraction will result in a more than 100% enhancement to water. The influence of inclination angle has indicated that the maximum Nusselt number and velocity are present at angle of 30o. Hence, inclination angle is an effective parameter for nanofluid filled in single tube evacuated solar collector.
{"title":"Solar Collector Application using Nanofluid in Thermosyphon","authors":"M. Jamil, N. Sidik, S. N. A. Yusof","doi":"10.37934/arms.65.1.115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37934/arms.65.1.115","url":null,"abstract":"The development of solar collectors for application in water heating, agricultural product drying, heat engines have attracted attention of scientist. Energy usage is inevitable, as renewable energy is becoming more popular and environmentally accepted. In this study, the concept of flow inside the collector tube is mainly by natural convection as a heat transport in the domain. The objectives of this study are to investigate the heat transfer enhancement of titanium water nanofluid (TiO2-water nanofluid) and the effect of inclination angle of a single tube evacuated solar collector in a closed thermosyphon. TiO2-nanoparticles was dispersed into the based fluid (water) using volume fraction concentrations of 0.05-1%. For the geometrical tilt angle, three different inclination angles of 30o, 45o and 60o for a constant heat flux of 500W/m2 corresponding to relative solar irradiance absorb by a single tube collector. Moreover, due to inevitable coupling of the flow with temperature and low velocity profile related with the flow, the velocity and pressure coupling was computed using PISO scheme. The present result demonstrated that addition of TiO2nanoparticles produced a reasonable Heat transfer enhancement in comparison with conventional heat transfer fluid (water). Heat transfer enhancement increases with increasing volume fraction of TiO2-nanoparticles. Nusselt number enhancement was common at inclination angle of 30 o. Therefore, enhancement of 25.6% was observed at a volume fraction of 0.1% and it was noting that increases the volume fraction will result in a more than 100% enhancement to water. The influence of inclination angle has indicated that the maximum Nusselt number and velocity are present at angle of 30o. Hence, inclination angle is an effective parameter for nanofluid filled in single tube evacuated solar collector.","PeriodicalId":176840,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Research in Materials Science","volume":"9 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124263425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Balasundram, Khairunnisa Kamarul Zaman, Norazana Ibrahim, R. Kasmani, R. Isha, M. Hamid, H. Hasbullah
Malaysia ABSTRACT The objective of this research is to investigate the performance of Nickel-Cerium/HZSM-5 catalyst on pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse and kinetic analysis via thermogravimetric analyzer. The sample is pyrolyzed from 30 to 700 °C at multiple heating rates (5, 10, 20, and 30 °C/min) in a nitrogen environment. The HZSM-5 was used as a support, while nickel and cerium were impregnated as promoters via incipient wetness impregnation method. For catalytic samples, the catalyst to biomass ratio was fixed at 1:1. The kinetic analysis of non-catalytic and catalytic pyrolysis was performed using the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa and Coats-Redfern methods. The catalytic pyrolysis has achieved higher activation energy (2.87 – 68.92 kJ/mol) over conversion than the non-catalytic pyrolysis (24.20 – 122.33 kJ/mol) using the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method. The reaction mechanism of non-catalytic and catalytic pyrolysis follows power law (n=1) and chemical reaction (n=2) respectively via the Coats-Redfern
{"title":"Thermogravimetric Kinetics of Catalytic Pyrolysis of Sugarcane Bagasse over Nickel-Cerium/HZSM-5 Catalyst","authors":"V. Balasundram, Khairunnisa Kamarul Zaman, Norazana Ibrahim, R. Kasmani, R. Isha, M. Hamid, H. Hasbullah","doi":"10.37934/arms.64.1.117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37934/arms.64.1.117","url":null,"abstract":"Malaysia ABSTRACT The objective of this research is to investigate the performance of Nickel-Cerium/HZSM-5 catalyst on pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse and kinetic analysis via thermogravimetric analyzer. The sample is pyrolyzed from 30 to 700 °C at multiple heating rates (5, 10, 20, and 30 °C/min) in a nitrogen environment. The HZSM-5 was used as a support, while nickel and cerium were impregnated as promoters via incipient wetness impregnation method. For catalytic samples, the catalyst to biomass ratio was fixed at 1:1. The kinetic analysis of non-catalytic and catalytic pyrolysis was performed using the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa and Coats-Redfern methods. The catalytic pyrolysis has achieved higher activation energy (2.87 – 68.92 kJ/mol) over conversion than the non-catalytic pyrolysis (24.20 – 122.33 kJ/mol) using the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method. The reaction mechanism of non-catalytic and catalytic pyrolysis follows power law (n=1) and chemical reaction (n=2) respectively via the Coats-Redfern","PeriodicalId":176840,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Research in Materials Science","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125386585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, fabrication of tubular carbon membrane prepared from BTDA-TDI/MDI (P-84) polyimide are investigated. Carbon membrane can be observed as the forthcoming of the separation media in gas separation process due to its tremendous gas separation performance, ease process ability, and conservative energy requirement as compared to conventional separation. The consequences of the dip-coating methods to produce high performance tubular carbon membrane by manipulating the coating times (15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes) which have been identified as an influence on the outcome of dip-coating method. Based on above-mentioned studies, we formulated the hypothesis that tubular carbon membrane performance can be controlled by manipulating the carbonization conditions which was conducted with a heating rate of 3°C/min, a final temperature of 800°C and stabilization time of 300°C. Pure gas permeation tests were performed by single gas permeation test at room temperature and at 8 bars. Helium (He), and Nitrogen (N 2 ) gas are used to investigate the transport mechanism in the carbon membrane separation process. From this study, the highest selectivities of 305.86±2.21 for He/N 2 ; He permeance of 984.92±1.65 GPU were achieved by applying 45 minutes coating times.
{"title":"Polyimide-based Carbon Membrane: Effect of Coating Times on Helium Separations","authors":"M. A. Mohamed, N. Sazali","doi":"10.37934/aram.64.1.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37934/aram.64.1.16","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, fabrication of tubular carbon membrane prepared from BTDA-TDI/MDI (P-84) polyimide are investigated. Carbon membrane can be observed as the forthcoming of the separation media in gas separation process due to its tremendous gas separation performance, ease process ability, and conservative energy requirement as compared to conventional separation. The consequences of the dip-coating methods to produce high performance tubular carbon membrane by manipulating the coating times (15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes) which have been identified as an influence on the outcome of dip-coating method. Based on above-mentioned studies, we formulated the hypothesis that tubular carbon membrane performance can be controlled by manipulating the carbonization conditions which was conducted with a heating rate of 3°C/min, a final temperature of 800°C and stabilization time of 300°C. Pure gas permeation tests were performed by single gas permeation test at room temperature and at 8 bars. Helium (He), and Nitrogen (N 2 ) gas are used to investigate the transport mechanism in the carbon membrane separation process. From this study, the highest selectivities of 305.86±2.21 for He/N 2 ; He permeance of 984.92±1.65 GPU were achieved by applying 45 minutes coating times.","PeriodicalId":176840,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Research in Materials Science","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128308641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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