In recent years, there has been an increased interest in the application of smart material technologies. The primary features of smart materials are the ability to provide multifunctional behaviour. Among smart materials technologies, magnetorheological fluids (MRFs) have been efficiently utilised in a variety of applications, especially in mechanical vibration engineering. In this paper, a brief review of past studies on the preparation methods, MRFs contents that contribute to the performance of MRFs as a smart material is conducted. The effect of particle size, shapes and also volume concentration is also discussed. This papers concludes with discussion on some current challenges and future prospect of MRFs.
{"title":"A Brief Review of Preparation Method and Challenges of Magnetorheological Fluids","authors":"Mohd Hishamuddin Unuh, P. Muhamad","doi":"10.37934/arms.74.1.118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37934/arms.74.1.118","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, there has been an increased interest in the application of smart material technologies. The primary features of smart materials are the ability to provide multifunctional behaviour. Among smart materials technologies, magnetorheological fluids (MRFs) have been efficiently utilised in a variety of applications, especially in mechanical vibration engineering. In this paper, a brief review of past studies on the preparation methods, MRFs contents that contribute to the performance of MRFs as a smart material is conducted. The effect of particle size, shapes and also volume concentration is also discussed. This papers concludes with discussion on some current challenges and future prospect of MRFs.","PeriodicalId":176840,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Research in Materials Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125386259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this research, lipase recovered from the skim latex of Hevea brasiliensis was immobilized via cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEA) technology, while supported by magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), for properties enhancement. Hybrid immobilization may have affected the kinetic performances of the biocatalysts. The kinetic performance of both MNP supported and unsupported CLEA-lipase, were evaluated based on the Michaelis-Menten model using p-nitrophenyl palmitate as the substrate. Three different linearization model equations were used to compute the kinetic properties, v_max and K_m, and a hyperbolic regression was conducted with computer software. Based on the best fitted model, v_max of MNP-CLEA-lipase, obtained from the Lineweaver-Burk plot (R2=0.9823), was 0.0023 µmol/min.mL, which is higher than CLEA-lipase (0.0015 µmol/min.mL), indicating it needs much higher substrate concentration to saturate the enzymatic sites to reach its maximum velocity. K_m for MNP-CLEA-lipase was 0.4400 µmol, compared to 0.5188 µmol for CLEA-lipase, inferring that it has a higher affinity towards substrates, whereby its rate will approach v_max with lower substrate concentration. Overall, this research demonstrated that wasteful by-products such as skim latex can be converted to useful value-added biocatalyst. A better understanding of the kinetic parameters of this newly produced MNP immobilized biocatalyst is necessary for its further development.
{"title":"Enhanced Kinetic Performance of CLEA-Lipase Extracted from Skim Latex of Hevea brasiliensis upon Immobilization on Magnetic Iron Nanoparticles","authors":"F. Yusof, Nur Amalin Abd. Aziz Al Safi","doi":"10.37934/arms.73.1.111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37934/arms.73.1.111","url":null,"abstract":"In this research, lipase recovered from the skim latex of Hevea brasiliensis was immobilized via cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEA) technology, while supported by magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), for properties enhancement. Hybrid immobilization may have affected the kinetic performances of the biocatalysts. The kinetic performance of both MNP supported and unsupported CLEA-lipase, were evaluated based on the Michaelis-Menten model using p-nitrophenyl palmitate as the substrate. Three different linearization model equations were used to compute the kinetic properties, v_max and K_m, and a hyperbolic regression was conducted with computer software. Based on the best fitted model, v_max of MNP-CLEA-lipase, obtained from the Lineweaver-Burk plot (R2=0.9823), was 0.0023 µmol/min.mL, which is higher than CLEA-lipase (0.0015 µmol/min.mL), indicating it needs much higher substrate concentration to saturate the enzymatic sites to reach its maximum velocity. K_m for MNP-CLEA-lipase was 0.4400 µmol, compared to 0.5188 µmol for CLEA-lipase, inferring that it has a higher affinity towards substrates, whereby its rate will approach v_max with lower substrate concentration. Overall, this research demonstrated that wasteful by-products such as skim latex can be converted to useful value-added biocatalyst. A better understanding of the kinetic parameters of this newly produced MNP immobilized biocatalyst is necessary for its further development.","PeriodicalId":176840,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Research in Materials Science","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126806632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. N. Allisha, O. Zaulia, M. Shukri, M. Suriani, G. N. Syafini, M. Azhar, R. Khdijah, Ahmad Rizal Razali, R. Azhar, M. Izzati, A. Raihan, M. Razali, I. Salma, A. Khadijah, G. M. Faizal
Asam gelugur (Garcinia atroviridis Griff ex. T. Anderson) in Malaysia normally used as dried fruit for ingredients in the food. Dried G. atroviridis also used for medicinal and health benefits food. Recently, G. atroviridis become more popular when RandD found that this fruit has high hydroxy acetic acid (HCA) (to reduce cholesterol and fat, slimming agent), high antioxidant content, anti-bacteria, anti-tumour, manage high blood pressure etc. This fruit was processed as health benefit foods and also as supplement and healthy drink. This traditional plant also proven can be planted on a commercial scale and give promising income to entrepreneurs. Therefore, a study on this plant also given priority. Study on different maturity stages is important to understand the development of fruit and to determine suitable harvesting stage as a guideline for harvesting and processing. Therefore, this study were carried out by tagging the fruit from flowering until the fruit set, matured and ripen stage. From the observation, fruit at age 85 days after flowering seem started matured and they were picked at every 5 days and analysed until day 125 when fruit were overripe and drop from tree. Fruit were analysed on physical (visual appearance, firmness, lightness, chroma, hue) and chemical (pH, total titratable acidity (TTA), ascorbic acid, soluble solid content (SSC) changes. Result showed that SSC of G. atroviridis were range from 6.13 – 7.73. SSC of G. atroviridis maintain during development and significantly increased after 120 days. Acidity (TTA) of G. atroviridis were very high (3.83 – 4.60 mg/100g). TTA significantly low at day 90 and 120 after fruit set, compare to other stages. Ascorbic acid content of G. atroviridis is considered low (0.77 – 1.35 mg/100g). pH of G. atroviridis is very low at 2.41 -2.60. This considered too low compared to other fruits. pH and ascorbic acid of G. atroviridis is fluctuated during the development of fruit from 85 to 125 day after flowering. Skin lightness increased significantly from day 85 to 100, maintain until day 110 and significantly decreased until day 125. Flesh lightness maintain during fruit development. Skin chroma maintain from day 85 to day 105, significantly increased after day 105 to 110, maintain until day 115 and significantly decreased thereafter. Flesh chroma remain un-change during fruit development from day 85 to day 120, but slightly increased from day 120 to until day 125. Skin hue maintain from day 85 to day 95, significantly decreased after day 100 to 110, significantly increased until day 115 and maintain thereafter. Flesh hue remain un-change during fruit development from day 85 to day 125. Firmness of G. atroviridis maintain during development, 19.35 – 23.25 N, but significantly higher at 125 days after flowering, 25.32 N.
{"title":"Development of Garcinia Atroviridis (Asam Gelugur) during Fruit Growth","authors":"O. N. Allisha, O. Zaulia, M. Shukri, M. Suriani, G. N. Syafini, M. Azhar, R. Khdijah, Ahmad Rizal Razali, R. Azhar, M. Izzati, A. Raihan, M. Razali, I. Salma, A. Khadijah, G. M. Faizal","doi":"10.37934/arms.73.1.1220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37934/arms.73.1.1220","url":null,"abstract":"Asam gelugur (Garcinia atroviridis Griff ex. T. Anderson) in Malaysia normally used as dried fruit for ingredients in the food. Dried G. atroviridis also used for medicinal and health benefits food. Recently, G. atroviridis become more popular when RandD found that this fruit has high hydroxy acetic acid (HCA) (to reduce cholesterol and fat, slimming agent), high antioxidant content, anti-bacteria, anti-tumour, manage high blood pressure etc. This fruit was processed as health benefit foods and also as supplement and healthy drink. This traditional plant also proven can be planted on a commercial scale and give promising income to entrepreneurs. Therefore, a study on this plant also given priority. Study on different maturity stages is important to understand the development of fruit and to determine suitable harvesting stage as a guideline for harvesting and processing. Therefore, this study were carried out by tagging the fruit from flowering until the fruit set, matured and ripen stage. From the observation, fruit at age 85 days after flowering seem started matured and they were picked at every 5 days and analysed until day 125 when fruit were overripe and drop from tree. Fruit were analysed on physical (visual appearance, firmness, lightness, chroma, hue) and chemical (pH, total titratable acidity (TTA), ascorbic acid, soluble solid content (SSC) changes. Result showed that SSC of G. atroviridis were range from 6.13 – 7.73. SSC of G. atroviridis maintain during development and significantly increased after 120 days. Acidity (TTA) of G. atroviridis were very high (3.83 – 4.60 mg/100g). TTA significantly low at day 90 and 120 after fruit set, compare to other stages. Ascorbic acid content of G. atroviridis is considered low (0.77 – 1.35 mg/100g). pH of G. atroviridis is very low at 2.41 -2.60. This considered too low compared to other fruits. pH and ascorbic acid of G. atroviridis is fluctuated during the development of fruit from 85 to 125 day after flowering. Skin lightness increased significantly from day 85 to 100, maintain until day 110 and significantly decreased until day 125. Flesh lightness maintain during fruit development. Skin chroma maintain from day 85 to day 105, significantly increased after day 105 to 110, maintain until day 115 and significantly decreased thereafter. Flesh chroma remain un-change during fruit development from day 85 to day 120, but slightly increased from day 120 to until day 125. Skin hue maintain from day 85 to day 95, significantly decreased after day 100 to 110, significantly increased until day 115 and maintain thereafter. Flesh hue remain un-change during fruit development from day 85 to day 125. Firmness of G. atroviridis maintain during development, 19.35 – 23.25 N, but significantly higher at 125 days after flowering, 25.32 N.","PeriodicalId":176840,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Research in Materials Science","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127598353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Saengsikhiao, J. Taweekun, K. Maliwan, Somchai Sae-ung, T. Theppaya
This research presents the development of environmentally-friendly and energy efficient refrigerant for medium temperature refrigeration systems that new azeotropic refrigerant mixture of hydrofluorocarbons and hydrocarbon that can retrofit in the refrigeration system using R404A. The medium back pressure refrigeration testing standard that follow CAN/ANSI/AHRI540 standard air-conditioning, heating, and refrigeration institute (AHRI) and The properties of refrigerants and refrigeration simulation system that used national institute of standards and technology (NIST) reference fluid thermodynamic and transport properties database (REFPROP) software and NIST vapor compression cycle model accounting for refrigerant thermodynamic and transport properties (CYCLE_D-HX) software. The methodology use decision tree function in datamining by rapid minor software that first of KDnuggets annual software poll that showed new azeotropic refrigerant mixture had cooling capacity, refrigerant effect, GWP and boiling point were lower than R404A but work and pressure for medium temperature refrigeration system of azeotropic refrigerant mixture were higher than R404A. The artificial intelligence (AI) by data mining technic can predictive environmentally-friendly and energy efficient refrigerant for medium temperature refrigeration. The result of refrigerant mixed by R134A, R32, R125 and R1270 and is consistent with the evolution of fourth-generation refrigerants that contain a mixture of HFCs and HCs which are required to produce a low-GWP, zero-ozone-depletion-potential (ODP), high-capacity, low-operating-pressure, and nontoxic refrigerant.
{"title":"Development of Environmentally - Friendly and Energy Efficient Refrigerant for Medium Temperature Refrigeration Systems","authors":"P. Saengsikhiao, J. Taweekun, K. Maliwan, Somchai Sae-ung, T. Theppaya","doi":"10.37934/arms.71.1.1231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37934/arms.71.1.1231","url":null,"abstract":"This research presents the development of environmentally-friendly and energy efficient refrigerant for medium temperature refrigeration systems that new azeotropic refrigerant mixture of hydrofluorocarbons and hydrocarbon that can retrofit in the refrigeration system using R404A. The medium back pressure refrigeration testing standard that follow CAN/ANSI/AHRI540 standard air-conditioning, heating, and refrigeration institute (AHRI) and The properties of refrigerants and refrigeration simulation system that used national institute of standards and technology (NIST) reference fluid thermodynamic and transport properties database (REFPROP) software and NIST vapor compression cycle model accounting for refrigerant thermodynamic and transport properties (CYCLE_D-HX) software. The methodology use decision tree function in datamining by rapid minor software that first of KDnuggets annual software poll that showed new azeotropic refrigerant mixture had cooling capacity, refrigerant effect, GWP and boiling point were lower than R404A but work and pressure for medium temperature refrigeration system of azeotropic refrigerant mixture were higher than R404A. The artificial intelligence (AI) by data mining technic can predictive environmentally-friendly and energy efficient refrigerant for medium temperature refrigeration. The result of refrigerant mixed by R134A, R32, R125 and R1270 and is consistent with the evolution of fourth-generation refrigerants that contain a mixture of HFCs and HCs which are required to produce a low-GWP, zero-ozone-depletion-potential (ODP), high-capacity, low-operating-pressure, and nontoxic refrigerant.","PeriodicalId":176840,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Research in Materials Science","volume":"266 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122702402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zuraidah Zainudin, Noor Izyan Syazana Mohd Yusoff, M. U. Wahit
Bombyx mori silk fibre has some prominent features such as high ductility and strength due to its high crystallinity in molecular structure. This research aims to characterise and evaluate the mechanical and water absorption properties of continuous unidirectional silk fibre reinforced epoxy composites with various fibre loading (0 to 30 wt.%). The silk fibre was obtained through degumming treatment of silk cocoon using 1 wt.% of sodium bicarbonate solution. The composites materials were prepared using the hand lay-up method. The silk fibre reinforced epoxy composites with 30 wt.% of fibre loading acquired the highest value of tensile, flexural, and impact properties. The impact fracture of the composites was analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM micrographs of composites reveal that the presence of pull-out fibres and matrix cracking was less with increasing fibre loading, indicating the improvement of interfacial bonding between fibre and matrix. The water absorption study shows that water absorption properties increased with increasing fibre loading.
{"title":"Characteristics of Continuous Unidirectional Silk Fibre Reinforced Epoxy Composites","authors":"Zuraidah Zainudin, Noor Izyan Syazana Mohd Yusoff, M. U. Wahit","doi":"10.37934/arms.69.1.1628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37934/arms.69.1.1628","url":null,"abstract":"Bombyx mori silk fibre has some prominent features such as high ductility and strength due to its high crystallinity in molecular structure. This research aims to characterise and evaluate the mechanical and water absorption properties of continuous unidirectional silk fibre reinforced epoxy composites with various fibre loading (0 to 30 wt.%). The silk fibre was obtained through degumming treatment of silk cocoon using 1 wt.% of sodium bicarbonate solution. The composites materials were prepared using the hand lay-up method. The silk fibre reinforced epoxy composites with 30 wt.% of fibre loading acquired the highest value of tensile, flexural, and impact properties. The impact fracture of the composites was analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM micrographs of composites reveal that the presence of pull-out fibres and matrix cracking was less with increasing fibre loading, indicating the improvement of interfacial bonding between fibre and matrix. The water absorption study shows that water absorption properties increased with increasing fibre loading.","PeriodicalId":176840,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Research in Materials Science","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122082809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Farhana, K. Kadirgama, M. Rahman, M. M. Noor, D. Ramasamy, M. Samykano, W. Azmi, F. Tarlochan, A. S. F. Mahamude, G. Najafi, N. Sidik, S. N. A. Yusof
Iran ABSTRACT The aim of this experimental research study is to evaluate the thermal behaviour of crystal nanocellulose (CNC) nanofluids. Aqueous ethylene glycol (60: 40; W: EG) used as base fluid and 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5% volume concentrations were designated here. Crystal nanocellulose nanofluids were prepared by two-step method. Thermal conductivity, viscosity, density, specific heat capacity and pH were assessed with standard measurement method and equipment. In this present work, thermal conductivity of 0.3% CNC nanofluids was increased of about 25% at 80 0 c; viscosity decreased; 0.1% nanofluid exhibit lowest viscosity performance at 80 0 c. In addition to this, 0.5% CNC nanofluid performed better declination of specific heat with increasing temperature up to 70 0 C and lowest error percentage in density measurement. However, some data of the experiments were
{"title":"Experimental Studies on Thermo-Physical Properties of Nanocellulose–Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Nanofluids","authors":"K. Farhana, K. Kadirgama, M. Rahman, M. M. Noor, D. Ramasamy, M. Samykano, W. Azmi, F. Tarlochan, A. S. F. Mahamude, G. Najafi, N. Sidik, S. N. A. Yusof","doi":"10.37934/arms.69.1.115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37934/arms.69.1.115","url":null,"abstract":"Iran ABSTRACT The aim of this experimental research study is to evaluate the thermal behaviour of crystal nanocellulose (CNC) nanofluids. Aqueous ethylene glycol (60: 40; W: EG) used as base fluid and 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5% volume concentrations were designated here. Crystal nanocellulose nanofluids were prepared by two-step method. Thermal conductivity, viscosity, density, specific heat capacity and pH were assessed with standard measurement method and equipment. In this present work, thermal conductivity of 0.3% CNC nanofluids was increased of about 25% at 80 0 c; viscosity decreased; 0.1% nanofluid exhibit lowest viscosity performance at 80 0 c. In addition to this, 0.5% CNC nanofluid performed better declination of specific heat with increasing temperature up to 70 0 C and lowest error percentage in density measurement. However, some data of the experiments were","PeriodicalId":176840,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Research in Materials Science","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116607773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. R. Abdulwahab, N. A. C. Sidik, S. N. A. Yusof, M. Jamil
A numerical study for investigating the fluid flow and heat transfer enhancement inside square, circular and triangular straight channels with hydraulic diameter of 0.01 m using magnetic nanofluid (Fe3O4 suspended in water) as a base fluid under constant heat flux subjected around the geometries walls has been presented to determine the effects of nanoparticle volume fraction and flow rate on the convective heat transfer and friction factor of nanofluid without the influence of magnetic field. The nanofluid consists of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles with average diameter of 36 nm suspended in water with a different volume fraction which were 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6%. The study was conducted at steady state, turbulent forced convection with Reynolds number (5000 ≤ Re ≤ 20000), three-dimensional flow, and single-phase approach. Certain boundary conditions and assumptions to solve the governing equations have been implemented using finite volume method. CFD software involving GAMBIT and FLUENT were employed to perform the investigation numerically. The results revealed that as Reynolds number increased, the heat transfer rate was also increased for all the geometries but it is better in circular tube case. While in the case of using pure water as a coolant, the heat transfer rate is lower than that the case of using nanofluid with respect to the flow inside all the geometries. In addition, as Reynolds number increase, friction factor decreases for all cases and it is large in case of square duct. New correlations were proposed to predict Nusselt number and friction factor based on the dimension less numbers which are valid for the three geometries. a of a length of the of the with The nanofluid nanoparticles in with nanoparticle volume concentrations from 0 to 0.6% and range of number from to 22000. to estimate Nusselt number and friction factor. The raveled that the heat transfer is enhanced by 30.93%.
{"title":"Magnetic Nanofluids for Heat Transfer Enhancement Inside Straight Channels","authors":"M. R. Abdulwahab, N. A. C. Sidik, S. N. A. Yusof, M. Jamil","doi":"10.37934/arms.68.1.819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37934/arms.68.1.819","url":null,"abstract":"A numerical study for investigating the fluid flow and heat transfer enhancement inside square, circular and triangular straight channels with hydraulic diameter of 0.01 m using magnetic nanofluid (Fe3O4 suspended in water) as a base fluid under constant heat flux subjected around the geometries walls has been presented to determine the effects of nanoparticle volume fraction and flow rate on the convective heat transfer and friction factor of nanofluid without the influence of magnetic field. The nanofluid consists of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles with average diameter of 36 nm suspended in water with a different volume fraction which were 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6%. The study was conducted at steady state, turbulent forced convection with Reynolds number (5000 ≤ Re ≤ 20000), three-dimensional flow, and single-phase approach. Certain boundary conditions and assumptions to solve the governing equations have been implemented using finite volume method. CFD software involving GAMBIT and FLUENT were employed to perform the investigation numerically. The results revealed that as Reynolds number increased, the heat transfer rate was also increased for all the geometries but it is better in circular tube case. While in the case of using pure water as a coolant, the heat transfer rate is lower than that the case of using nanofluid with respect to the flow inside all the geometries. In addition, as Reynolds number increase, friction factor decreases for all cases and it is large in case of square duct. New correlations were proposed to predict Nusselt number and friction factor based on the dimension less numbers which are valid for the three geometries. a of a length of the of the with The nanofluid nanoparticles in with nanoparticle volume concentrations from 0 to 0.6% and range of number from to 22000. to estimate Nusselt number and friction factor. The raveled that the heat transfer is enhanced by 30.93%.","PeriodicalId":176840,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Research in Materials Science","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128651942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For heat treatment process on metal that are engaging with the physical and mechanical properties changes such as cooling and heating. The techniques for heat treatment including case hardening, annealing, tempering and precipitation strengthening, quenching and tempering. The mechanical properties like hardness, toughness and ductility can be altered by intense heat treating on steel and cooled it using different methods to produce different mechanical properties. This matters with the low carbon content in low carbon steel such as mildsteel behaviours after the heat treating depending on the thickness of the steel. To change the characteristics of steels is by heat treating whereby altering the diffusion and cooling rate within its microstructure by changing the grain size at different phases and changing the molecular arrangement. The mechanical properties of the steel with different thickness may be different due to the microstructure behaviour after heating and rapid cooling process. Finally, the behaviour of the microstructure of low carbon steel changes with different thickness that is affecting the mechanical properties after heating and quenching process.
{"title":"A Mini Review on Low Carbon Steel in Rapid Cooling Process","authors":"S. N. Abdullah, N. Sazali","doi":"10.37934/arms.68.1.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37934/arms.68.1.17","url":null,"abstract":"For heat treatment process on metal that are engaging with the physical and mechanical properties changes such as cooling and heating. The techniques for heat treatment including case hardening, annealing, tempering and precipitation strengthening, quenching and tempering. The mechanical properties like hardness, toughness and ductility can be altered by intense heat treating on steel and cooled it using different methods to produce different mechanical properties. This matters with the low carbon content in low carbon steel such as mildsteel behaviours after the heat treating depending on the thickness of the steel. To change the characteristics of steels is by heat treating whereby altering the diffusion and cooling rate within its microstructure by changing the grain size at different phases and changing the molecular arrangement. The mechanical properties of the steel with different thickness may be different due to the microstructure behaviour after heating and rapid cooling process. Finally, the behaviour of the microstructure of low carbon steel changes with different thickness that is affecting the mechanical properties after heating and quenching process.","PeriodicalId":176840,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Research in Materials Science","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127627094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aravinthan Rajaandra, N. Sidik, S. N. A. Yusof, Muhammadu Masin Muhammadu
Cooling towers with water as the heat transfer medium are commonly used in various industries for rejecting heat from heat sources to the atmosphere. However, there is much room for improving the performance and efficiency of the cooling towers. One of the less investigated ways in using a water based nanofluid as the heat transfer medium. Nanofluids which are base fluids with nanoparticles added to them has many benefits including increasing the heat rejection and increasing the range of the cooling tower. This has the effect of lowering energy usage and reducing water consumption. In this study, the cooling tower heat rejection process in the infill was simulated using water as the base working fluid, and Multi Walled Carbon Nano Tube (MWCNT)-water nanofluids. It was observed that the heat rejection was improved by up to 40% using 0.1wt% of Multi Walled Carbon Nano Tube (MWCNT)-water nanofluid. It was found that there was an improvement in heat rejection. It can reduce energy usage by up to 20% and reduces energy costs using a similar amount. The results indicate that nanofluids may allow existing and future cooling towers to achieve an improvement in heat rejection performance.
{"title":"The Effect of Nanoparticles in Augmentation of Cooling Tower Heat Dissipation","authors":"Aravinthan Rajaandra, N. Sidik, S. N. A. Yusof, Muhammadu Masin Muhammadu","doi":"10.37934/arms.67.1.1125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37934/arms.67.1.1125","url":null,"abstract":"Cooling towers with water as the heat transfer medium are commonly used in various industries for rejecting heat from heat sources to the atmosphere. However, there is much room for improving the performance and efficiency of the cooling towers. One of the less investigated ways in using a water based nanofluid as the heat transfer medium. Nanofluids which are base fluids with nanoparticles added to them has many benefits including increasing the heat rejection and increasing the range of the cooling tower. This has the effect of lowering energy usage and reducing water consumption. In this study, the cooling tower heat rejection process in the infill was simulated using water as the base working fluid, and Multi Walled Carbon Nano Tube (MWCNT)-water nanofluids. It was observed that the heat rejection was improved by up to 40% using 0.1wt% of Multi Walled Carbon Nano Tube (MWCNT)-water nanofluid. It was found that there was an improvement in heat rejection. It can reduce energy usage by up to 20% and reduces energy costs using a similar amount. The results indicate that nanofluids may allow existing and future cooling towers to achieve an improvement in heat rejection performance.","PeriodicalId":176840,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Research in Materials Science","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127904157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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