Summary This essay analyzes the term presbeis autokratores found in historical sources and in inscriptions. Previous scholars have not been able to give a consistent account of the term, which appears to vary in meaning. The analysis starts by examining the use of the term autokrator as applied to officials and public bodies and shows that the term refers to different special powers granted to officials, which are specified in each case but which may vary according to circumstances. The rest of the essay analyzes the use of the term and shows that presbeis autokratores were either sent to start negotiations with the power to receive proposals from a foreign state and to bring them back for ratification or to swear the oaths to a treaty the community had already decided to accept. The term is never found in multilateral negotiations. The use of the term in the speech ‘On the Peace’ attributed to Andocides is inconsistent with its use in the Classical and Hellenistic period, which provides additional evidence against the authenticity of this speech.
{"title":"<b> <i>Presbeis Autokratores:</i> </b> A Study in Ancient Greek Diplomacy and Constitutional Law","authors":"Edward Harris","doi":"10.1515/klio-2022-0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/klio-2022-0031","url":null,"abstract":"Summary This essay analyzes the term presbeis autokratores found in historical sources and in inscriptions. Previous scholars have not been able to give a consistent account of the term, which appears to vary in meaning. The analysis starts by examining the use of the term autokrator as applied to officials and public bodies and shows that the term refers to different special powers granted to officials, which are specified in each case but which may vary according to circumstances. The rest of the essay analyzes the use of the term and shows that presbeis autokratores were either sent to start negotiations with the power to receive proposals from a foreign state and to bring them back for ratification or to swear the oaths to a treaty the community had already decided to accept. The term is never found in multilateral negotiations. The use of the term in the speech ‘On the Peace’ attributed to Andocides is inconsistent with its use in the Classical and Hellenistic period, which provides additional evidence against the authenticity of this speech.","PeriodicalId":17832,"journal":{"name":"Klio","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135564456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"<b>Saskia Kerschbaum</b>, Fernwasserleitungen im kaiserzeitlichen Kleinasien. Ein Innovationsprozess und sein urbanistischer und soziokultureller Kontext, Wiesbaden (Harrassowitz Verlag) 2021 (Philippika – Altertumswissenschaftliche Abhandlungen / Contributions to the Study of Ancient World Cultures 148), XII, 511 S., ISBN 978-3-447-11598-8 (geb.), € 98,–","authors":"Patrik Klingborg","doi":"10.1515/klio-2023-2017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/klio-2023-2017","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17832,"journal":{"name":"Klio","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135566308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary The XXviri ex senatus consulto rei publicae curandae played a decisive role in the civil war between Maximinus Thrax and the senate in 238. This note examines the actions of the extraordinary committee and interprets them against the backdrop of the reception of constitutional thought rooted in that, which was perceived as traditional political ideals of the Roman Republic during the Principate. The study will first look at the roots of the conflicts between Maximinus Thrax and the ordo senatorius , followed by an analysis of the origins and tasks of the XXviri t ogether with their political goals and possible republican exempla . Finally, there will be observations on the vigintivirate ’s significance and role after the senate’s triumph over its enemy. In doing so, this contribution will emphasize the importance of republican constitutional thought in times of crisis for the continued existence of the res publica romana under the Principate.
{"title":"The<b> <i> XXviri ex senatus consulto rei publicae curandae</i> </b> of 238. A Note on Senatorial Resistance against a Tyrannical <b> <i>hostis publicus</i> </b> that Recalls Rome’s Republican Constitution","authors":"Nikolas Hächler","doi":"10.1515/klio-2022-0041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/klio-2022-0041","url":null,"abstract":"Summary The XXviri ex senatus consulto rei publicae curandae played a decisive role in the civil war between Maximinus Thrax and the senate in 238. This note examines the actions of the extraordinary committee and interprets them against the backdrop of the reception of constitutional thought rooted in that, which was perceived as traditional political ideals of the Roman Republic during the Principate. The study will first look at the roots of the conflicts between Maximinus Thrax and the ordo senatorius , followed by an analysis of the origins and tasks of the XXviri t ogether with their political goals and possible republican exempla . Finally, there will be observations on the vigintivirate ’s significance and role after the senate’s triumph over its enemy. In doing so, this contribution will emphasize the importance of republican constitutional thought in times of crisis for the continued existence of the res publica romana under the Principate.","PeriodicalId":17832,"journal":{"name":"Klio","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135566509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary This paper explores Xenophon’s depiction of Cyrus the Great as a ruler in the Cyropaedia. Xenophon’s Cyrus is often regarded by the scholarship as an ideal, benevolent leader sincerely concerned with virtue, friendship, and honour-related dynamics. However, it is clear that Cyrus equally resorts to malicious and divisive means, employing psychological subjugation, fostering mutual rivalry among his friends, and weakening his subjects. His actions ultimately arouse fear, envy, and insecurity, as Cyrus displays some of the typical features of a tyrant. Xenophon possibly meant to show how Cyrus, by successfully balancing different and contrasting aspects, succeeded in maintaining power no matter the costs by ‘domesticating’ his subjects.
{"title":"Ruling through Fear. Cyrus the Great in Xenophon’s <b> <i>Cyropaedia</i> </b>","authors":"Matteo Zaccarini","doi":"10.1515/klio-2023-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/klio-2023-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Summary This paper explores Xenophon’s depiction of Cyrus the Great as a ruler in the Cyropaedia. Xenophon’s Cyrus is often regarded by the scholarship as an ideal, benevolent leader sincerely concerned with virtue, friendship, and honour-related dynamics. However, it is clear that Cyrus equally resorts to malicious and divisive means, employing psychological subjugation, fostering mutual rivalry among his friends, and weakening his subjects. His actions ultimately arouse fear, envy, and insecurity, as Cyrus displays some of the typical features of a tyrant. Xenophon possibly meant to show how Cyrus, by successfully balancing different and contrasting aspects, succeeded in maintaining power no matter the costs by ‘domesticating’ his subjects.","PeriodicalId":17832,"journal":{"name":"Klio","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135564454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"<b>Anna Heller,</b> L’âge d’or des bienfaiteurs. Titres honorifiques et sociétés civiques dans l’Asie Mineure d’époque romaine (I<sup>er</sup> s. av. J.-C.–III<sup>e</sup> s. apr. J.-C.), Genf (Libraire Droz) 2020 (Hautes études du monde gréco-romain 58), 320 S., ISBN 978-2-600-05746-2 (brosch.), € 40,–","authors":"Christoph Begass","doi":"10.1515/klio-2023-2014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/klio-2023-2014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17832,"journal":{"name":"Klio","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135566298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"<b>Antje Kuhle</b>, Hermes und die Bürger. Der Hermeskult in den griechischen Poleis, Stuttgart (Franz Steiner Verlag) 2020 (Hermes Einzelschriften 119), 437 S., ISBN 978-3-515-12809-4 (geb.), € 83,–","authors":"Julietta Steinhauer","doi":"10.1515/klio-2023-2015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/klio-2023-2015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17832,"journal":{"name":"Klio","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135566506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Riassunto I rapporti tra il regno di Macedonia e l’impero achemenide rappresentano un tema molto dibattuto negli studi storici. Normalmente si è propensi a ritenere che il primo sia stato influenzato dal secondo sotto vari aspetti (sociale, militare, ideologico). Se questi rapporti ebbero certamente una grande spinta dopo la spedizione asiatica di Alessandro Magno, ben più difficile è capire la portata del modello achemenide sulla Macedonia prima di allora. Il presente contributo vuole analizzare questo tema dal punto di vista delle strutture militari, segnatamente dei reparti d’élites: partendo dal fondamentale contributo di Dietmar Kienast, si passeranno al vaglio le fonti antiche sugli eserciti persiano e macedone prima di Alessandro Magno per valutare la loro eventuale compatibilità in termini sociali, ossia la corrispondenza di reparti militari d’élite a gruppi sociali definibili come ‹aristocratici›. Se quest’ultimo scenario si rivela effettivamente applicabile al mondo persiano, il contesto macedone tra VI e IV sec. a.C. appare meno articolato e, soprattutto, mancante di strutture aristocratiche istituzionalizzate anche a livello militare. Si tenterà infine di mostrare come molte delle somiglianze tra esercito macedone e persiano siano realmente suggerite dalle fonti antiche post-alessandrine, le quali tuttavia proiettano sulla Macedonia tardo-arcaica e classica alcune delle caratteristiche proprie dell’impero che sarà conquistato da Alessandro Magno.
{"title":"Gli «amici» e i «compagni» del re: élites militari macedoni e persiane nel loro contesto sociale","authors":"Marco F. Ferrari","doi":"10.1515/klio-2022-0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/klio-2022-0030","url":null,"abstract":"Riassunto I rapporti tra il regno di Macedonia e l’impero achemenide rappresentano un tema molto dibattuto negli studi storici. Normalmente si è propensi a ritenere che il primo sia stato influenzato dal secondo sotto vari aspetti (sociale, militare, ideologico). Se questi rapporti ebbero certamente una grande spinta dopo la spedizione asiatica di Alessandro Magno, ben più difficile è capire la portata del modello achemenide sulla Macedonia prima di allora. Il presente contributo vuole analizzare questo tema dal punto di vista delle strutture militari, segnatamente dei reparti d’élites: partendo dal fondamentale contributo di Dietmar Kienast, si passeranno al vaglio le fonti antiche sugli eserciti persiano e macedone prima di Alessandro Magno per valutare la loro eventuale compatibilità in termini sociali, ossia la corrispondenza di reparti militari d’élite a gruppi sociali definibili come ‹aristocratici›. Se quest’ultimo scenario si rivela effettivamente applicabile al mondo persiano, il contesto macedone tra VI e IV sec. a.C. appare meno articolato e, soprattutto, mancante di strutture aristocratiche istituzionalizzate anche a livello militare. Si tenterà infine di mostrare come molte delle somiglianze tra esercito macedone e persiano siano realmente suggerite dalle fonti antiche post-alessandrine, le quali tuttavia proiettano sulla Macedonia tardo-arcaica e classica alcune delle caratteristiche proprie dell’impero che sarà conquistato da Alessandro Magno.","PeriodicalId":17832,"journal":{"name":"Klio","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135566510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag untersucht den historischen Kontext der von Seneca verfassten Schriften Apokolokyntosis und De clementia und seinen Niederschlag in den Texten. Beide Werke wurden in einer Phase politischer Unsicherheit und hoher Spannungen verfasst. Es wird die These vertreten, dass diese angespannte Situation sich in den Texten spiegelt. Der Verfasser sah Nero offenbar bereits unmittelbar nach seiner Thronbesteigung kritisch und versuchte ihn nicht nur in De clementia, sondern auch in der Apokolokyntosis auf den Senat und seine Ideale zu verpflichten sowie eindringlich zu warnen. Gleichzeitig war Seneca offenbar darum bemüht, vor seinen senatorischen Standesgenossen seine Nähe zum princeps zu rechtfertigen.
{"title":"Apokolokyntosis und De clementia: Neros Prinzipat und Senecas Kommentar","authors":"Mischa Meier","doi":"10.1515/klio-2022-0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/klio-2022-0019","url":null,"abstract":"Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag untersucht den historischen Kontext der von Seneca verfassten Schriften Apokolokyntosis und De clementia und seinen Niederschlag in den Texten. Beide Werke wurden in einer Phase politischer Unsicherheit und hoher Spannungen verfasst. Es wird die These vertreten, dass diese angespannte Situation sich in den Texten spiegelt. Der Verfasser sah Nero offenbar bereits unmittelbar nach seiner Thronbesteigung kritisch und versuchte ihn nicht nur in De clementia, sondern auch in der Apokolokyntosis auf den Senat und seine Ideale zu verpflichten sowie eindringlich zu warnen. Gleichzeitig war Seneca offenbar darum bemüht, vor seinen senatorischen Standesgenossen seine Nähe zum princeps zu rechtfertigen.","PeriodicalId":17832,"journal":{"name":"Klio","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78247467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"<b>Fritz Mitthof – Gunther Martin – Jana Grusková (Hgg.),</b> Empire in Crisis. Gothic Invasions and Roman Historiography. Beiträge einer internationalen Tagung zu den Wiener Dexipp-Fragmenten (Dexippus Vindobonensis) Wien, 3.–6. Mai 2017, Wien (Holzhausen) 2020 (Tyche Supplement 12), XII, 608 S., 14 Abb., ISBN 978-3-903207-38-7 (brosch.), € 65,–","authors":"Mischa Meier","doi":"10.1515/klio-2023-2003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/klio-2023-2003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17832,"journal":{"name":"Klio","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135912585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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