Path loss of an underwater acoustic communication channel depends not only on the transmission distance, but also on the signal frequency. As a result, the useful bandwidth depends on the transmission distance, a feature that distinguishes an underwater acoustic system from a terrestrial radio one. This fact influences the design of an acoustic network: a greater information throughput is available if messages are relayed over multiple short hops instead of being transmitted directly over one long hop.We asses the bandwidth dependency on the distance using an analytical method that takes into account physical models of acoustic propagation loss and ambient noise. A simple, single-path time-invariant model is considered as a first step. To assess the fundamental bandwidth limitation, we take an information-theoretic approach and define the bandwidth corresponding to optimal signal energy allocation -- one that maximizes the channel capacity subject to the constraint that the transmission power is finite. Numerical evaluation quantifies the bandwidth and the channel capacity, as well as the transmission power needed to achieve a pre-specified SNR threshold, as functions of distance. These results lead to closed-form approximations, which may become useful tools in the design and analysis of acoustic networks.
{"title":"On the relationship between capacity and distance in an underwater acoustic communication channel","authors":"M. Stojanovic","doi":"10.1145/1161039.1161049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1161039.1161049","url":null,"abstract":"Path loss of an underwater acoustic communication channel depends not only on the transmission distance, but also on the signal frequency. As a result, the useful bandwidth depends on the transmission distance, a feature that distinguishes an underwater acoustic system from a terrestrial radio one. This fact influences the design of an acoustic network: a greater information throughput is available if messages are relayed over multiple short hops instead of being transmitted directly over one long hop.We asses the bandwidth dependency on the distance using an analytical method that takes into account physical models of acoustic propagation loss and ambient noise. A simple, single-path time-invariant model is considered as a first step. To assess the fundamental bandwidth limitation, we take an information-theoretic approach and define the bandwidth corresponding to optimal signal energy allocation -- one that maximizes the channel capacity subject to the constraint that the transmission power is finite. Numerical evaluation quantifies the bandwidth and the channel capacity, as well as the transmission power needed to achieve a pre-specified SNR threshold, as functions of distance. These results lead to closed-form approximations, which may become useful tools in the design and analysis of acoustic networks.","PeriodicalId":180011,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Underwater Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122191548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Session details: Analysis and algorithms","authors":"","doi":"10.1145/3260093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3260093","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":180011,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Underwater Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129520704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, different deployment strategies for two-dimensional and three-dimensional communication architectures for UnderWater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UW-ASNs) are proposed, and statistical deployment analysis for both architectures is provided. The objectives of this paper are to determine the minimum number of sensors needed to be deployed to achieve the optimal sensing and communication coverage, which are dictated by the application; provide guidelines on how to choose the optimal deployment surface area, given a target region; study the robustness of the sensor network to node failures, and provide an estimate of the number of redundant sensors to be deployed to compensate for possible failures.
{"title":"Deployment analysis in underwater acoustic wireless sensor networks","authors":"D. Pompili, T. Melodia, I. Akyildiz","doi":"10.1145/1161039.1161050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1161039.1161050","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, different deployment strategies for two-dimensional and three-dimensional communication architectures for UnderWater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UW-ASNs) are proposed, and statistical deployment analysis for both architectures is provided. The objectives of this paper are to determine the minimum number of sensors needed to be deployed to achieve the optimal sensing and communication coverage, which are dictated by the application; provide guidelines on how to choose the optimal deployment surface area, given a target region; study the robustness of the sensor network to node failures, and provide an estimate of the number of redundant sensors to be deployed to compensate for possible failures.","PeriodicalId":180011,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Underwater Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126588347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the increasing sophistication of both manned and unmanned systems for remote ocean exploration, a wealth of knowledge about heretofore-unknown oceanic processes has become available. However, no technologies currently exist to observe organisms and processes without disturbing them, as they move with the natural motion of the oceans. We propose a new class of ocean sensing, whereby free-floating underwater devices operate autonomously and collaborate through an acoustic underwater network between them. This new class of sensing will provide a window into understanding the multifaceted interactions between the ocean's currents, underwater ecosystems and our impact on them. In this paper, we will present the design of our underwater vehicle, which drifts freely with the ocean currents and is equipped with a buoyancy control piston. Results from sea tests illustrate the feasibility of our design, including its depth tracking abilities.
{"title":"Sensor networks of freely drifting autonomous underwater explorers","authors":"J. Jaffe, C. Schurgers","doi":"10.1145/1161039.1161058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1161039.1161058","url":null,"abstract":"With the increasing sophistication of both manned and unmanned systems for remote ocean exploration, a wealth of knowledge about heretofore-unknown oceanic processes has become available. However, no technologies currently exist to observe organisms and processes without disturbing them, as they move with the natural motion of the oceans. We propose a new class of ocean sensing, whereby free-floating underwater devices operate autonomously and collaborate through an acoustic underwater network between them. This new class of sensing will provide a window into understanding the multifaceted interactions between the ocean's currents, underwater ecosystems and our impact on them. In this paper, we will present the design of our underwater vehicle, which drifts freely with the ocean currents and is equipped with a buoyancy control piston. Results from sea tests illustrate the feasibility of our design, including its depth tracking abilities.","PeriodicalId":180011,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Underwater Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117081048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Significant progress has been made in terrestrial sensor networks to revolutionize sensing and data collection. To bring the concept of long-lived, dense sensor networks to the underwater environment, there is a compelling need to develop low-cost and low-power acoustic modems for short-range communications. This paper presents our work in designing and developing such a modem. We describe our design rationale followed by details of both hardware and software development. We have performed preliminary tests with transducers for in-air communications.
{"title":"Low-power acoustic modem for dense underwater sensor networks","authors":"Jack Wills, W. Ye, J. Heidemann","doi":"10.1145/1161039.1161055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1161039.1161055","url":null,"abstract":"Significant progress has been made in terrestrial sensor networks to revolutionize sensing and data collection. To bring the concept of long-lived, dense sensor networks to the underwater environment, there is a compelling need to develop low-cost and low-power acoustic modems for short-range communications. This paper presents our work in designing and developing such a modem. We describe our design rationale followed by details of both hardware and software development. We have performed preliminary tests with transducers for in-air communications.","PeriodicalId":180011,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Underwater Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130386846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A medium access control (MAC) protocol is proposed that is suitable for non-synchronized ad-hoc networks, and in particular for the energy-constrained underwater acoustic networks which are characterized by long propagation delays. The protocol exploits the difference in the link lengths between the nodes instead of using waiting times proportional to the maximal link length. To do so, it relies on a receiver's ability to tolerate a certain level of interference. By minimizing the length of the hand-shake procedure preceeding the data transmission, the throughput efficiency is increased as compared to the previously proposed protocols, while collision avoidance minimizes the energy consumption.
{"title":"A MAC protocol for ad-hoc underwater acoustic sensor networks","authors":"B. Peleato, M. Stojanovic","doi":"10.1145/1161039.1161063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1161039.1161063","url":null,"abstract":"A medium access control (MAC) protocol is proposed that is suitable for non-synchronized ad-hoc networks, and in particular for the energy-constrained underwater acoustic networks which are characterized by long propagation delays. The protocol exploits the difference in the link lengths between the nodes instead of using waiting times proportional to the maximal link length. To do so, it relies on a receiver's ability to tolerate a certain level of interference. By minimizing the length of the hand-shake procedure preceeding the data transmission, the throughput efficiency is increased as compared to the previously proposed protocols, while collision avoidance minimizes the energy consumption.","PeriodicalId":180011,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Underwater Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116882763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Underwater acoustic communications systems are significantly challenged by the acoustic propagation characteristics of the underwater environment. There are a wide range of physical processes that impact underwater acoustic communications and the relative importance of these processes are different in different environments. In this paper some relevant propagation phenomena are described in the context of how they impact the development and/or performance of underwater acoustic communications networks. The speed of sound and channel latency, absorption and spreading losses, waveguide effects and multipath, surface scattering, bubbles, and ambient noise are all briefly discussed.
{"title":"Acoustic propagation considerations for underwater acoustic communications network development","authors":"J. Preisig","doi":"10.1145/1161039.1161041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1161039.1161041","url":null,"abstract":"Underwater acoustic communications systems are significantly challenged by the acoustic propagation characteristics of the underwater environment. There are a wide range of physical processes that impact underwater acoustic communications and the relative importance of these processes are different in different environments. In this paper some relevant propagation phenomena are described in the context of how they impact the development and/or performance of underwater acoustic communications networks. The speed of sound and channel latency, absorption and spreading losses, waveguide effects and multipath, surface scattering, bubbles, and ambient noise are all briefly discussed.","PeriodicalId":180011,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Underwater Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131040836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current interest in underwater sensor networks stems from the potential to use long term sensing devices to monitor the large mass of oceans on the planet (e.g., underwater seismic event monitoring or underwater oil rig monitoring). To accomplish this, the sensor nodes must have the ability to self-configure the communication network and provide energy-efficient data transmission. To this end, researchers have begun devising MAC-layer protocols that minimize energy consumption for data transmission. Acoustic modems typically present a number of modes of operation, similar to radio interfaces (e.g., transmit, receive, sleep, etc.), each of which consumes different levels of energy. In radio communications, the cost of keeping the interfaces idle is high; therefore, a number of idle-time power management solutions have been devised (e.g., GAF [1], STEM [2], TITAN [3]) to conserve energy during times of no communication. It is natural to attempt to use these same methods for energy conservation in underwater sensor networks. However, there are significant differences between acoustic modems and radios transceivers, making it doubtful whether previous conclusions will be valid for the underwater environment. The relative costs of various interface modes are significantly different for acoustic devices than for radios. Typical radio interfaces [4] have similar costs for transmitting, receiving and idling. On the other hand, acoustic modems have very high transmission costs with respect to receive costs, and have very low idle costs.
{"title":"When underwater acoustic nodes should sleep with one eye open: idle-time power management in underwater sensor networks","authors":"A. Harris, M. Stojanovic, M. Zorzi","doi":"10.1145/1161039.1161061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1161039.1161061","url":null,"abstract":"The current interest in underwater sensor networks stems from the potential to use long term sensing devices to monitor the large mass of oceans on the planet (e.g., underwater seismic event monitoring or underwater oil rig monitoring). To accomplish this, the sensor nodes must have the ability to self-configure the communication network and provide energy-efficient data transmission. To this end, researchers have begun devising MAC-layer protocols that minimize energy consumption for data transmission. Acoustic modems typically present a number of modes of operation, similar to radio interfaces (e.g., transmit, receive, sleep, etc.), each of which consumes different levels of energy. In radio communications, the cost of keeping the interfaces idle is high; therefore, a number of idle-time power management solutions have been devised (e.g., GAF [1], STEM [2], TITAN [3]) to conserve energy during times of no communication. It is natural to attempt to use these same methods for energy conservation in underwater sensor networks. However, there are significant differences between acoustic modems and radios transceivers, making it doubtful whether previous conclusions will be valid for the underwater environment. The relative costs of various interface modes are significantly different for acoustic devices than for radios. Typical radio interfaces [4] have similar costs for transmitting, receiving and idling. On the other hand, acoustic modems have very high transmission costs with respect to receive costs, and have very low idle costs.","PeriodicalId":180011,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Underwater Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129827590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Underwater sensor networks are attracting increasing interest from researchers in terrestrial radio-based sensor networks. There are important physical, technological, and economic differences between terrestrial and underwater sensor networks. In this survey, we highlight a number of important practical issues that have not been emphasized in recent surveys of underwater networks, with an intended audience of researchers who are moving from radio-based terrestrial networks into underwater networks.
{"title":"A survey of practical issues in underwater networks","authors":"J. Partan, J. Kurose, B. Levine","doi":"10.1145/1161039.1161045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1161039.1161045","url":null,"abstract":"Underwater sensor networks are attracting increasing interest from researchers in terrestrial radio-based sensor networks. There are important physical, technological, and economic differences between terrestrial and underwater sensor networks. In this survey, we highlight a number of important practical issues that have not been emphasized in recent surveys of underwater networks, with an intended audience of researchers who are moving from radio-based terrestrial networks into underwater networks.","PeriodicalId":180011,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Underwater Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114044579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bridget Benson, G. Chang, D. Manov, B. Graham, R. Kastner
This paper discusses the current state of the art systems of real time telemetry on oceanographic moorings and describes the design requirements for making acoustic modem data telemetry a more widely used form of data telemetry for moored oceanographic applications. We present the design of a low cost 'mooring modem' and the results of an initial pool test for its prototype. Based on these results, we describe how the mooring modem meets the design requirements for moored oceanographic applications by looking at how it meets the requirements for a specific mooring example - the SB CHARM. We conclude by presenting the future work required to create a prototype mooring modem, which will be tested on the CHARM mooring. The end goal is the production of a cheap, low power acoustic modem for real-time data collection in moored oceanographic applications.
{"title":"Design of a low-cost acoustic modem for moored oceanographic applications","authors":"Bridget Benson, G. Chang, D. Manov, B. Graham, R. Kastner","doi":"10.1145/1161039.1161054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1161039.1161054","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the current state of the art systems of real time telemetry on oceanographic moorings and describes the design requirements for making acoustic modem data telemetry a more widely used form of data telemetry for moored oceanographic applications. We present the design of a low cost 'mooring modem' and the results of an initial pool test for its prototype. Based on these results, we describe how the mooring modem meets the design requirements for moored oceanographic applications by looking at how it meets the requirements for a specific mooring example - the SB CHARM. We conclude by presenting the future work required to create a prototype mooring modem, which will be tested on the CHARM mooring. The end goal is the production of a cheap, low power acoustic modem for real-time data collection in moored oceanographic applications.","PeriodicalId":180011,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Underwater Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130229568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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