Pub Date : 2021-10-20DOI: 10.47330/cbc.2021.plbh4631
Gavin P. Johnson
2021 has witnessed a surge of interest in non-fungible tokens or “NFTs”. However, there is considerable misunderstanding surrounding what an NFTs is, what it may or may not represent, how rights attach, how it may be enforced or used for enforcement of rights, and how it is connected to the asset it purportedly represents. This is self-evident in discussions between the technology community, implementers, and the legal profession. This is compounded by a lack of clarity in how current legal frameworks work with or are applied to such tokens.
{"title":"Blockchain, Fungibility, and Physical Assets: The Legal View","authors":"Gavin P. Johnson","doi":"10.47330/cbc.2021.plbh4631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47330/cbc.2021.plbh4631","url":null,"abstract":"2021 has witnessed a surge of interest in non-fungible tokens or “NFTs”. However, there is considerable misunderstanding surrounding what an NFTs is, what it may or may not represent, how rights attach, how it may be enforced or used for enforcement of rights, and how it is connected to the asset it purportedly represents. This is self-evident in discussions between the technology community, implementers, and the legal profession. This is compounded by a lack of clarity in how current legal frameworks work with or are applied to such tokens.","PeriodicalId":178316,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain and the Digital Twin","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122885066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-20DOI: 10.47330/cbc.2021.nula5546
E. Papadonikolaki
Construction is undergoing digitalisation through innovations such as Building Information Modelling (BIM), Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain. Various countries attempt to regulate, standardise and mandate such technologies. For example, various institutions, e.g. government, policy, businesses, and industry consortia, actively developed BIM implementation processes and pushed its use. However, in the lower tiers of the construction supply chain, the democratisation of BIM was problematic and Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) lagged behind due to limited resources. The digital divide reinforced mistrust in improvement agendas. This paper problematises around leadership necessary for democratising blockchain, an emerging digital technology.
{"title":"Opening the Blockchain Ecosystem in Construction","authors":"E. Papadonikolaki","doi":"10.47330/cbc.2021.nula5546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47330/cbc.2021.nula5546","url":null,"abstract":"Construction is undergoing digitalisation through innovations such as Building Information Modelling (BIM), Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain. Various countries attempt to regulate, standardise and mandate such technologies. For example, various institutions, e.g. government, policy, businesses, and industry consortia, actively developed BIM implementation processes and pushed its use. However, in the lower tiers of the construction supply chain, the democratisation of BIM was problematic and Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) lagged behind due to limited resources. The digital divide reinforced mistrust in improvement agendas. This paper problematises around leadership necessary for democratising blockchain, an emerging digital technology.","PeriodicalId":178316,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain and the Digital Twin","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125663266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-20DOI: 10.47330/cbc.2021.ovmc1650
Martin Docherty
{"title":"A Blockchain Roadmap","authors":"Martin Docherty","doi":"10.47330/cbc.2021.ovmc1650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47330/cbc.2021.ovmc1650","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":178316,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain and the Digital Twin","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121374989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-20DOI: 10.47330/cbc.2021.qnaq7017
Kevin Chinniah
Disconnected workflow or fragmentation is a challenge in the construction industry. Supply chains have been a complicated issue since the beginning of time, in all types of situations, from the battlefield to the project site. Now builders, developers, manufacturers, architects, and contractors are dealing with that reality “In technology, over decades of management, there is a great deal of information and stakeholders have learned to use data to make decisions on supply chain visibility and inventory, which means it can be managed better”.
{"title":"Blockchain-ing of Supplier's Management Process","authors":"Kevin Chinniah","doi":"10.47330/cbc.2021.qnaq7017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47330/cbc.2021.qnaq7017","url":null,"abstract":"Disconnected workflow or fragmentation is a challenge in the construction industry. Supply chains have been a complicated issue since the beginning of time, in all types of situations, from the battlefield to the project site. Now builders, developers, manufacturers, architects, and contractors are dealing with that reality “In technology, over decades of management, there is a great deal of information and stakeholders have learned to use data to make decisions on supply chain visibility and inventory, which means it can be managed better”.","PeriodicalId":178316,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain and the Digital Twin","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127714888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-20DOI: 10.47330/cbc.2021.jtvv4544
Patrick Osborne
Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) and Blockchain Technology (BCT) are options for introducing smart and transitive energy trading via a Know Your Customer or Know Your Client (KYC) system using an Ethereum Blockchain. The most significant context in which BCT can create transformative change is in the verification of other parties in an energy trading system. Currently the KYC trade mostly relies on internal controls to send and receive KYC information across the globe, resulting in slower and error prone data management and governance. BCT can solve this by providing immutable and verifiable data sources. Implementing smart contract addressing, the issue of storing critical data necessary at different stages of KYC and making it verifiable by all stakeholders is of critical importance. The literature review looks at the current research in BCT, programming languages used in BCT, Game Theory, Zero-Knowledge Proofs and energy trading in context to KYC. Having a foundational concept mathematically by creating game theoretic models and a simple computer programming simulation is the first step in the task of creating a true BCT platform that can be used in energy trading for KYC. Simulating the scenarios of n-player games is important to the advancement of this platform. The key result of these games and interaction between traders will help change the trading systems regionally and internationally. This can deliver new ways of working and brings visibility and control to each energy trade. The researcher analyses the strength of the system through the decisions of the traders using infinite games. New trading strategies and BCT resources with different parameters gain a larger market presence in international trade with these proofs, codifications and simulations. A gap exists in the literature in BCT in the creation of game theory algorithms as well as using simulation tools and software and using these methods to create forecasted energy trading scenarios with the implementation of KYC. Looking at an infinite game mathematically and presenting a simple codified computer simulation using Ethereum via Solidity involving a supplier, operator and regulator will give new implications in game theory and conflict-resolution scenarios within context to energy trading and KYC via BCT.
{"title":"Blockchain and Smart Contracts for Know Your Customer (KYC)","authors":"Patrick Osborne","doi":"10.47330/cbc.2021.jtvv4544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47330/cbc.2021.jtvv4544","url":null,"abstract":"Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) and Blockchain Technology (BCT) are options for introducing smart and transitive energy trading via a Know Your Customer or Know Your Client (KYC) system using an Ethereum Blockchain. The most significant context in which BCT can create transformative change is in the verification of other parties in an energy trading system. Currently the KYC trade mostly relies on internal controls to send and receive KYC information across the globe, resulting in slower and error prone data management and governance. BCT can solve this by providing immutable and verifiable data sources. Implementing smart contract addressing, the issue of storing critical data necessary at different stages of KYC and making it verifiable by all stakeholders is of critical importance. The literature review looks at the current research in BCT, programming languages used in BCT, Game Theory, Zero-Knowledge Proofs and energy trading in context to KYC. Having a foundational concept mathematically by creating game theoretic models and a simple computer programming simulation is the first step in the task of creating a true BCT platform that can be used in energy trading for KYC. Simulating the scenarios of n-player games is important to the advancement of this platform. The key result of these games and interaction between traders will help change the trading systems regionally and internationally. This can deliver new ways of working and brings visibility and control to each energy trade. The researcher analyses the strength of the system through the decisions of the traders using infinite games. New trading strategies and BCT resources with different parameters gain a larger market presence in international trade with these proofs, codifications and simulations. A gap exists in the literature in BCT in the creation of game theory algorithms as well as using simulation tools and software and using these methods to create forecasted energy trading scenarios with the implementation of KYC. Looking at an infinite game mathematically and presenting a simple codified computer simulation using Ethereum via Solidity involving a supplier, operator and regulator will give new implications in game theory and conflict-resolution scenarios within context to energy trading and KYC via BCT.","PeriodicalId":178316,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain and the Digital Twin","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124845563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-20DOI: 10.47330/cbc.2021.pbrj8934
Hongyang Wang
In this presentation, we introduce the concept of Decentralized Autonomous Space, where agents of human and self-owning machines come together and are governed through a blockchain-enabled decentralized system. The research focuses on the governance aspects of such a space, meaning the decision-making and value allocation processes. Then the proof-of-concept prototype is described. The prototype is designed to be a single-person, soler-powered, and self-owning meditation space. The technical feasibility of the space is established through a preliminary electronic system that is connected and autonomously broadcast to the blockchain. Users can interact with the space by connecting crypto wallets. Ultimately, this research explores the possibility of the coordination of mixed-agent communities and the possibility to improve system efficiency and social equity through introducing non-rent seeking digital infrastructures and decentralized governance systems.
{"title":"Framework Towards Decentralized Autonomous Space","authors":"Hongyang Wang","doi":"10.47330/cbc.2021.pbrj8934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47330/cbc.2021.pbrj8934","url":null,"abstract":"In this presentation, we introduce the concept of Decentralized Autonomous Space, where agents of human and self-owning machines come together and are governed through a blockchain-enabled decentralized system. The research focuses on the governance aspects of such a space, meaning the decision-making and value allocation processes. Then the proof-of-concept prototype is described. The prototype is designed to be a single-person, soler-powered, and self-owning meditation space. The technical feasibility of the space is established through a preliminary electronic system that is connected and autonomously broadcast to the blockchain. Users can interact with the space by connecting crypto wallets. Ultimately, this research explores the possibility of the coordination of mixed-agent communities and the possibility to improve system efficiency and social equity through introducing non-rent seeking digital infrastructures and decentralized governance systems.","PeriodicalId":178316,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain and the Digital Twin","volume":"200 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124932056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-20DOI: 10.47330/cbc.2021.icig6629
Richard Saxon
Construction today is poised between a failing business model and possibly successful future ones. Using the Three Horizons approach to transformative innovation (ref 1) one can say that the first horizon, the present, is characterised by transactional approaches to procurement, cost-driven purchasing, low margins, weak productivity and innovation, poor quality and the treatment of natural, social and human capital as externalities. The second horizon consists of innovations which can improve the first one or become bridges to a third horizon of transformed approaches. Elements already visible in the second horizon include a new awareness of the outcome value of assets, rising desire and ability to embrace natural, social and human capital factors, increasing interest in collaboration and partnership, industrialisation of building production, digital information management and the addition of ‘smart’ sensors and analytics to the built asset. The Grenfell Tower disaster has also set in train a major realignment of regulation, requiring long-term asset information retention to allow safer stewardship of buildings. The digital twin concept is a third horizon idea which may result.
{"title":"Digital Twins and Blockchain: How an Alternative Built Environment Business Model can be Enabled by Tokenisation","authors":"Richard Saxon","doi":"10.47330/cbc.2021.icig6629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47330/cbc.2021.icig6629","url":null,"abstract":"Construction today is poised between a failing business model and possibly successful future ones. Using the Three Horizons approach to transformative innovation (ref 1) one can say that the first horizon, the present, is characterised by transactional approaches to procurement, cost-driven purchasing, low margins, weak productivity and innovation, poor quality and the treatment of natural, social and human capital as externalities. The second horizon consists of innovations which can improve the first one or become bridges to a third horizon of transformed approaches. Elements already visible in the second horizon include a new awareness of the outcome value of assets, rising desire and ability to embrace natural, social and human capital factors, increasing interest in collaboration and partnership, industrialisation of building production, digital information management and the addition of ‘smart’ sensors and analytics to the built asset. The Grenfell Tower disaster has also set in train a major realignment of regulation, requiring long-term asset information retention to allow safer stewardship of buildings. The digital twin concept is a third horizon idea which may result.","PeriodicalId":178316,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain and the Digital Twin","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120960417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-20DOI: 10.47330/cbc.2021.ehqj3688
Aktham Dabbas
We stand on the brink of humanity’s most fundamental transformation to the built environment since the beginning of time. In communities around the world, existing governmental funds cover only a fraction of the cost needed to develop critical infrastructure, with local leaders given limited means and flexibility to adequately address deteriorating services to their communities. As a result, public-private partnerships have become key to addressing sub-national and municipal infrastructure challenges. In authoritarian political systems, centralized planning has expedited reform processes to provide long-term support to infrastructure investments; meanwhile, democratic societies have lagged behind as complex checks and balances continue to impede decision-making, capital allocation, and the transfer of knowledge in critical infrastructure development.
{"title":"Community Ownership and the Infrastructure Investment Gap","authors":"Aktham Dabbas","doi":"10.47330/cbc.2021.ehqj3688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47330/cbc.2021.ehqj3688","url":null,"abstract":"We stand on the brink of humanity’s most fundamental transformation to the built environment since the beginning of time. In communities around the world, existing governmental funds cover only a fraction of the cost needed to develop critical infrastructure, with local leaders given limited means and flexibility to adequately address deteriorating services to their communities. As a result, public-private partnerships have become key to addressing sub-national and municipal infrastructure challenges. In authoritarian political systems, centralized planning has expedited reform processes to provide long-term support to infrastructure investments; meanwhile, democratic societies have lagged behind as complex checks and balances continue to impede decision-making, capital allocation, and the transfer of knowledge in critical infrastructure development.","PeriodicalId":178316,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain and the Digital Twin","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132255259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-20DOI: 10.47330/cbc.2021.wbnf3640
E. Pärn
Smart cities and digital twins promise to provide fully integrated and networked connectivity between virtual/digital assets and physical build¬ing/infrastructure assets to form digital economies. However, industrial espionage, cyber-crime and deplorable politically driven cyber-interventions threaten to disrupt and/or physically damage the critical infrastructure that supports national wealth generation and preserves the health, safety and welfare of the populous. The purpose of this presentation is to present a comprehensive review of cyber-threats confronting critical infrastructure asset management reliant upon a digital twins, common data environment (CDE) to augment building information modelling (BIM) implementation. BIM is expounded to provide newfound efficiency and productivity for the Architecture, Engineering, Construction and Operations (AECO) sector throughout the building life cycle. Presently the AECO sector is witnessing an unprecedented pace of digitalization of built assets much of which is reliant upon cloud-based systems to provide access to data-rich 3D representations of physical built assets.
{"title":"Cybersecurity of Digital Twins in the Built Environment","authors":"E. Pärn","doi":"10.47330/cbc.2021.wbnf3640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47330/cbc.2021.wbnf3640","url":null,"abstract":"Smart cities and digital twins promise to provide fully integrated and networked connectivity between virtual/digital assets and physical build¬ing/infrastructure assets to form digital economies. However, industrial espionage, cyber-crime and deplorable politically driven cyber-interventions threaten to disrupt and/or physically damage the critical infrastructure that supports national wealth generation and preserves the health, safety and welfare of the populous. The purpose of this presentation is to present a comprehensive review of cyber-threats confronting critical infrastructure asset management reliant upon a digital twins, common data environment (CDE) to augment building information modelling (BIM) implementation. BIM is expounded to provide newfound efficiency and productivity for the Architecture, Engineering, Construction and Operations (AECO) sector throughout the building life cycle. Presently the AECO sector is witnessing an unprecedented pace of digitalization of built assets much of which is reliant upon cloud-based systems to provide access to data-rich 3D representations of physical built assets.","PeriodicalId":178316,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain and the Digital Twin","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129480326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-20DOI: 10.47330/cbc.2021.ejir2385
Niall Roche, Alastair Moore
{"title":"COVID-19 and Responsive Legal Agreements using Oracles","authors":"Niall Roche, Alastair Moore","doi":"10.47330/cbc.2021.ejir2385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47330/cbc.2021.ejir2385","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":178316,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain and the Digital Twin","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123738013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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