{"title":"Improving Cost and Safety with Cathode-Healing and Whole Battery Deactivation","authors":"S. Sloop","doi":"10.2172/1833046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2172/1833046","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17982,"journal":{"name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","volume":"129 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74654953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
UC-66a Summary of Reservoir Engineering Data: Wairakei Geothermal Field, New lealand J. W. Pritchett, L. F. Rice and S: K. Garg Systems, Science and Software L Jolla, California a JANUARY 1979
J. W. Pritchett, L. F. Rice和S: K. Garg Systems, Science and Software, L Jolla, California, 1979年1月
{"title":"SUMMARY OF RESERVOIR ENGINEERING DATA: WAIRAKEI GEOTHERMAL FIELD, NEW ZEALAND","authors":"J. Pritchett","doi":"10.2172/6356003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2172/6356003","url":null,"abstract":"UC-66a Summary of Reservoir Engineering Data: Wairakei Geothermal Field, New lealand J. W. Pritchett, L. F. Rice and S: K. Garg Systems, Science and Software L Jolla, California a JANUARY 1979","PeriodicalId":17982,"journal":{"name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86567762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V'fr MASTER UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA /A st-^ LBL-11030 UC-25 m Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Materials & Molecular Research Division NUCLEAR MATERIALS RESEARCH PROGRESS REPORTS FOR 1979 D. R. Olander December 1979 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract W-7405-ENG-48 e i S T ' i ' w r ; ^ r ^ ' r--'-< '•'•••
V'fr MASTER UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA /A st-^ LBL-11030 UC-25 m劳伦斯伯克利实验室材料与分子研究部1979年核材料研究进展报告dr . Olander 1979年12月根据w -7405- eng -48合同为美国能源部编写^ r ^ ' r——'-< '•'••••
{"title":"NUCLEAR MATERIALS RESEARCH PROGRESS REPORTS FOR 1979","authors":"D. Olander","doi":"10.2172/5157368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2172/5157368","url":null,"abstract":"V'fr MASTER UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA /A st-^ LBL-11030 UC-25 m Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Materials & Molecular Research Division NUCLEAR MATERIALS RESEARCH PROGRESS REPORTS FOR 1979 D. R. Olander December 1979 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract W-7405-ENG-48 e i S T ' i ' w r ; ^ r ^ ' r--'-< '•'•••","PeriodicalId":17982,"journal":{"name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80971193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This User?s Manual summarizes the background information of the Benchmarking and Energy/water-Saving Tool (BEST) for the Dairy Processing Industry (Version 1.2, 2011), including Read Me portion of the tool, the sections of Introduction, and Instructions for the BEST-Dairy tool that is developed and distributed by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL).
{"title":"User's Manual for BEST-Dairy: Benchmarking and Energy/water-Saving Tool (BEST) for the Dairy Processing Industry (Version 1.2)","authors":"T. Xu","doi":"10.2172/1026805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2172/1026805","url":null,"abstract":"This User?s Manual summarizes the background information of the Benchmarking and Energy/water-Saving Tool (BEST) for the Dairy Processing Industry (Version 1.2, 2011), including Read Me portion of the tool, the sections of Introduction, and Instructions for the BEST-Dairy tool that is developed and distributed by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL).","PeriodicalId":17982,"journal":{"name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","volume":"104 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82418269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Deshmukh, R. Bharvirkar, A. Gambhir, Amol A. Phadke
Although solar costs are dropping rapidly, solar power is still more expensive than conventional and other renewable energy options. The solar sector still needs continuing government policy support. These policies are driven by objectives that go beyond the goal of achieving grid parity. The need to achieve multiple objectives and ensure sufficient political support for solar power makes it diffi cult for policy makers to design the optimal solar power policy. The dynamic and uncertain nature of the solar industry, combined with the constraints offered by broader economic, political and social conditions further complicates the task of policy making. This report presents an analysis of solar promotion policies in seven countries - Germany, Spain, the United States, Japan, China, Taiwan, and India - in terms of their outlook, objectives, policy mechanisms and outcomes. The report presents key insights, primarily in qualitative terms, and recommendations for two distinct audiences. The first audience consists of global policy makers who are exploring various mechanisms to increase the penetration of solar power in markets to mitigate climate change. The second audience consists of key Indian policy makers who are developing a long-term implementation plan under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission and various statemore » initiatives.« less
{"title":"Analysis of International Policies In The Solar Electricity Sector: Lessons for India","authors":"R. Deshmukh, R. Bharvirkar, A. Gambhir, Amol A. Phadke","doi":"10.2172/1026815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2172/1026815","url":null,"abstract":"Although solar costs are dropping rapidly, solar power is still more expensive than conventional and other renewable energy options. The solar sector still needs continuing government policy support. These policies are driven by objectives that go beyond the goal of achieving grid parity. The need to achieve multiple objectives and ensure sufficient political support for solar power makes it diffi cult for policy makers to design the optimal solar power policy. The dynamic and uncertain nature of the solar industry, combined with the constraints offered by broader economic, political and social conditions further complicates the task of policy making. This report presents an analysis of solar promotion policies in seven countries - Germany, Spain, the United States, Japan, China, Taiwan, and India - in terms of their outlook, objectives, policy mechanisms and outcomes. The report presents key insights, primarily in qualitative terms, and recommendations for two distinct audiences. The first audience consists of global policy makers who are exploring various mechanisms to increase the penetration of solar power in markets to mitigate climate change. The second audience consists of key Indian policy makers who are developing a long-term implementation plan under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission and various statemore » initiatives.« less","PeriodicalId":17982,"journal":{"name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91143686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Worrell, P. Blinde, M. Neelis, E. Blomen, E. Masanet
Energy is an important cost factor in the U.S iron and steel industry. Energy efficiency improvement is an important way to reduce these costs and to increase predictable earnings, especially in times of high energy price volatility. There are a variety of opportunities available at individual plants in the U.S. iron and steel industry to reduce energy consumption in a cost-effective manner. This Energy Guide discusses energy efficiency practices and energy-efficient technologies that can be implemented at the component, process, facility, and organizational levels. A discussion of the structure, production trends, energy consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions of the iron and steel industry is provided along with a description of the major process technologies used within the industry. Next, a wide variety of energy efficiency measures are described. Many measure descriptions include expected savings in energy and energy-related costs, based on case study data from real-world applications in the steel and related industries worldwide. Typical measure payback periods and references to further information in the technical literature are also provided, when available. The information in this Energy Guide is intended to help energy and plant managers in the U.S. iron and steel industry reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in a cost-effective manner while maintaining the quality of products manufactured. Further research on the economics of all measures?and on their applicability to different production practices?is needed to assess their cost effectiveness at individual plants.
{"title":"Energy Efficiency Improvement and Cost Saving Opportunities for the U.S. Iron and Steel Industry An ENERGY STAR(R) Guide for Energy and Plant Managers","authors":"E. Worrell, P. Blinde, M. Neelis, E. Blomen, E. Masanet","doi":"10.2172/1026806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2172/1026806","url":null,"abstract":"Energy is an important cost factor in the U.S iron and steel industry. Energy efficiency improvement is an important way to reduce these costs and to increase predictable earnings, especially in times of high energy price volatility. There are a variety of opportunities available at individual plants in the U.S. iron and steel industry to reduce energy consumption in a cost-effective manner. This Energy Guide discusses energy efficiency practices and energy-efficient technologies that can be implemented at the component, process, facility, and organizational levels. A discussion of the structure, production trends, energy consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions of the iron and steel industry is provided along with a description of the major process technologies used within the industry. Next, a wide variety of energy efficiency measures are described. Many measure descriptions include expected savings in energy and energy-related costs, based on case study data from real-world applications in the steel and related industries worldwide. Typical measure payback periods and references to further information in the technical literature are also provided, when available. The information in this Energy Guide is intended to help energy and plant managers in the U.S. iron and steel industry reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in a cost-effective manner while maintaining the quality of products manufactured. Further research on the economics of all measures?and on their applicability to different production practices?is needed to assess their cost effectiveness at individual plants.","PeriodicalId":17982,"journal":{"name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89607881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. Park, Amol A. Phadke, N. Shah, Virginie E. Letschert
The SEAD initiative aims to transform the global market by increasing the penetration of highly efficient equipment and appliances. SEAD is a government initiative whose activities and projects engage the private sector to realize the large global energy savings potential from improved appliance and equipment efficiency. SEAD seeks to enable high-level global action by informing the Clean Energy Ministerial dialogue as one of the initiatives in the Global Energy Efficiency Challenge. In keeping with its goal of achieving global energy savings through efficiency, SEAD was approved as a task within the International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation (IPEEC) in January 2010. SEAD partners work together in voluntary activities to: (1) ?raise the efficiency ceiling? by pulling super-efficient appliances and equipment into the market through cooperation on measures like incentives, procurement, awards, and research and development (RD (2) ?raise the efficiency floor? by working together to bolster national or regional policies like minimum efficiency standards; and (3) ?strengthen the efficiency foundations? of programs by coordinating technical work to support these activities. Although not all SEAD partners may decide to participate in every SEAD activity, SEAD partners have agreed to engage actively in their particular areas of interest through commitment of financing, staff, consultant experts, and other resources. In addition, all SEAD partners are committed to share information, e.g., on implementation schedules for and the technical detail of minimum efficiency standards and other efficiency programs. Information collected and created through SEAD activities will be shared among all SEAD partners and, to the extent appropriate, with the global public. As of April 2011, the governments participating in SEAD are: Australia, Brazil, Canada, the European Commission, France, Germany, India, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, Sweden, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and the United States. More information on SEAD is available from its website at http://www.superefficient.org/.
{"title":"TV Energy Consumption Trends and Energy-Efficiency Improvement Options","authors":"W. Park, Amol A. Phadke, N. Shah, Virginie E. Letschert","doi":"10.2172/1026814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2172/1026814","url":null,"abstract":"The SEAD initiative aims to transform the global market by increasing the penetration of highly efficient equipment and appliances. SEAD is a government initiative whose activities and projects engage the private sector to realize the large global energy savings potential from improved appliance and equipment efficiency. SEAD seeks to enable high-level global action by informing the Clean Energy Ministerial dialogue as one of the initiatives in the Global Energy Efficiency Challenge. In keeping with its goal of achieving global energy savings through efficiency, SEAD was approved as a task within the International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation (IPEEC) in January 2010. SEAD partners work together in voluntary activities to: (1) ?raise the efficiency ceiling? by pulling super-efficient appliances and equipment into the market through cooperation on measures like incentives, procurement, awards, and research and development (RD (2) ?raise the efficiency floor? by working together to bolster national or regional policies like minimum efficiency standards; and (3) ?strengthen the efficiency foundations? of programs by coordinating technical work to support these activities. Although not all SEAD partners may decide to participate in every SEAD activity, SEAD partners have agreed to engage actively in their particular areas of interest through commitment of financing, staff, consultant experts, and other resources. In addition, all SEAD partners are committed to share information, e.g., on implementation schedules for and the technical detail of minimum efficiency standards and other efficiency programs. Information collected and created through SEAD activities will be shared among all SEAD partners and, to the extent appropriate, with the global public. As of April 2011, the governments participating in SEAD are: Australia, Brazil, Canada, the European Commission, France, Germany, India, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, Sweden, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and the United States. More information on SEAD is available from its website at http://www.superefficient.org/.","PeriodicalId":17982,"journal":{"name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85389424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cool roofs, cool pavements, and urban vegetation reduce energy use in buildings, lower local air pollutant concentrations, and decrease greenhouse gas emissions from urban areas. This report summarizes the results of a detailed monitoring project in India and related simulations of meteorology and air quality in three developing countries. The field results quantified direct energy savings from installation of cool roofs on individual commercial buildings. The measured annual energy savings potential from roof-whitening of previously black roofs ranged from 20 - 22 kWh/m2 of roof area, corresponding to an air-conditioning energy use reduction of 14 26percent in commercial buildings. The study estimated that typical annual savings of 13 - 14 kWh/m2 of roof area could be achieved by applying white coating to uncoated concrete roofs on commercial buildings in the Metropolitan Hyderabad region, corresponding to cooling energy savings of 10 - 19percent. With the assumption of an annual increase of 100,000 square meters of new roof construction for the next 10 years in the Metropolitan Hyderabad region, the annual cooling energy savings due to whitening concrete roof would be 13 -14 GWh of electricity in year ten alone, with cumulative 10-year cooling energy savings of 73 - 79 GWh for the region. The estimated savings for the entire country would be at least 10 times the savings in Hyderabad, i.e., more than 730 - 790 GWh. We estimated that annual direct CO2 reduction associated with reduced energy use would be 11 - 12 kg CO2/m2 of flat concrete roof area whitened, and the cumulative 10-year CO2 reduction would be approximately 0.60 - 0.65 million tons in India. With the price of electricity estimated at seven Rupees per kWh, the annual electricity savings on air-conditioning would be approximately 93 - 101 Rupees per m2 of roof. This would translate into annual national savings of approximately one billion Rupees in year ten, and cumulative 10-year savings of over five billion Rupees for cooling energy in India. Meteorological simulations in this study indicated that a reduction of 2C in air temperature in the Hyderabad area would be likely if a combination of increased surface albedo and vegetative cover are used as urban heat-island control strategies. In addition, air-temperature reductions on the order of 2.5 - 3.5C could be achieved if moderate and aggressive heat-island mitigation measures are adopted, respectively. A large-scale deployment of mitigation measures can bring additional indirect benefit to the urban area. For example, cooling outside air can improve the efficiency of cooling systems, reduce smog and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and indirectly reduce pollution from power plants - all improving environmental health quality. This study has demonstrated the effectiveness of cool-roof technology as one of the urban heat-island control strategies for the Indian industrial and scientific communities and has provided an estimate of the
{"title":"Using Cool Roofs to Reduce Energy Use, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Urban Heat-island Effects: Findings from an India Experiment","authors":"H. Akbari","doi":"10.2172/1026804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2172/1026804","url":null,"abstract":"Cool roofs, cool pavements, and urban vegetation reduce energy use in buildings, lower local air pollutant concentrations, and decrease greenhouse gas emissions from urban areas. This report summarizes the results of a detailed monitoring project in India and related simulations of meteorology and air quality in three developing countries. The field results quantified direct energy savings from installation of cool roofs on individual commercial buildings. The measured annual energy savings potential from roof-whitening of previously black roofs ranged from 20 - 22 kWh/m2 of roof area, corresponding to an air-conditioning energy use reduction of 14 26percent in commercial buildings. The study estimated that typical annual savings of 13 - 14 kWh/m2 of roof area could be achieved by applying white coating to uncoated concrete roofs on commercial buildings in the Metropolitan Hyderabad region, corresponding to cooling energy savings of 10 - 19percent. With the assumption of an annual increase of 100,000 square meters of new roof construction for the next 10 years in the Metropolitan Hyderabad region, the annual cooling energy savings due to whitening concrete roof would be 13 -14 GWh of electricity in year ten alone, with cumulative 10-year cooling energy savings of 73 - 79 GWh for the region. The estimated savings for the entire country would be at least 10 times the savings in Hyderabad, i.e., more than 730 - 790 GWh. We estimated that annual direct CO2 reduction associated with reduced energy use would be 11 - 12 kg CO2/m2 of flat concrete roof area whitened, and the cumulative 10-year CO2 reduction would be approximately 0.60 - 0.65 million tons in India. With the price of electricity estimated at seven Rupees per kWh, the annual electricity savings on air-conditioning would be approximately 93 - 101 Rupees per m2 of roof. This would translate into annual national savings of approximately one billion Rupees in year ten, and cumulative 10-year savings of over five billion Rupees for cooling energy in India. Meteorological simulations in this study indicated that a reduction of 2C in air temperature in the Hyderabad area would be likely if a combination of increased surface albedo and vegetative cover are used as urban heat-island control strategies. In addition, air-temperature reductions on the order of 2.5 - 3.5C could be achieved if moderate and aggressive heat-island mitigation measures are adopted, respectively. A large-scale deployment of mitigation measures can bring additional indirect benefit to the urban area. For example, cooling outside air can improve the efficiency of cooling systems, reduce smog and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and indirectly reduce pollution from power plants - all improving environmental health quality. This study has demonstrated the effectiveness of cool-roof technology as one of the urban heat-island control strategies for the Indian industrial and scientific communities and has provided an estimate of the ","PeriodicalId":17982,"journal":{"name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81894376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MICE Note 324 What Caused the Lead burn-out in Spectrometer Magnet 2B Michael A. Green Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 29 November 2010 Abstract The spectrometer solenoids are supposed to be the first magnets installed in the MICE Cooling Channel [1] to [7]. The results of the test of Spectrometer Magnet 2B are reported in a previous MICE Note [8], [9]. Magnet 2B was tested with all five coils connected in series. The magnet failed because a lead to coil M2 failed before it could be trained to its full design current of 275 A. First, this report describes the condition of the magnet when the lead failure occurred. The lead that failed was between the cold mass feed-through and the heavy lead that connected to coil M2 and the quench protection diodes. It is believed that the lead failed because the minimum propagation zone (MPZ) length was too short. The quench was probably triggered by lead motion in the field external to the magnet center coil. The effect of heat transfer on quench propagation and MPZ length is discussed. The MPZ length is compared for a number of cases that apply to the spectrometer solenoid 2B as built and as it has been repaired. The required heat transfer coefficient for cryogenic stability and the quench propagation velocity along the leads are compared for various parts of the Magnet leads inside the cold mass cryostat. The effect of the insulation on leads on heat transfer is and stability is discussed. Table of Contents Abstract Table of Contents Conditions that may have led to the M2 Coil Lead Break The Break in the M2 Lead in Spectrometer Solenoid 2B Adiabatic MPZ Length for Various Leads inside the Cold Mass Adiabatic Burn-out Time and Solder Melt time for Various Leads The effect of Transverse Heat Transfer on MPZ Length The Transverse Heat Transfer Coefficient needed for Cryogenic Stability The Effect of Lead Insulation on the Transverse Heat Transfer Adiabatic Quench Propagation Velocity along the Leads Changes made on the Magnet Leads and their Effect on Stability Other Issues found when the Magnet was Disassembled Coil Voltage and Current Measurements, and Other Issues Concluding Comments Acknowledgment References Second revision on 27 February 2011
Michael A. Green Lawrence伯克利国家实验室2010年11月29日摘要光谱仪螺线管应该是安装在MICE冷却通道中的第一块磁铁[1]至[7]。谱仪磁体2B的测试结果在之前的MICE笔记[8]，[9]中有报道。磁铁2B用所有五个线圈串联进行测试。磁铁失效是因为线圈M2的引线在被训练到275 a的全部设计电流之前就失效了。首先，本报告描述了引线失效时磁铁的状况。失败的引线是在冷质量馈通和连接线圈M2和淬火保护二极管的重引线之间。认为引线失效的原因是最小传播区(MPZ)长度太短。猝灭可能是由磁体中心线圈外磁场中的引线运动触发的。讨论了传热对淬火扩展和MPZ长度的影响。MPZ长度比较了适用于谱仪螺线管2B的许多情况，因为它已被修复。比较了低温恒温器内磁铁引线各部件的低温稳定性所需的传热系数和沿引线的淬火传播速度。讨论了引线绝缘对引线传热性能和稳定性的影响。目录摘要目录可能导致M2线圈引线断线的条件谱仪螺线管中M2引线断线2B绝热MPZ长度冷质量内各引线绝热烧毁时间和各引线焊料熔化时间横向传热对MPZ长度的影响低温稳定所需的横向传热系数铅绝缘对横向传热绝热淬火传播速度的影响沿着引线磁铁引线的变化及其对稳定性的影响磁铁拆卸时发现的其他问题线圈电压和电流测量，以及其他问题结论性意见确认参考文献2011年2月27日第二次修订
{"title":"What Caused the Lead burn-out in Spectrometer Magnet 2B","authors":"M. Green","doi":"10.2172/1022728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2172/1022728","url":null,"abstract":"MICE Note 324 What Caused the Lead burn-out in Spectrometer Magnet 2B Michael A. Green Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 29 November 2010 Abstract The spectrometer solenoids are supposed to be the first magnets installed in the MICE Cooling Channel [1] to [7]. The results of the test of Spectrometer Magnet 2B are reported in a previous MICE Note [8], [9]. Magnet 2B was tested with all five coils connected in series. The magnet failed because a lead to coil M2 failed before it could be trained to its full design current of 275 A. First, this report describes the condition of the magnet when the lead failure occurred. The lead that failed was between the cold mass feed-through and the heavy lead that connected to coil M2 and the quench protection diodes. It is believed that the lead failed because the minimum propagation zone (MPZ) length was too short. The quench was probably triggered by lead motion in the field external to the magnet center coil. The effect of heat transfer on quench propagation and MPZ length is discussed. The MPZ length is compared for a number of cases that apply to the spectrometer solenoid 2B as built and as it has been repaired. The required heat transfer coefficient for cryogenic stability and the quench propagation velocity along the leads are compared for various parts of the Magnet leads inside the cold mass cryostat. The effect of the insulation on leads on heat transfer is and stability is discussed. Table of Contents Abstract Table of Contents Conditions that may have led to the M2 Coil Lead Break The Break in the M2 Lead in Spectrometer Solenoid 2B Adiabatic MPZ Length for Various Leads inside the Cold Mass Adiabatic Burn-out Time and Solder Melt time for Various Leads The effect of Transverse Heat Transfer on MPZ Length The Transverse Heat Transfer Coefficient needed for Cryogenic Stability The Effect of Lead Insulation on the Transverse Heat Transfer Adiabatic Quench Propagation Velocity along the Leads Changes made on the Magnet Leads and their Effect on Stability Other Issues found when the Magnet was Disassembled Coil Voltage and Current Measurements, and Other Issues Concluding Comments Acknowledgment References Second revision on 27 February 2011","PeriodicalId":17982,"journal":{"name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82645019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nicholas Bojda, Jing Ke, Stephane de la Rue du Can, Virginie E. Letschert, J. Mcmahon, Michael Mcneil
This study seeks to provide policymakers and other stakeholders with actionable information towards a road map for reducing energy consumption in the most cost-effective way. A major difference between the current study and some others is that we focus on individual equipment types that might be the subject of policies - such as labels, energy performance standards, and incentives - to affect market transformation in the short term, and on high-efficiency technology options that are available today. The approach of the study is to assess the impact of short-term actions on long-term impacts. “Short term” market transformation is assumed to occur by 2015, while “long-term” energy demand reduction impacts are assessed in 2030. In the intervening years, most but not all of the equipment studied will turn over completely. The 15-year time frame is significant for many products however, indicating that delay of implementation postpones impacts such as net economic savings and mitigation of emissions of carbon dioxide. Such delays would result in putting in place energy-wasting technologies, postponing improvement until the end of their service life, or potentially resulting in expensive investment either in additional energy supplies or in early replacement to achieve future energy or emissions reduction targets.
{"title":"Business Case for Energy Efficiency in Support of Climate Change Mitigation, Economic and Societal Benefits in the United States","authors":"Nicholas Bojda, Jing Ke, Stephane de la Rue du Can, Virginie E. Letschert, J. Mcmahon, Michael Mcneil","doi":"10.2172/1023410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2172/1023410","url":null,"abstract":"This study seeks to provide policymakers and other stakeholders with actionable information towards a road map for reducing energy consumption in the most cost-effective way. A major difference between the current study and some others is that we focus on individual equipment types that might be the subject of policies - such as labels, energy performance standards, and incentives - to affect market transformation in the short term, and on high-efficiency technology options that are available today. The approach of the study is to assess the impact of short-term actions on long-term impacts. “Short term” market transformation is assumed to occur by 2015, while “long-term” energy demand reduction impacts are assessed in 2030. In the intervening years, most but not all of the equipment studied will turn over completely. The 15-year time frame is significant for many products however, indicating that delay of implementation postpones impacts such as net economic savings and mitigation of emissions of carbon dioxide. Such delays would result in putting in place energy-wasting technologies, postponing improvement until the end of their service life, or potentially resulting in expensive investment either in additional energy supplies or in early replacement to achieve future energy or emissions reduction targets.","PeriodicalId":17982,"journal":{"name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86847879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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