Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.4067/s0718-221x2022000100450
S. K. Gülsoy, Aysun Küçüle, A. Gençer
Deep eutectic solvents are characterized as natural, green, biodegradable, non-flammable, non-volatile, non-toxic, odorless, colorless, easy to prepare, and easy to recycle after use. They present an opportunity to introduce new techniques for the pulping process. This study investigated the possibility of using a green deep eutectic solvents from sorghum stalks for pulp and paper production. Choline chloride/ethylene glycol was used in the preparation of eutectic mixtures in molar ratios of 4/10, 5/10, and 6/10. These eutectic mixtures were then applied as cooking liquor to sorghum stalks at two different cooking times (140 and 160 minutes). In addition, the traditional pulping methods of soda and kraft cookings were carried out using sorghum stalks and the pulps were compared with the deep eutectic solvents pulps. The results showed that the pulp produc - tion using deep eutectic solvents was accomplished successfully. Some properties of deep eutectic solvents pulps were comparable to those of the soda and kraft pulps. deep eutectic solvents can play an essential role in cleaner pulp production.
{"title":"Deep eutectic solvent pulping from sorghum stalks","authors":"S. K. Gülsoy, Aysun Küçüle, A. Gençer","doi":"10.4067/s0718-221x2022000100450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-221x2022000100450","url":null,"abstract":"Deep eutectic solvents are characterized as natural, green, biodegradable, non-flammable, non-volatile, non-toxic, odorless, colorless, easy to prepare, and easy to recycle after use. They present an opportunity to introduce new techniques for the pulping process. This study investigated the possibility of using a green deep eutectic solvents from sorghum stalks for pulp and paper production. Choline chloride/ethylene glycol was used in the preparation of eutectic mixtures in molar ratios of 4/10, 5/10, and 6/10. These eutectic mixtures were then applied as cooking liquor to sorghum stalks at two different cooking times (140 and 160 minutes). In addition, the traditional pulping methods of soda and kraft cookings were carried out using sorghum stalks and the pulps were compared with the deep eutectic solvents pulps. The results showed that the pulp produc - tion using deep eutectic solvents was accomplished successfully. Some properties of deep eutectic solvents pulps were comparable to those of the soda and kraft pulps. deep eutectic solvents can play an essential role in cleaner pulp production.","PeriodicalId":18092,"journal":{"name":"Maderas-ciencia Y Tecnologia","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85957376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.4067/s0718-221x2022000100449
J. Gutiérrez, A. Rubio-Clemente, Juan F. Pérez
In this work, biochar (BC), a co-product of the fixed bed gasification process of Pinus patula wood pellets (PL) and chips (CH), was characterized as soil amendment. The physicochemical properties and the mineral content of the pellet’s biochar (PL-BC) and the chips biochar (CH-BC) were analyzed following the NTC5167 Colombian technical standard. The BET surface area values of the BCs were 367,33 m 2 /g and 233,56 m 2 /g for the PL-BC and the CH-BC, respectively, and the pore volume was 0,20 cm 3 /g for the PL-BC and 0,13 cm 3 /g for the CH-BC. These characteristics favor the increase of the BCs water-holding capacity (WHC). Properties such as the pH (8,8-9,0), the WHC (219 %-186,4 %), the total organic carbon (33,8 %-23,9 %), the metalloid presence (Ca, Mg, K, Mn, Al, Si, and Fe), and the ash (1,92wt % - 2,74 wt %) and moisture contents (11,13wt %-11,63 wt %) for both BCs were found to be within the limits set by the standard. Furthermore, the presence of micro and macronutrients, such as Fe and phosphorus (P), and the alkaline pH, make possible the use of these BCs as amendments for acid soils.
{"title":"Analysis of biochars produced from the gasification of Pinus patula pellets and chips as soil amendments","authors":"J. Gutiérrez, A. Rubio-Clemente, Juan F. Pérez","doi":"10.4067/s0718-221x2022000100449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-221x2022000100449","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, biochar (BC), a co-product of the fixed bed gasification process of Pinus patula wood pellets (PL) and chips (CH), was characterized as soil amendment. The physicochemical properties and the mineral content of the pellet’s biochar (PL-BC) and the chips biochar (CH-BC) were analyzed following the NTC5167 Colombian technical standard. The BET surface area values of the BCs were 367,33 m 2 /g and 233,56 m 2 /g for the PL-BC and the CH-BC, respectively, and the pore volume was 0,20 cm 3 /g for the PL-BC and 0,13 cm 3 /g for the CH-BC. These characteristics favor the increase of the BCs water-holding capacity (WHC). Properties such as the pH (8,8-9,0), the WHC (219 %-186,4 %), the total organic carbon (33,8 %-23,9 %), the metalloid presence (Ca, Mg, K, Mn, Al, Si, and Fe), and the ash (1,92wt % - 2,74 wt %) and moisture contents (11,13wt %-11,63 wt %) for both BCs were found to be within the limits set by the standard. Furthermore, the presence of micro and macronutrients, such as Fe and phosphorus (P), and the alkaline pH, make possible the use of these BCs as amendments for acid soils.","PeriodicalId":18092,"journal":{"name":"Maderas-ciencia Y Tecnologia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76810537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.4067/s0718-221x2022000100446
Abdullah Uğur Birinci, M. C. Area, Aydin Demir, H. Ozturk
Shear walls are one of the envelopes of light-frame wooden buildings where thermal insulation is most required. The thermal performance of shear walls can vary according to the type, properties and thickness of the wood and insulation materials used in their production. This study, it was aimed to compare the thermal performances of plywood shear walls produced with different thermal insulation materials. For this aim, the archetype walls with properties similar to commonly used plywood shear walls were designed and produced for each thermal insulation material type and wood specie. The shear wall groups were formed by using Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris ), black pine ( Pinus nigra ) and spruce ( Picea orientalis ) as wood species and cellulose, flax, felt, XPS, EPS, sheep’s, rock and glass wool as thermal insulation materials. The thermal conductivity of the shear wall groups was determined according standard. Thermal resistance and other thermal performance parameters were calculated using the thermal conductivity values. As a result of the study, rock wool was the best thermal insulation material among the Scots pine shear wall groups while glass wool was the best thermal insulation material among the black pine and spruce shear wall groups. The shear walls produced with EPS foam boards indicated the worst thermal performance among all groups
{"title":"Comparison of thermal performances of plywood shear walls produced with different thermal insulation materials","authors":"Abdullah Uğur Birinci, M. C. Area, Aydin Demir, H. Ozturk","doi":"10.4067/s0718-221x2022000100446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-221x2022000100446","url":null,"abstract":"Shear walls are one of the envelopes of light-frame wooden buildings where thermal insulation is most required. The thermal performance of shear walls can vary according to the type, properties and thickness of the wood and insulation materials used in their production. This study, it was aimed to compare the thermal performances of plywood shear walls produced with different thermal insulation materials. For this aim, the archetype walls with properties similar to commonly used plywood shear walls were designed and produced for each thermal insulation material type and wood specie. The shear wall groups were formed by using Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris ), black pine ( Pinus nigra ) and spruce ( Picea orientalis ) as wood species and cellulose, flax, felt, XPS, EPS, sheep’s, rock and glass wool as thermal insulation materials. The thermal conductivity of the shear wall groups was determined according standard. Thermal resistance and other thermal performance parameters were calculated using the thermal conductivity values. As a result of the study, rock wool was the best thermal insulation material among the Scots pine shear wall groups while glass wool was the best thermal insulation material among the black pine and spruce shear wall groups. The shear walls produced with EPS foam boards indicated the worst thermal performance among all groups","PeriodicalId":18092,"journal":{"name":"Maderas-ciencia Y Tecnologia","volume":"259 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77101943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.4067/s0718-221x2022000100451
Felipe Gomes Batista, R. Melo, D. T. Medeiros, P. J. Lopes, D. Gatto
Measuring the natural resistance of wood is fundamental for proper use. The natural durability of five tropical wood species was investigated by field decay testing during exposure for 360 days. Wood logs (length of 0,5 m; diameter of 8 cm - 12 cm) were used in this study. The mass loss and decay index were calculated and visual analysis during the exposure time was performed for all samples. The samples presented evidence of two different groups concerning natural durability. The species in the first group ( Mimosa caesalpiniifolia , Mimosa ophthalmocentra , and Mimosa tenuiflora ) showed the highest resistance to biodeterioration, better or similar performance compared to treated Eucalypts wood (as control). The other group ( Aspidosperma pyrifolium and Cordia oncocalyx ) had lower natural resistance in outdoor service, being more susceptible to decay. In general, the wood of the first group is indicated for outdoor uses that require medium or prolonged exposure, such as timber stakes and fence posts.
{"title":"Natural durability of five tropical wood species in field decay tests","authors":"Felipe Gomes Batista, R. Melo, D. T. Medeiros, P. J. Lopes, D. Gatto","doi":"10.4067/s0718-221x2022000100451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-221x2022000100451","url":null,"abstract":"Measuring the natural resistance of wood is fundamental for proper use. The natural durability of five tropical wood species was investigated by field decay testing during exposure for 360 days. Wood logs (length of 0,5 m; diameter of 8 cm - 12 cm) were used in this study. The mass loss and decay index were calculated and visual analysis during the exposure time was performed for all samples. The samples presented evidence of two different groups concerning natural durability. The species in the first group ( Mimosa caesalpiniifolia , Mimosa ophthalmocentra , and Mimosa tenuiflora ) showed the highest resistance to biodeterioration, better or similar performance compared to treated Eucalypts wood (as control). The other group ( Aspidosperma pyrifolium and Cordia oncocalyx ) had lower natural resistance in outdoor service, being more susceptible to decay. In general, the wood of the first group is indicated for outdoor uses that require medium or prolonged exposure, such as timber stakes and fence posts.","PeriodicalId":18092,"journal":{"name":"Maderas-ciencia Y Tecnologia","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76504217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.4067/s0718-221x2022000100447
G. Ebrahimi, A. Shakeri, Peyman Ahmadi, M. Dalvand, Masuod Shafie, H. Z. Hosseinabadi
Out of rachis and stem of palm tree from grooves in humid and dry zones, test materials were randomly collected and chipped for slow pyrolysis process. Chemical constituents of a set of pyrolysis derived vinegar were identified in their aqueous phase by gas chromatograph and quantitatively compared in sampled parts of sampled tree and grooves. Another set of vinegar was dewatered by dichloromethane, then their constituents were identified by gas chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometer, chemical constituents in aqueous state in both sampled grooves were the same but with different percentage values. In the organic phase, common chemical constituents of sampled parts and grooves were quantitatively compared. In humid zone rachis was 2,22 times richer in acetic acid and 2,37 times in phenol, but in dry zone stem is richer in acetic acid by 15,35 %. In their organic phases dominant and comparable chemicals of stem and rachis from sampled zone were furfural, phenol, benzic acid, 5-methyl-2- furancarboraldehyde, butanic acid and 2-methyl-phenol. Stem from dry zone was richer in these chemicals by 36,55 %; 96,93 %; 6,37 times, 62,05; 49; 32,57 % respectively. Rachis of humid zone contained more furfural, 63,95 %, 22,08 %, 2-methyl-phenol, but that of dry zone was richer in phenol by 46,20 %, 2,5 times in benzoic acid. Results from both phases of vinegar indicate that ecological impacts on the chemical constituents of palm from the same species are evident.
{"title":"Chemical constituents of palm wastes slow pyrolysis derived vinegar","authors":"G. Ebrahimi, A. Shakeri, Peyman Ahmadi, M. Dalvand, Masuod Shafie, H. Z. Hosseinabadi","doi":"10.4067/s0718-221x2022000100447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-221x2022000100447","url":null,"abstract":"Out of rachis and stem of palm tree from grooves in humid and dry zones, test materials were randomly collected and chipped for slow pyrolysis process. Chemical constituents of a set of pyrolysis derived vinegar were identified in their aqueous phase by gas chromatograph and quantitatively compared in sampled parts of sampled tree and grooves. Another set of vinegar was dewatered by dichloromethane, then their constituents were identified by gas chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometer, chemical constituents in aqueous state in both sampled grooves were the same but with different percentage values. In the organic phase, common chemical constituents of sampled parts and grooves were quantitatively compared. In humid zone rachis was 2,22 times richer in acetic acid and 2,37 times in phenol, but in dry zone stem is richer in acetic acid by 15,35 %. In their organic phases dominant and comparable chemicals of stem and rachis from sampled zone were furfural, phenol, benzic acid, 5-methyl-2- furancarboraldehyde, butanic acid and 2-methyl-phenol. Stem from dry zone was richer in these chemicals by 36,55 %; 96,93 %; 6,37 times, 62,05; 49; 32,57 % respectively. Rachis of humid zone contained more furfural, 63,95 %, 22,08 %, 2-methyl-phenol, but that of dry zone was richer in phenol by 46,20 %, 2,5 times in benzoic acid. Results from both phases of vinegar indicate that ecological impacts on the chemical constituents of palm from the same species are evident.","PeriodicalId":18092,"journal":{"name":"Maderas-ciencia Y Tecnologia","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82076048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.4067/s0718-221x2022000100448
Jahaziel Saucedo-Ibarra, M. C. Area, A. L. Rosa, José Tarcísio-Lima, Alejandro Corona-Ambríz, Roberto Machuca-Velasco
Microfibril angle (MFA) is the inclination of the cellulose microfibrils within the cell wall relative to the vertical axis of the cell. This characteristic contributes to explaining the variations in the physical and mechanical properties of processed wood and fiber. Pinus pseudostrobus var. apulcensis is a forest species na tive to Mexico with great economic and industrial importance. 10 healthy trees of this species were randomly selected on a plantation in Texcoco, Mexico, and from each tree a core was extracted at 1,30 m stem height. Microfibril angle, basic density (BD), tracheid length (TL) and volumetric contraction (VC) were measured in order to determine the effect of MFA on said technological characteristics in this wood. An average MFA of 28,8 ° was obtained; Average BD of 430 kg/m 3 ; Average TL of 3516 µm and an average VC of 10,3 %. Gen eralized additive models (GAM) were adjusted between the MFA as the explanatory variable and each of the three response variables separately. Finally, a generalized additive model was adjusted to know the behavior of BD, TL and VC as a function of MFA. This generated model had an explanatory capacity of 88,2 %. The best explained variable by MFA was TL (explanatory capacity of 83,3 %). It would be interesting to see if this behavior occurs in other Mexican pine species.
微原纤维角(MFA)是纤维素微原纤维在细胞壁内相对于细胞纵轴的倾斜度。这一特性有助于解释加工木材和纤维的物理和机械性能的变化。伪松(Pinus pseudostrobus var. apulcensis)是一种原产于墨西哥的森林树种，具有重要的经济和工业意义。在墨西哥Texcoco的一个人工林中，随机选择10棵该树种的健康树木，从每棵树上提取一个茎高为1.3 m的核心。测定了微纤维角度、基本密度(BD)、管胞长度(TL)和体积收缩率(VC)，以确定MFA对该木材上述工艺特性的影响。平均MFA为28.8°;平均容积430公斤/立方米;平均TL为3516µm，平均VC为10.3%。广义加性模型(GAM)分别在MFA作为解释变量和三个响应变量之间进行调整。最后，调整了一个广义的可加模型，以了解BD、TL和VC的行为是MFA的函数。该模型的解释能力为88.2%。MFA的最佳解释变量是TL(解释能力为83.3%)。看看这种行为是否会发生在其他墨西哥松树物种中，这将是一件有趣的事情。
{"title":"Efecto del ángulo microfibrilar en las características tecnológicas de la madera de Pinus pseudostrobus var. apulcensis","authors":"Jahaziel Saucedo-Ibarra, M. C. Area, A. L. Rosa, José Tarcísio-Lima, Alejandro Corona-Ambríz, Roberto Machuca-Velasco","doi":"10.4067/s0718-221x2022000100448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-221x2022000100448","url":null,"abstract":"Microfibril angle (MFA) is the inclination of the cellulose microfibrils within the cell wall relative to the vertical axis of the cell. This characteristic contributes to explaining the variations in the physical and mechanical properties of processed wood and fiber. Pinus pseudostrobus var. apulcensis is a forest species na tive to Mexico with great economic and industrial importance. 10 healthy trees of this species were randomly selected on a plantation in Texcoco, Mexico, and from each tree a core was extracted at 1,30 m stem height. Microfibril angle, basic density (BD), tracheid length (TL) and volumetric contraction (VC) were measured in order to determine the effect of MFA on said technological characteristics in this wood. An average MFA of 28,8 ° was obtained; Average BD of 430 kg/m 3 ; Average TL of 3516 µm and an average VC of 10,3 %. Gen eralized additive models (GAM) were adjusted between the MFA as the explanatory variable and each of the three response variables separately. Finally, a generalized additive model was adjusted to know the behavior of BD, TL and VC as a function of MFA. This generated model had an explanatory capacity of 88,2 %. The best explained variable by MFA was TL (explanatory capacity of 83,3 %). It would be interesting to see if this behavior occurs in other Mexican pine species.","PeriodicalId":18092,"journal":{"name":"Maderas-ciencia Y Tecnologia","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84068778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-01DOI: 10.4067/s0718-221x2022000100444
Hüsnü Yel, Elvan Urun
The aim of this research was to investigate the physico-mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of cement-bonded wood particleboards produced by using fly as has a partial cement replacement and spruce planer shavings. Experimental single-layer cement-bonded wood particleboards produced using a target density of 1200 kg/m 3 , 1/3 wood-cement ratio, a dimension of 460x460x10 mm 3 and 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% fly ash as cement replacement were tested for physical and mechanical properties in accordance with EN and ASTM standards. Moreover, morphological and thermal properties of the cement-bonded wood particleboards were analysed by using the scanning electron microscope and thermogravimetric analysis-derivative thermogravimetry. Test results indicated that the fly ash enhanced both the bending strength and water-re sistance of the cement-bonded wood particleboards. Internal bond and screw withdrawal strengths tended to decrease as the fly ash content increased in the cement-bonded wood particleboards, but this decrease was not statistically significant. As the fly ash increased, the weight loss of the cement-bonded wood particleboards decreased in the thermogravimetric analysis because of the pozzolonic reaction of the fly ash with calcium hydroxide. In the scanning electron microscope, it was observed that calcium silicate hydrate gel increased, whereas calcium hydroxide decreased as the usageratio of the fly ash increased in the cement-bonded wood particleboards.
{"title":"Performance of cement-bonded wood particleboards produced using fly ash and spruce planer shavings","authors":"Hüsnü Yel, Elvan Urun","doi":"10.4067/s0718-221x2022000100444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-221x2022000100444","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this research was to investigate the physico-mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of cement-bonded wood particleboards produced by using fly as has a partial cement replacement and spruce planer shavings. Experimental single-layer cement-bonded wood particleboards produced using a target density of 1200 kg/m 3 , 1/3 wood-cement ratio, a dimension of 460x460x10 mm 3 and 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% fly ash as cement replacement were tested for physical and mechanical properties in accordance with EN and ASTM standards. Moreover, morphological and thermal properties of the cement-bonded wood particleboards were analysed by using the scanning electron microscope and thermogravimetric analysis-derivative thermogravimetry. Test results indicated that the fly ash enhanced both the bending strength and water-re sistance of the cement-bonded wood particleboards. Internal bond and screw withdrawal strengths tended to decrease as the fly ash content increased in the cement-bonded wood particleboards, but this decrease was not statistically significant. As the fly ash increased, the weight loss of the cement-bonded wood particleboards decreased in the thermogravimetric analysis because of the pozzolonic reaction of the fly ash with calcium hydroxide. In the scanning electron microscope, it was observed that calcium silicate hydrate gel increased, whereas calcium hydroxide decreased as the usageratio of the fly ash increased in the cement-bonded wood particleboards.","PeriodicalId":18092,"journal":{"name":"Maderas-ciencia Y Tecnologia","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81011896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-01DOI: 10.4067/s0718-221x2022000100445
Marcia Vásquez, Leonardo Vásquez-Ibarra, R. Musule, A. Iriarte
Transport is one of the activities that generates the highest CO 2 eq emissions. In the particular case of Chile, it is the second economic activity that generates the greatest environmental impact. The safe and efficient transport of products in domestic and foreign markets is often carried out with the help of pallets made of various materials, such as wood or plastic, which goes hand in hand with different environmental performance in their production. That is why it is important to know the carbon footprint of these products. The objectives of this study are to compare the value of the carbon footprint generated by the local production of wooden and plastic pallets and to evaluate the variations in its quantification using different software. For this purpose, the Chilean market is taken as a reference. This study follows the main guidelines of ISO standards as a reference framework. The functional unit is 1 pallet produced and the system boundary is from cradle to gate. The results show that wood and plastic pallets have an average carbon footprint of 4,12 kg CO 2 eq and 38,85 kg CO 2 eq respectively. The difference between the two pallets is mainly due to the environmental load of the raw materials. The causes of the variation in the estimation of the carbon footprint with different software are specifically based on the databases with which they can work. The ratio of 1:9 between the carbon footprint of wooden pallets concerning plastic pallets provides important data for decision making. Carbon footprint, ISO 14040, 14067, free software, life cycle assessment, plastic pallets, wooden pallets.
{"title":"Carbon footprint of wooden and plastic pallets: A quantification with different software tools","authors":"Marcia Vásquez, Leonardo Vásquez-Ibarra, R. Musule, A. Iriarte","doi":"10.4067/s0718-221x2022000100445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-221x2022000100445","url":null,"abstract":"Transport is one of the activities that generates the highest CO 2 eq emissions. In the particular case of Chile, it is the second economic activity that generates the greatest environmental impact. The safe and efficient transport of products in domestic and foreign markets is often carried out with the help of pallets made of various materials, such as wood or plastic, which goes hand in hand with different environmental performance in their production. That is why it is important to know the carbon footprint of these products. The objectives of this study are to compare the value of the carbon footprint generated by the local production of wooden and plastic pallets and to evaluate the variations in its quantification using different software. For this purpose, the Chilean market is taken as a reference. This study follows the main guidelines of ISO standards as a reference framework. The functional unit is 1 pallet produced and the system boundary is from cradle to gate. The results show that wood and plastic pallets have an average carbon footprint of 4,12 kg CO 2 eq and 38,85 kg CO 2 eq respectively. The difference between the two pallets is mainly due to the environmental load of the raw materials. The causes of the variation in the estimation of the carbon footprint with different software are specifically based on the databases with which they can work. The ratio of 1:9 between the carbon footprint of wooden pallets concerning plastic pallets provides important data for decision making. Carbon footprint, ISO 14040, 14067, free software, life cycle assessment, plastic pallets, wooden pallets.","PeriodicalId":18092,"journal":{"name":"Maderas-ciencia Y Tecnologia","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80011012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-01DOI: 10.4067/s0718-221x2022000100443
Rosa Angela Winck, M. C. Area, Ector Cesar Belaber, Diego Rolando Aquino, H. Fassola, María Elena Gauchat
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Pub Date : 2022-07-01DOI: 10.4067/s0718-221x2022000100438
R. Gorgij, K. Pourtahmasi, R. Amiri, A. Abdulkhani, M. Timar, C. Coșereanu
Tree growth is influenced by various environmental factors that lead to anatomical, physical and chemi cal changes in their wood. Reaction wood is one of the tree’s reactions that make many restrictions in wood usages. Reaction wood in broadleaf is called tension wood. This study was aimed to stimulate the formation of tension wood in two-year-old seedlings of Populus alba by using intermittent bending, nitrogen fertilization and gibberellin hormone. The application of different treatments increased the content of cellulose compared to the control sample. Meanwhile, the bent specimens had more increase while the straight specimens had no significant difference in the statistical grouping. The content of lignin decreased in all treatments compared to the control sample. The cellulose/lignin ratios obtained from ATR-FTIR (Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared) analysis of wood sawdust and chemical composition measurements were almost close to each other and were higher in the treated samples than in the control. The degree of crystallinity obtained from XRD (X-ray Diffraction) measurements showed that all samples under intermittent bending had a greater effect on the stimulation and changes of chemical properties of tension wood in poplar and the appli cation of nitrogen fertilization and gibberellin hormone increased this effect. The formation of gelatinous layer in the innermost part of the intermittent bent seedlings fiber cell wall was visible in light microscope images. the ratio of cellulose to lignin in the treated samples was higher than the control samples but the differences in saw dust ratios were not significant. Straight treatment + NPK + GA3 in wood sawdust samples and intermittent bending treatment in cross-sectional samples with 2,15 and 3,69 showed the highest cellulose to lignin ratio, respectively. These results are slightly different from the ratios obtained from the measurement of wood com pounds by chemical methods, but in both chemical analysis and ATR-FTIR method the treated samples showed higher cellulose to lignin ratio than the control sample. These observations show the effect of bending and NPK fertilizer treatment more strongly and also GA3 treatment on reducing lignin content and increasing cellulose and stimulating the formation of tension wood. Pitre et al. 2007b and Pitre et al. 2010 obtained similar results in relation to bending and NPK fertilizer treatment.
树木的生长受到各种环境因素的影响，这些因素导致树木的解剖、物理和化学变化。反应木材是树木的一种反应，对木材的使用有许多限制。阔叶反应木称为张力木。采用间断性弯曲、氮肥和赤霉素激素刺激2年生白杨幼苗张力材的形成。与对照样品相比，不同处理的应用增加了纤维素的含量。同时，弯曲试件增加较多，而直线试件在统计学分组上差异无统计学意义。与对照样品相比，所有处理的木质素含量都有所下降。通过对木屑的ATR-FTIR(衰减全反射-傅里叶变换红外)分析和化学成分测量得到的纤维素/木质素比率几乎接近，处理后的样品比对照组高。XRD (x射线衍射)测定的结晶度表明，所有样品在间歇弯曲下对杨树张力木的化学性质的刺激和变化都有较大的影响，施氮和赤霉素激素增加了这种影响。光镜下可见断续弯曲幼苗纤维细胞壁最内层胶状层的形成。处理后的样品中纤维素与木质素的比值高于对照样品，而锯末的比值差异不显著。木屑样品中直接+ NPK + GA3处理和2、15和3、69横截面样品中间歇弯曲处理的纤维素/木质素比最高。这些结果与化学方法测量木材重量的比率略有不同，但在化学分析和ATR-FTIR方法中，处理样品的纤维素与木质素比均高于对照样品。结果表明，弯曲处理和氮磷钾处理以及GA3处理对降低木质素含量、增加纤维素含量和促进张力材形成的作用更强。Pitre et al. 2007b和Pitre et al. 2010在弯曲和氮磷钾肥料处理方面得到了类似的结果。
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