Les violences sexuelles, dont le viol est l’un des extrêmes, suscitent dans la population générale des attitudes de négation, de minimisation ou de justification des faits, ou encore la responsabilisation de la victime, traduisant l’adhésion à un ensemble d’attitudes, de croyances et de stéréotypes que l’on appelle Mythe du viol. L’acceptation du Mythe du viol favorise les viols, minore leur dénonciation et majore leurs conséquences pour les victimes. Depuis l’émergence de ce concept dans les années 1970, près d’une trentaine d’échelles ont été créés pour tenter de le mesurer. Ce article présente l’intérêt et les limites des principales échelles : « Rape Myth Acceptance Scale » (Burt, 1980), l’« Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale » (Payne, Lonsway et Fitzgerald, 1999) et l’« Acceptance of Modern Myths about Sexual Aggression Scale » (Gerger, Kley, Bohner et Siebler, 2007).
强奸在内的性暴力是极端之一,一般人口中引起的否定态度,以最小化或事实的理由,或者是问责制的牺牲品,加入一套体现所谓的刻板印象的态度、信仰和神话的强奸。接受强奸神话会助长强奸，减少对强奸的谴责，增加强奸对受害者的后果。自从这个概念在20世纪70年代出现以来，已经创造了近30个尺度来尝试测量它。本文介绍了主要量表的兴趣和局限性:强奸神话接受量表(Burt, 1980)，伊利诺斯州强奸神话接受量表(Payne, Lonsway and Fitzgerald, 1999)和关于性侵犯的现代神话接受量表(Gerger, Kley, Bohner and Siebler, 2007)。
{"title":"Echelles d’évaluation de l’acceptation du Mythe du viol : Intérêts et limites","authors":"A. Schlegel, R. Courtois","doi":"10.15173/IJRR.V2I1.3587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15173/IJRR.V2I1.3587","url":null,"abstract":"Les violences sexuelles, dont le viol est l’un des extrêmes, suscitent dans la population générale des attitudes de négation, de minimisation ou de justification des faits, ou encore la responsabilisation de la victime, traduisant l’adhésion à un ensemble d’attitudes, de croyances et de stéréotypes que l’on appelle Mythe du viol. L’acceptation du Mythe du viol favorise les viols, minore leur dénonciation et majore leurs conséquences pour les victimes. Depuis l’émergence de ce concept dans les années 1970, près d’une trentaine d’échelles ont été créés pour tenter de le mesurer. Ce article présente l’intérêt et les limites des principales échelles : « Rape Myth Acceptance Scale » (Burt, 1980), l’« Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale » (Payne, Lonsway et Fitzgerald, 1999) et l’« Acceptance of Modern Myths about Sexual Aggression Scale » (Gerger, Kley, Bohner et Siebler, 2007).","PeriodicalId":181328,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Risk and Recovery","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116248333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This editorial addresses evidence based medical practice in forensic psychiatry and particularly in the field of paraphilia. John M. Bradford is a Professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University. He is an Emeritus Professor at the University of Ottawa where he was a founder of the Royal Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research. He is a Founder of Forensic Psychiatry, granted by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. Abdullah H Alqahtani is an Assistant Professor and Consultant Psychiatrist at King Fahd University Hospital, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia. He is currently completing a clinical fellowship in forensic psychiatry at McMaster University - St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton. Andrew T. Olagunju is an academic psychiatrist with a Senior Lecturer position at the College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Nigeria. He is also completing a clinical fellowship at McMaster University - St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton.
这篇社论论述了法医精神病学的循证医学实践，特别是在性反常领域。John M. Bradford是麦克马斯特大学精神病学和行为神经科学系的教授。他是渥太华大学的名誉教授，在那里他是皇家渥太华心理健康研究所的创始人。他是由加拿大皇家内科医生和外科医生学院授予的法医精神病学创始人。Abdullah H Alqahtani是沙特阿拉伯达曼伊玛目阿卜杜勒拉赫曼本费萨尔大学法赫德国王大学医院的助理教授和精神病顾问。他目前正在麦克马斯特大学汉密尔顿圣约瑟夫医疗中心完成法医精神病学临床研究。Andrew T. Olagunju是一名学术精神病学家，在尼日利亚拉各斯大学医学院担任高级讲师职位。他还在麦克马斯特大学汉密尔顿圣约瑟夫医疗中心完成临床研究。
{"title":"Evidence-Based Practice in the Evaluation and Treatment of Sexual Offenders","authors":"J. Bradford, Abdullah H. Alqahtani, A. Olagunju","doi":"10.15173/IJRR.V1I3.3800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15173/IJRR.V1I3.3800","url":null,"abstract":"This editorial addresses evidence based medical practice in forensic psychiatry and particularly in the field of paraphilia. John M. Bradford is a Professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University. He is an Emeritus Professor at the University of Ottawa where he was a founder of the Royal Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research. He is a Founder of Forensic Psychiatry, granted by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. Abdullah H Alqahtani is an Assistant Professor and Consultant Psychiatrist at King Fahd University Hospital, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia. He is currently completing a clinical fellowship in forensic psychiatry at McMaster University - St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton. Andrew T. Olagunju is an academic psychiatrist with a Senior Lecturer position at the College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Nigeria. He is also completing a clinical fellowship at McMaster University - St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton.","PeriodicalId":181328,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Risk and Recovery","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126810913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Les personnes accueillies dans une communauté d’Emmaüs représentent une population très hétérogène au sein de laquelle il peut y avoir des auteurs d’infractions à caractère sexuel (AICS). Ces communautés offrent théoriquement à toutes personnes la possibilité de les rejoindre pourvu qu’en échange elles puissent travailler pour faire vivre la collectivité. La compétence n’est pas nécessairement requise, car le travail est adapté aux possibilités de chacun. Cela peut permettre aussi bien à une personne souffrant de troubles psychiques chroniques comme la schizophrénie d’y trouver sa place (si sa maladie est suffisamment stabilisée pour supporter un minimum de contrainte liées à la vie collective), qu’à un AICS en situation post-pénale et en situation d’exclusion sociale. Les AICS ont besoin d’avoir des lieux de vie qui peuvent les accueillir qui ne sont pas si nombreux, surtout en cas de violences intrafamiliales. Ils vont cumuler des difficultés multiples : faibles ressources financières, faible niveau d’étude et de formation, auxquelles seront associées des difficultés de réinsertion sociale. Celles-ci peuvent représenter autant de facteurs de risque de récidive de l’acte délictueux ou criminel pour lequel ils ont été condamnés ou pour tout autre forme de violence. Mais si l’accueil dans une communauté de vie représente une forme de « protection » par la dimension contenante qu’elle offre, les interactions sociales qu’elle permet, il n’est pas une garantie contre la reprise d’une carrière délinquante ou criminelle. Les communautés d’Emmaüs permettent l’intégration dans une communauté de vie et un retour au sein de la société pour que les personnes accueillies puissent un jour mener à bien ou non leur projet de réinsertion sociale.
{"title":"Réinsertion des auteurs d’infractions à caractère sexuel : réflexion et échanges avec un responsable d’une communauté d’Emmaüs en région Centre-Val de Loire (France)","authors":"R. Courtois, E. Mozas, I. Bertsch","doi":"10.15173/ijrr.v1i3.3505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15173/ijrr.v1i3.3505","url":null,"abstract":"Les personnes accueillies dans une communauté d’Emmaüs représentent une population très hétérogène au sein de laquelle il peut y avoir des auteurs d’infractions à caractère sexuel (AICS). Ces communautés offrent théoriquement à toutes personnes la possibilité de les rejoindre pourvu qu’en échange elles puissent travailler pour faire vivre la collectivité. La compétence n’est pas nécessairement requise, car le travail est adapté aux possibilités de chacun. Cela peut permettre aussi bien à une personne souffrant de troubles psychiques chroniques comme la schizophrénie d’y trouver sa place (si sa maladie est suffisamment stabilisée pour supporter un minimum de contrainte liées à la vie collective), qu’à un AICS en situation post-pénale et en situation d’exclusion sociale. \u0000Les AICS ont besoin d’avoir des lieux de vie qui peuvent les accueillir qui ne sont pas si nombreux, surtout en cas de violences intrafamiliales. Ils vont cumuler des difficultés multiples : faibles ressources financières, faible niveau d’étude et de formation, auxquelles seront associées des difficultés de réinsertion sociale. Celles-ci peuvent représenter autant de facteurs de risque de récidive de l’acte délictueux ou criminel pour lequel ils ont été condamnés ou pour tout autre forme de violence. Mais si l’accueil dans une communauté de vie représente une forme de « protection » par la dimension contenante qu’elle offre, les interactions sociales qu’elle permet, il n’est pas une garantie contre la reprise d’une carrière délinquante ou criminelle. Les communautés d’Emmaüs permettent l’intégration dans une communauté de vie et un retour au sein de la société pour que les personnes accueillies puissent un jour mener à bien ou non leur projet de réinsertion sociale.","PeriodicalId":181328,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Risk and Recovery","volume":"1144 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126935110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vittorio De Luca, P. Pompili, G. Paoletti, V. Bianchini, F. Franchi, M. Lombardi, Brunella Lagrotteria, Cristina Iannini, C. Fedele, E. Pompili, G. Nicolò
Italy has a consolidated history of de-institutionalization, and it was the first country to completely dismantle psychiatric hospitals, in order to create small psychiatric inwards closer to the community (i.e. in general hospitals). Nevertheless, it took the nation nearly 40 years to end the process from the beginning of de-institutionalization, definitely closing all of the forensic hospitals, which was not addressed by the first Italian psychiatric reform. This paper describes the establishment of new facilities substituting old forensic hospitals, called Residences for the Execution of Security Measures (REMS), which are a paradigm shift in terms of community-based residential home, and are mainly focused on treatment and risk assessment, rather than custodial practices. The use of modern assessment tools, such as the Aggressive Incident Scale (AIS) and the Hamilton Anatomy of Risk Management (HARM), is crucial in order to point out the focus and consistent instruments of the treatment plan. A preliminary analysis of data from the first 2 years of activity, considering severely ill patients who have been treated for more than 12 months, is then described for two REMSs in the Lazio region, close to Rome. Encouraging results suggest that further research is needed in order to assess clinical elements responsible for a better outcome, and to detect follow-up measures of violence or criminal relapse after discharge.
{"title":"The reform of Italian forensic psychiatric hospitals and its impact on risk assessment and management","authors":"Vittorio De Luca, P. Pompili, G. Paoletti, V. Bianchini, F. Franchi, M. Lombardi, Brunella Lagrotteria, Cristina Iannini, C. Fedele, E. Pompili, G. Nicolò","doi":"10.15173/IJRR.V1I3.3510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15173/IJRR.V1I3.3510","url":null,"abstract":"Italy has a consolidated history of de-institutionalization, and it was the first country to completely dismantle psychiatric hospitals, in order to create small psychiatric inwards closer to the community (i.e. in general hospitals). Nevertheless, it took the nation nearly 40 years to end the process from the beginning of de-institutionalization, definitely closing all of the forensic hospitals, which was not addressed by the first Italian psychiatric reform. This paper describes the establishment of new facilities substituting old forensic hospitals, called Residences for the Execution of Security Measures (REMS), which are a paradigm shift in terms of community-based residential home, and are mainly focused on treatment and risk assessment, rather than custodial practices. The use of modern assessment tools, such as the Aggressive Incident Scale (AIS) and the Hamilton Anatomy of Risk Management (HARM), is crucial in order to point out the focus and consistent instruments of the treatment plan. A preliminary analysis of data from the first 2 years of activity, considering severely ill patients who have been treated for more than 12 months, is then described for two REMSs in the Lazio region, close to Rome. Encouraging results suggest that further research is needed in order to assess clinical elements responsible for a better outcome, and to detect follow-up measures of violence or criminal relapse after discharge.","PeriodicalId":181328,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Risk and Recovery","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125915889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Enhancements in the treatment of sexual offenders has been taking place for over four decades. The development of pharmacological therapy has helped to reduce the risk of re-offense and has demonstrated its utility in combination with psychotherapy. However further studies to demonstrate the efficacy of these therapies are required. We conducted a retrospective study in a unit that provides care for sexual offenders (court ordered treatment or voluntary treatment). Among the 224 patients at ERIOS over the past 15 years, we identified 23 patients who had received anti-libidinal treatment (ALM) at some point in their care. The results, obtained from only 22 informative files, indicate that 16 patients presented no notion of deviant fantasy or behavioral relapse under medication. This study also highlights the comorbidities and offers a perspective regarding the improvement in prescribing this type of pharmacological therapy.
{"title":"Anti-libidinal medication among sex offenders: a descriptive study from a specialized outpatient unit in Bordeaux (France)","authors":"F. Cochez, Nicolas Thoumy, J. Cano","doi":"10.15173/IJRR.V1I3.3470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15173/IJRR.V1I3.3470","url":null,"abstract":"Enhancements in the treatment of sexual offenders has been taking place for over four decades. The development of pharmacological therapy has helped to reduce the risk of re-offense and has demonstrated its utility in combination with psychotherapy. However further studies to demonstrate the efficacy of these therapies are required. We conducted a retrospective study in a unit that provides care for sexual offenders (court ordered treatment or voluntary treatment). Among the 224 patients at ERIOS over the past 15 years, we identified 23 patients who had received anti-libidinal treatment (ALM) at some point in their care. The results, obtained from only 22 informative files, indicate that 16 patients presented no notion of deviant fantasy or behavioral relapse under medication. This study also highlights the comorbidities and offers a perspective regarding the improvement in prescribing this type of pharmacological therapy.","PeriodicalId":181328,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Risk and Recovery","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128361841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Teodora Prpa, H. Moulden, Liane Taylor, G. Chaimowitz
In Western criminal justice systems, proceedings may be halted if an individual is deemed mentally unfit to stand trial. As a prerequisite to adjudication fitness to stand trial can be evaluated through structured or unstructured assessments. Previousstudies suggest limited use of structured assessments in clinical practice. Few studies have looked at the success of unstructured measures of psycholegal abilities, and fewer still have investigated the influence of individual variables on criteria for fitness to stand trial. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between variables relevant to opining fitness as determined by previous research and the criteria for fitness to stand trial. The study yielded significant correlations between the three criteria for fitness to stand trial and the following variables: impaired mental status during assessment, presence of intellectual disability, nature of index offence, socioeconomic status, and all unstructured measures of psycholegal abilities. These results suggest that unstructured clinician assessment of fitness to stand trial can be successful at determining fitness and fulfillment of the three underlying criteria, and further clarify the role of specific symptoms on opinions of unfitness. Future directions for research in the areas of structured professional judgment and fitness restoration are discussed.
{"title":"Relationships between patient-level factors and criteria for fitness to stand trial","authors":"Teodora Prpa, H. Moulden, Liane Taylor, G. Chaimowitz","doi":"10.15173/IJRR.V1I3.3530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15173/IJRR.V1I3.3530","url":null,"abstract":"In Western criminal justice systems, proceedings may be halted if an individual is deemed mentally unfit to stand trial. As a prerequisite to adjudication fitness to stand trial can be evaluated through structured or unstructured assessments. Previousstudies suggest limited use of structured assessments in clinical practice. Few studies have looked at the success of unstructured measures of psycholegal abilities, and fewer still have investigated the influence of individual variables on criteria for fitness to stand trial. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between variables relevant to opining fitness as determined by previous research and the criteria for fitness to stand trial. The study yielded significant correlations between the three criteria for fitness to stand trial and the following variables: impaired mental status during assessment, presence of intellectual disability, nature of index offence, socioeconomic status, and all unstructured measures of psycholegal abilities. These results suggest that unstructured clinician assessment of fitness to stand trial can be successful at determining fitness and fulfillment of the three underlying criteria, and further clarify the role of specific symptoms on opinions of unfitness. Future directions for research in the areas of structured professional judgment and fitness restoration are discussed.","PeriodicalId":181328,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Risk and Recovery","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116168840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marylin Dakers-Hayward is the Clinical Director of the Forensic Psychiatry Program at St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton. This program has 5 units; one secure, one undesignated, two general and one assessment, for a total of 114 beds. The program also has a forensic outpatient clinic which includes forensic outpatient rehabilitation program, aggression clinic, and sexual behaviour clinic.
marilyn Dakers-Hayward是汉密尔顿圣约瑟夫医疗中心法医精神病学项目的临床主任。本课程有5个单元;一间安全病房，一间未指定病房，两间普通病房和一间评估病房，共114张病床。该方案还设有一个法医门诊，其中包括法医门诊康复方案、攻击诊所和性行为诊所。
{"title":"The balance between clinical and administrative leadership in forensic psychiatry","authors":"Marilyn Dakers-Hayward","doi":"10.15173/IJRR.V1I2.3546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15173/IJRR.V1I2.3546","url":null,"abstract":"Marylin Dakers-Hayward is the Clinical Director of the Forensic Psychiatry Program at St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton. This program has 5 units; one secure, one undesignated, two general and one assessment, for a total of 114 beds. The program also has a forensic outpatient clinic which includes forensic outpatient rehabilitation program, aggression clinic, and sexual behaviour clinic.","PeriodicalId":181328,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Risk and Recovery","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132842910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Confabulations, or false memories, are observed in various disorders, including schizophrenia. In forensic psychiatric assessment, this is problematic, particularly when garnering a clinical history and detailed account of the index offense(s) from the individual being charged. This study sought to quantitatively synthesize the existing literature regarding the frequency of confabulations in schizophrenia and its neurocognitive correlates. The keywords “schizophrenia” and “psychosis” were systematically canvassed in combination with “confabulation,” “false memory,” and “false memories” on PsycINFO, PubMed, and Scopus. Inclusion criteria included the following: (1) Participant samples that included the patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls; (2) commercially available neuropsychological test measures were employed (i.e., no experimental paradigms were considered); (3) quantitative data (i.e., means and standard deviations) was available so that an effect size could be computed; (4) published findings in peer-reviewed academic journals and written in English. Studies examining high-risk or first-episode psychosis groups were excluded. Five studies were included in the final analysis. Effect sizes in terms of Cohen’s d were calculated for number of confabulations made. When available, the correlations between confabulation and neurocognitive variables were recorded. The findings suggest that patients with schizophrenia confabulated more than healthy controls for new information if it was related to old information. The relationship between confabulations and neurocognitive variables was inconsistent. Together, the results from this quantitative review has important implications for interviewing techniques in forensic psychiatric assessment. Specifically, the assessor should take great care not to ask leading questions or introduce unverified, contextual information into the interview, as it may result in a confabulation, rather than a more accurate account of the event.
{"title":"Neurocognitive Predictors of Confabulation in Schizophrenia: A Systematic and Quantitative Review","authors":"K. Grimes, K. Zakzanis","doi":"10.15173/IJRR.V1I2.3492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15173/IJRR.V1I2.3492","url":null,"abstract":"Confabulations, or false memories, are observed in various disorders, including schizophrenia. In forensic psychiatric assessment, this is problematic, particularly when garnering a clinical history and detailed account of the index offense(s) from the individual being charged. This study sought to quantitatively synthesize the existing literature regarding the frequency of confabulations in schizophrenia and its neurocognitive correlates. The keywords “schizophrenia” and “psychosis” were systematically canvassed in combination with “confabulation,” “false memory,” and “false memories” on PsycINFO, PubMed, and Scopus. Inclusion criteria included the following: (1) Participant samples that included the patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls; (2) commercially available neuropsychological test measures were employed (i.e., no experimental paradigms were considered); (3) quantitative data (i.e., means and standard deviations) was available so that an effect size could be computed; (4) published findings in peer-reviewed academic journals and written in English. Studies examining high-risk or first-episode psychosis groups were excluded. Five studies were included in the final analysis. Effect sizes in terms of Cohen’s d were calculated for number of confabulations made. When available, the correlations between confabulation and neurocognitive variables were recorded. The findings suggest that patients with schizophrenia confabulated more than healthy controls for new information if it was related to old information. The relationship between confabulations and neurocognitive variables was inconsistent. Together, the results from this quantitative review has important implications for interviewing techniques in forensic psychiatric assessment. Specifically, the assessor should take great care not to ask leading questions or introduce unverified, contextual information into the interview, as it may result in a confabulation, rather than a more accurate account of the event.","PeriodicalId":181328,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Risk and Recovery","volume":"116 34","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131912993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this review was to examine whether there is a link between psychopathy and self-harm. A systematic search identified 14 papers which examine this link. A quality appraisal checklist was used to evaluate the quality of each study. The application of the quality appraisal checklist showed that the majority of the studies had good internal validity; however, there were some biases that affected the external validity of some studies. The results indicated that there may be a positive association between total psychopathy score and self-harm; however some studies with smaller sample sizes and low rates of self-harm failed to show this association. The results of most of the studies showed a positive association between Factor 2 of the Psychopathy Checklist (PCL-R; Hare, 2003) and self-harm. No link was found between Factor 1 and self-harm. The results did not show consistent evidence for a link between any of the four facets and self-harm. Although this review indicates a link between Factor 2 and self-harm, and a possible link between total psychopathy score and self-harm, the small number of studies in this area means that the research is not robust enough to provide strong evidence for these associations.
{"title":"Is there a link between psychopathy and self-harm? A review of the literature","authors":"L. Campbell, A. Beech","doi":"10.15173/IJRR.V1I2.3475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15173/IJRR.V1I2.3475","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this review was to examine whether there is a link between psychopathy and self-harm. A systematic search identified 14 papers which examine this link. A quality appraisal checklist was used to evaluate the quality of each study. The application of the quality appraisal checklist showed that the majority of the studies had good internal validity; however, there were some biases that affected the external validity of some studies. The results indicated that there may be a positive association between total psychopathy score and self-harm; however some studies with smaller sample sizes and low rates of self-harm failed to show this association. The results of most of the studies showed a positive association between Factor 2 of the Psychopathy Checklist (PCL-R; Hare, 2003) and self-harm. No link was found between Factor 1 and self-harm. The results did not show consistent evidence for a link between any of the four facets and self-harm. Although this review indicates a link between Factor 2 and self-harm, and a possible link between total psychopathy score and self-harm, the small number of studies in this area means that the research is not robust enough to provide strong evidence for these associations.","PeriodicalId":181328,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Risk and Recovery","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128707643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Canada, Criminal Code Review Boards are established under Part XX.1 of the Criminal Code. The role of these independent tribunals is to make and review dispositions and decisions concerning persons found Not Criminally Responsible on Account of Mental Disorder or Unfit to Stand Trial. Under Part XX.1, there are certain provisions to protect the liberty interests of accused persons who remain under the authority of a provincial or territorial review board. These provisions trigger mandatory hearings before the Review Board. In (Re) Campbell, counsel for the accused argued before the Board that a transfer from one secure unit to a more secure unit required notice to the Board of a restriction of liberty and that the delay in notification resulted in a s. 7 Charter breach and that a s. 24(1) remedy was due. The Court of Appeal dismissed the appeal, confirming the Board’s decision that there was insufficient evidence regarding the accused’s liberty norm before the transfer and her liberty status after it to conclude that notice to the Board was required. Furthermore, the Court ruled that the transfer was the least onerous and least restrictive measure in the circumstances. The Campbell decision introduced an enhanced interpretation of the “significantly increasing the restrictions on the liberty of the accused” test by adopting a contextual approach which takes into consideration the accused’s liberty status before and after the decision to restrict the accused. Once a restriction is deemed to reach that threshold, the Board must determine whether the hospital’s measures were the least onerous and least restrictive in the circumstances. The Campbell decision will undoubtedly impact the way hospitals and review boards view restrictions of liberty, giving way to the potential for an increasing number of Chartercases argued on the grounds of alleged s. 7 violations.
{"title":"Restriction of Liberties under the Ontario Review Board after (Re) Campbell","authors":"L. Barney","doi":"10.15173/IJRR.V1I2.3542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15173/IJRR.V1I2.3542","url":null,"abstract":"In Canada, Criminal Code Review Boards are established under Part XX.1 of the Criminal Code. The role of these independent tribunals is to make and review dispositions and decisions concerning persons found Not Criminally Responsible on Account of Mental Disorder or Unfit to Stand Trial. Under Part XX.1, there are certain provisions to protect the liberty interests of accused persons who remain under the authority of a provincial or territorial review board. These provisions trigger mandatory hearings before the Review Board. In (Re) Campbell, counsel for the accused argued before the Board that a transfer from one secure unit to a more secure unit required notice to the Board of a restriction of liberty and that the delay in notification resulted in a s. 7 Charter breach and that a s. 24(1) remedy was due. The Court of Appeal dismissed the appeal, confirming the Board’s decision that there was insufficient evidence regarding the accused’s liberty norm before the transfer and her liberty status after it to conclude that notice to the Board was required. Furthermore, the Court ruled that the transfer was the least onerous and least restrictive measure in the circumstances. The Campbell decision introduced an enhanced interpretation of the “significantly increasing the restrictions on the liberty of the accused” test by adopting a contextual approach which takes into consideration the accused’s liberty status before and after the decision to restrict the accused. Once a restriction is deemed to reach that threshold, the Board must determine whether the hospital’s measures were the least onerous and least restrictive in the circumstances. The Campbell decision will undoubtedly impact the way hospitals and review boards view restrictions of liberty, giving way to the potential for an increasing number of Chartercases argued on the grounds of alleged s. 7 violations.","PeriodicalId":181328,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Risk and Recovery","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128579044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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