Pub Date : 2019-05-28DOI: 10.1201/9781315165141-12
J. Allday
(a) gμνA ν = (b) If ∂ν is the contravariant gradient operator, η ∂ν = (c) ggjk = (d) ggAγδ = (e) If n̂ is a unit vector, then nni = (f) In spatial coordinates, δ i = 2. Start with a metric of the form gμν = ημν +hμν . From the definition of the Christoffel symbols Γμν and the Riemann tensor R μ νρσ, show that to linear order in hμν , the Riemann tensor becomes Rμνρσ = 1 2 (∂ν∂ρhμσ + ∂μ∂σhνρ − ∂μ∂ρhνσ − ∂ν∂σhμρ) . (1)
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Albert Einstein (1879-1955) published his first work on relativity in 1905, the same year in which he published remarkable papers on Brownian motion and the photoelectric effect. At the time he did this work, he was a patent examiner in the Swiss Patent Office. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 1921 "for his services to the theory of physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect." He became a professor of physics at several German universities, and in 1916, he took a position at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin. As the Nazi party became powerful and finally took control of the country, Einstein became a target of the Nazi's anti-Jewish campaign. He left Germany with regret and found sanctuary in the United States. In 1933 he became a permanent staff member at the Institute for Advanced Studies at Princeton. He remained at that post for the rest of his life. Einstein proposed a solution to the puzzle posed by the Michelson-Morley results, and that work has come to be known as the theory of special relativity. Einstein's solution came as a surprise to most physicists because it was based not upon some strange new principle, but upon two postulates that would have been conceded by nearly all and upon a careful scrutiny of some accepted concepts. [excerpt]
阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦(1879-1955)于1905年发表了他的第一部相对论著作，同年他发表了关于布朗运动和光电效应的杰出论文。在他做这项工作的时候，他是瑞士专利局的一名专利审查员。1921年，他因“对物理学理论的贡献，特别是对光电效应定律的发现”而获得诺贝尔物理学奖。他成为德国几所大学的物理学教授，并于1916年在柏林的威廉皇帝研究所(Kaiser Wilhelm Institute)任职。随着纳粹党变得强大并最终控制了国家，爱因斯坦成为纳粹反犹运动的目标。他遗憾地离开了德国，在美国找到了避难所。1933年，他成为普林斯顿高等研究所的正式职员。他在那个岗位上度过了余生。爱因斯坦提出了一个解决迈克尔逊-莫雷结果所带来的难题的方法，这项工作后来被称为狭义相对论。爱因斯坦的解决方案令大多数物理学家感到惊讶，因为它不是基于某种奇怪的新原理，而是基于几乎所有人都承认的两个假设，以及对一些已被接受的概念的仔细研究。(摘录)
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