Lithosphere最新文献

{"title":"A Novel Method for Improving the Robustness of Rock Acoustic Emission b Value Estimation through Data Volume Expansion","authors":"Daolong Chen, Xiling Liu","doi":"10.2113/2024/lithosphere_2024_160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2113/2024/lithosphere_2024_160","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The slope b in Gutenberg–Richter (G–R) relationship is an essential parameter to describe the size distribution characteristics from small-scale acoustic emission (AE) to large-scale natural earthquake. Stable and accurate b value estimation is vital when analyzing rock damage and seismic hazards through the spatial and temporal variations of b values. Here, we perform a detailed analysis of the effect of data volume on b value estimation and proposed a new data volume expansion method to obtain accurate b value estimation based on maximum likelihood derivation. Then, the effectiveness of the newly proposed method is verified through synthetic AE data and found that the standard errors of b value estimation or log-linear characteristics of frequency–amplitude distributions after data volume expansion are smaller, and all differences between the theoretical and estimated b values are far less than 0.1. Meanwhile, we also adopt the newly proposed method for b value estimation in a specially designed laboratory rock AE test and discussed the applicability of the method through the relationship between internal structural characteristics of various rocks and their rupture source size distribution. The results indicate that the estimated b value after data volume expansion can better characterize the underlying source size distribution of rock samples under deformation.","PeriodicalId":18147,"journal":{"name":"Lithosphere","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141924375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Apatite Fission-Track Dating: A Comparative Study of Ages Obtained by the Automated Counting LA-ICP-MS and External Detector Methodologies","authors":"R. Lugo-Zazueta, A. Gleadow, Barry P. Kohn, H. Sahu, Mauricio A. Bermúdez","doi":"10.2113/2023/lithosphere_2023_260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2113/2023/lithosphere_2023_260","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) in combination with developments in digital microscopy, image analysis, and computer software has allowed the implementation of an automated counting approach for the apatite fission-track (AFT) analysis. We refer to this approach as the “automated counting-LA-ICP-MS” (ACLA) method. Two major components comprise the ACLA method: (i) the digital counting of spontaneous tracks performed on high-resolution images captured from apatite grains and (ii) the measurement of 238U content in apatite by LA-ICP-MS. This study includes ACLA analyses from Fish Canyon Tuff (FCT) and Durango apatite standard crystals. Furthermore, a comparative age study between the ACLA and conventional external detector method (EDM) strategies was performed on a set of thirteen granitoid samples from northwestern Mexico and four granitic samples from the eastern Dharwar craton (EDC), India. ACLA analyses on FCT yielded an AFT age of 28.1 ± 0.6 (1σ) and 28.8 ± 1.1 (1σ) Ma for Durango apatite, whereas reported EDM ages are 27.5 ± 0.5 and 31.4 ± 0.5 Ma, respectively. Calculated AFT ages using the ACLA method from northwestern Mexico samples range from 11.1 ± 1.1 to 42.0 ± 3.6 Ma (EDM ages range from 10.0 ± 0.8 to 54.0 ± 3.0 Ma), whereas AFT ages from the EDC samples range from 147 ± 3.1 to 220.5 ± 12.5 Ma (EDM ages range from 120.9 ± 4.5 to 197.1 ± 19.4 Ma). Based on a statistical comparison with ages previously determined by the conventional EDM on the same samples and considering their 2σ uncertainties, these ages are in good agreement.","PeriodicalId":18147,"journal":{"name":"Lithosphere","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141831734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discovery of a Buried Active Fault to the South of the 1679 M8.0 Sanhe–Pinggu Earthquake in the North China Plain: Evidence from Seismic Reflection Exploration and Drilling Profile","authors":"Zhengfang Li, Bengang Zhou, Yanbao Li","doi":"10.2113/2024/lithosphere_2023_301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2113/2024/lithosphere_2023_301","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study focuses on the key structural locations to the south of the 1679 M8.0 Sanhe–Pinggu earthquake. In conjunction with prior deep seismic reflection exploration in the area, we conducted four shallow seismic investigations to the south of Sanhe–Pinggu seismic area to delineate the exact structure of identified faults and to ascertain the precise location, characteristics, and activity levels of active faults within the region. By analyzing the burial depth of the fault’s breakpoint as revealed by high-precision shallow seismic profiles, we postulate that the fault has been active since the middle and late Pleistocene epochs. In addition, we conducted a high-density borehole investigation in tandem with composite drilling profile at the corresponding sites of shallow breakpoints. Using chronological data from neighboring boreholes and accounting for the ages of samples acquired from these boreholes and staggered strata, the fault manifests as a Holocene active fault within the composite borehole–geological section. This study contradicted the previous conception that to the south of 1679 Sanhe–Pinggu seismic area contained no active faults. This new discovery not only has significant application value for evaluating the risk of large earthquakes in the southern part of the capital circle and understanding the earthquake disaster risk in Beijing but also has scientific significance for studying the development and evolution of faults and their deep–shallow coupling characteristics in North China since the late Cenozoic.","PeriodicalId":18147,"journal":{"name":"Lithosphere","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141642085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Late Cenozoic Tectonic Evolution of the Western Nepal Himalaya: Insights from Low-Temperature Thermochronology","authors":"Jonathan E. Harvey, D. Burbank","doi":"10.2113/2023/lithosphere_2023_265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2113/2023/lithosphere_2023_265","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In the central Himalaya, an abrupt physiographic transition at the foot of the Greater Himalaya (PT2) marks the southern edge of a zone of rapid rock uplift along a ramp in the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT). Despite being traceable along ~1500 km of the central Himalaya, PT2 is less distinct in western Nepal, reflecting along-strike changes in MHT geometry and/or a migrating locus of midcrustal deformation, the details of which have important implications for seismic hazard in western Nepal. New mineral cooling ages (apatite and zircon U-Th/He and muscovite Ar-Ar) from a series of relief transects provide constraints on exhumation rates and histories in western Nepal. Inversion of these data using Pecube and QTQt models yields results that require rapid (~1.4–2.7 mm/yr) exhumation in the rocks near the along-strike projection of PT2 until around 9–11 Ma, followed by much slower (~0.1–0.4 mm/yr) exhumation until at least the late Pliocene. In contrast, transects from ~75 km hinterlandward are best fit by rapid exhumation rates (~1.5–2.1 mm/yr) over at least the past ~4 Myr. Midcrustal deformation in western Nepal is occurring well north of the position expected from along-strike structures in central Nepal, and a growing dataset suggests that rapid exhumation has been sustained there since the late Miocene. These new constraints on the late Cenozoic exhumation history of the western Nepal Himalaya provide key insight on the active structures behind the complex seismic hazards in the region.","PeriodicalId":18147,"journal":{"name":"Lithosphere","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141676815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indirect Tensile Strength Test on Heterogeneous Rock Using Square Plate Sample with a Circular Hole","authors":"Xingzong Liu, Bin Gong, Kezhi Song, Hao Liu","doi":"10.2113/2024/lithosphere_2023_322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2113/2024/lithosphere_2023_322","url":null,"abstract":"An indirect testing method for determining the tensile strength of rock-like heterogeneous materials is proposed. The realistic failure process analysis method, which can consider material inhomogeneity, is applied to model the failure process of the square plate containing a circular hole under uniaxial compression. The influence of plate thickness and applied loads on the maximum tensile stress is investigated, and the tensile strength equation is deduced. Meanwhile, the initial cracking loads are obtained by the corresponding physical tests, and the tensile strengths are determined by substituting the initial cracking loads into the developed tensile strength equation. The values predicted by the newly proposed method are almost identical to those of the direct tensile tests. Furthermore, the proposed method can give the relatively small tensile strength error with the direct tensile test in comparison to the other test methods, which indicates that the proposed method is effective and valid for determining the tensile strength of rock-like heterogeneous materials.During the design process in geotechnical engineering, a crucial parameter is the tensile strength of rock [1, 2]. Direct tensile testing (DTT) is one of the most reliable methods for determining this strength and is independent of the constitutive response of a material [3, 4]. However, performing valid direct tensile tests is challenging. Preparing the dog bone-shaped specimens required for these tests is difficult, and stress concentrations at the ends of specimens often lead to failure away from the midpoint [5-7]. To use the direct methods, empirical equations from the literature are typically used, and/or numerous rock samples are tested in the laboratory. However, physical experiment is usually time-consuming and costly. Meanwhile, some indirect methods for assessing the tensile strength have been proposed [8-10]. The classical indirect testing methods include the ring test [11-13], wedge splitting test [14], three-point or four-point beam bending tests [15-17], hollow cylinder test [18], unconfined expansion test [19], point load test [20, 21], and Brazilian test [22, 23]. The Brazilian split test (BST) is the most commonly used indirect method to determine the tensile strength of rock-like materials, which is the recommended test method by the International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM) [24, 25]. However, the Brazilian test has been criticized since it was initially proposed due to the test results varying with loading rate [26-28], specimen size [29-31], experimental materials [32, 33], jaw’s curvature [34], and testing standards [35]. In order to carry out a valid Brazilian test, researchers proposed plenty of modified Brazilian test methods [36-40].Several factors control the tensile strength of rock materials, for example discontinuities, foliation, lamination, mineral composition, cementing material, hardness, and porosity [41-43]. Discontinuities, foliation, and la","PeriodicalId":18147,"journal":{"name":"Lithosphere","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141743164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insight into the Evolution of the Eastern Margin of the Wyoming Craton from Complex, Laterally Variable Shear Wave Splitting","authors":"Andrew Birkey, Heather A. Ford, Megan Anderson, Joseph S. Byrnes, Maximiliano J. Bezada, Maxim Shapovalov","doi":"10.2113/2024/lithosphere_2024_117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2113/2024/lithosphere_2024_117","url":null,"abstract":"Dense seismic arrays such as EarthScope’s Transportable Array (TA) have enabled high-resolution seismic observations that show the structure of cratonic lithosphere is more heterogeneous and complex than previously assumed. In this study, we pair TA data with data from the Bighorn Arch Seismic Experiment and the Crust and lithosphere Investigation of the Easternmost expression of the Laramide Orogeny (CIELO) to provide unprecedented detail on the seismic anisotropic structure of the eastern margin of the Wyoming Craton, where several orogens emerged from nominally strong cratonic lithosphere during the Laramide Orogeny. In this study, we use the splitting of teleseismic shear waves to characterize fabrics associated with deformation in the Earth’s crust and mantle. We constrain distinct anisotropic domains in the study area, and forward modeling shows that each of these domains can be explained by a single layer of anisotropy. Most significantly, we find a fast direction in the southern part of the Powder River Basin, which we refer to as the Thunder Basin Block (TBB), that deviates from absolute plate motion (APM). This change in splitting behavior coincides with changes in other modeled geophysical observations, such as active source P-wave velocity models, potential field modeling, and seismic attenuation analysis, which all show a significant change moving from the Bighorn Mountains to the TBB. We argue that these results correspond to structure predating the Laramide Orogeny, and most likely indicate a Neoarchean boundary preserved within the lithosphere.The Wyoming Craton is an Archean to Proterozoic block of lithosphere situated in the center of the North American continent (Figure 1) often divided into three main subregions: in decreasing order of age, the Montana metasedimentary province in the northwest, the Beartooth–Bighorn magmatic zone across the middle, and the southern accreted terranes in the southeast [1]. By ~2.5 Ga, all three subregions were cratonized and assembled as a distinct block of lithosphere [2]. Following cratonization, the Wyoming Craton’s interaction with the other cratons of Laurentia is debated. There is general agreement that terminal collision in Northern Laurentia between the Superior Craton, Hearne-Rae Craton (for location, Figure 1), and Slave Craton of northwestern Canada began earlier (~1.815 to 1.780 Ga) than in southern Laurentia between the Wyoming and Superior cratons (~1.750 to 1.700 Ga). It is unclear whether this represents one orogenic event (i.e. the Trans-Hudson Orogeny [THO]) or several discrete events, with some authors referring to the southern portion of the THO as the Black Hills or Dakotan Orogeny [3-5]. Following the formation of Laurentia, the Wyoming Craton was tectonically quiescent until ~80 Ma, when flattening of the Farallon slab initiated the Laramide Orogeny [6-9]. Cratons are assumed to be stable, thick lithosphere resistant to deformation or destruction under most circumstances [","PeriodicalId":18147,"journal":{"name":"Lithosphere","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141610819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated Simulation for Microseismic Fracture Networks with Automatic History Matching in Tight Oil Development: A Field Case from Block Y2 in Ordos Basin, China","authors":"Xulin Du, Yanchun Su, Renyi Cao, Maojun Fang, Yajun Zheng, Linsong Cheng, Jinchong Zhou","doi":"10.2113/2024/lithosphere_2023_305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2113/2024/lithosphere_2023_305","url":null,"abstract":"The reliability of forecasts, fracture design, and recovery enhancement strategies in tight oil reservoirs is significantly compromised by the substantial uncertainties associated with fracture characterization. This article introduces an integrated simulation workflow for modeling microseismic fracture networks in tight oil reservoirs, incorporating automatic history matching, as illustrated through a field case study from block Y2 in the Ordos Basin, China. The model stochastically generates the geometry of complex fracture networks (CFNs), including parameters such as length, aperture, inclination and azimuth angles, and spatial positioning, constrained by data from hydraulic fracturing, core analyses, and microseismic monitoring. It employs a stochastic parameterization model to produce an ensemble of initial CFN property realizations and utilizes an advanced Green function-based hierarchical fracture model to accurately depict CFN morphology. The model is further refined, and its uncertainty in fracture characterization is minimized through calibration with an innovative Ensemble Kalman Filter-based assisted history-matching algorithm. Evidence suggests that this comprehensive approach effectively leverages all available geological data, substantially reduces uncertainties in the production process, and aids in identifying the optimal development strategy.Unconventional reservoirs are characterized by ultra-low permeability, high displacement resistance, and low productivity, primarily due to the presence of nanopores and fine throats within the tight matrix. Extensive experience in successfully extracting hydrocarbons from these reservoirs has demonstrated that creating complex fracture networks (CFNs) through multistage hydraulic fracturing represents one of the most effective strategies for boosting oil production [1-3]. However, accurately modeling CFNs presents significant challenges due to substantial uncertainties, leading to increased difficulties in the precise numerical simulation of unconventional reservoirs [4]. Additionally, the disconnect between geological and petroleum engineering disciplines impedes reservoir engineers from fully leveraging geological data in production planning, constituting another significant factor contributing to these challenges.Obtaining fracture morphology through conventional characterization methods is challenging. To enhance the assessment of fracture occurrence, propagation, and the effects of refracturing, microseismic monitoring has been employed to provide essential geological information, as illustrated in Figure 1. While microseismic monitoring data, collected during hydraulic fracturing, enables the analysis of fracture spatial distribution, accurately characterizing CFNs from microseismic events remains a technically demanding task. Currently, methods for reconstructing fracture networks based on microseismic interpretation are categorized into two approaches. The first relies on hydraulic","PeriodicalId":18147,"journal":{"name":"Lithosphere","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141570280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Re−Os Isotope and PGE Abundance Systematics of Coast Range Ophiolite Peridotites and Chromitite, California: Insights into Fore-Arc Magmatic Processes","authors":"Sung Hi Choi, Samuel B. Mukasa, John W. Shervais, Igor S. Puchtel","doi":"10.2113/2024/lithosphere_2024_154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2113/2024/lithosphere_2024_154","url":null,"abstract":"We report platinum-group element (PGE) and Re concentrations, and Re−Os isotopic data for peridotites and podiform chromitite from the mid-Jurassic Coast Range ophiolite (CRO), California. Our aim is to provide insights into the formation and evolution of the CRO in a fore-arc tectonic setting. The CRO peridotites are divided into two groups: abyssal and supra-subduction zone (SSZ). They have Ir-group PGE concentrations similar to estimates for the primitive mantle and nearly chondritic relative abundances [(Os/Ir)N ≈ 1.1]. Abyssal-type peridotites have slightly subchondritic Pd-group PGE (PPGE)−Re abundances and flat chondrite-normalized patterns, whereas the SSZ-type ones are depleted overall with highly fractionated PPGE−Re patterns. The CRO peridotites have 187Os/188Os values of 0.1188 to 0.1315 (γOs = −8.3 to 1.4) and 187Re/188Os ranging from 0.022 to 0.413. The oxygen fugacity based on the V/Yb ratios of the CRO peridotites is equivalent to the fayalite−magnetite−quartz buffer. The abyssal-type peridotites are residues after ≤5% melting of the primitive upper mantle and represent a remnant of oceanic lithosphere trapped in an SSZ setting but before it was re-melted or modified by subduction processes. The abyssal-type peridotites yield an aluminachron model age of ~1.5 Ga, implying that the CRO mantle had experienced episode(s) of melt extraction before the CRO crust was formed. The SSZ-type peridotites are refractory residues after ~5% to 15% melting. Extraction of fore-arc basalts generated mainly by decompression melting resulted in the SSZ-type peridotites. The chromitite has 187Os/188Os value of 0.1250 (γOs = −3.5) and PGE−Re patterns complementary to that of boninite, indicating a genetic link to fore-arc magmatism.Ophiolites are sections of the Earth’s oceanic crust and the underlying upper mantle that have been tectonically emplaced into continental margins, providing important insights into the processes of plate tectonics, the composition of the oceanic crust and mantle, and the dynamics of Earth’s interior. Ophiolites are also valuable as ore deposits hosting precious metals, including platinum-group elements (PGEs), ferrous metals (Cr, Mn, and Ti), and base metals (Co, Cu, and Ni). The oceanic crust preserved in ophiolites may form in any tectonic setting during the evolution of ocean basins, from the mid-ocean ridge to subduction initiation and final closure [1]. The Coast Range ophiolite (CRO) is a mid-Jurassic (~172 to 161 Ma) ophiolite terrane in central California, extending over 700 km from Elder Creek at its northernmost segment extent to Point Sal at its southernmost terminus [2-5] (Figure 1). Petrologic and geochemical data indicate its formation in a supra-subduction zone (SSZ) fore-arc setting, probably above the east-dipping proto-Franciscan subduction zone [2, 6, 7]. Initiation of the subduction is considered to have possibly started along a large-offset transform fault zone, when an exotic or fringing is collided w","PeriodicalId":18147,"journal":{"name":"Lithosphere","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141610898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complex Segment Linkage Along the Sevier Normal Fault, Southwestern Utah","authors":"Wanda J. Taylor, Benjamin Surpless, Ilsa M. Schiefelbein Kerscher","doi":"10.2113/2024/lithosphere_2023_332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2113/2024/lithosphere_2023_332","url":null,"abstract":"Major normal fault systems are composed of segments that link as displacement accumulates, with linkage zone characteristics that reveal fault zone evolution. The steeply west-dipping Sevier fault zone in southwestern Utah, displays a complex fault network that developed between two long (>10 km), en echelon segments near the town of Orderville. Geologic map data and cross-sections of the transfer zone between the Mt. Carmel segment in the south and the Spencer Bench segment in the north reveal more than ten normal faults and four relay ramps displaying a range of geometries, including two relay ramps that display ramp-parallel folds. We suggest that transfer zone deformation was initially dominated by faults subparallel to the primary segments with later cross-faults that hard-linked these faults across most of the transfer zone. When the transfer zone was a soft-linked system, a displacement deficit likely existed relative to fault segments to the north and south. This early fault configuration would have reduced the efficiency of slip propagation associated with major earthquakes (>M7.0). In contrast, the present-day transfer zone, with a complex but hard-linked fault network, shows displacements that transition smoothly from the higher displacement (~800 m) southern segment to the lower displacement (~400 m) northern segment. That transition, combined with extensional strain within the zone, suggests that the Orderville fault network would be unlikely to impede propagation associated with future major earthquakes. The kinematic model of fault evolution presented here has implications for those investigating geothermal energy potential, groundwater flow, natural gas and oil reservoirs, mineral deposit formation, or seismic hazards.Over the past several decades, researchers have demonstrated that major normal fault systems are commonly segmented in map view and at depth, with segment linkage zone characteristics that can be used to reveal how long (10s–100s of km) fault zones evolve [1-10]. The interactions of fault segments at linkage zones perturb the local stress field, may permit slip transfer between fault segments, and can influence the formation of relay ramps, minor faults, and fracture networks [6, 11-13]. These fractures may promote fluid flow within a rock volume, so are important for evaluating oil and gas exploration, groundwater flow, and geothermal energy potential [13-17]. If heat flow is high enough, the intensely fractured damage zones associated with fault segment linkage [18] may be excellent targets for geothermal energy production [19-22]. Thus, a better understanding of fault network evolution and associated damage zone development will help future scientists more effectively target locations with high potential for geothermal energy production. In addition, because the entire length of long (from several km to over 100-km long) normal faults does not rupture during a single earthquake, linkage zones between segments play","PeriodicalId":18147,"journal":{"name":"Lithosphere","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141503521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the Characteristics of Spatial Variability of Soil in Vertical Direction Highly Heterogeneous Region Based on Cone Penetration Test","authors":"Chengfu Chu, Yuhang Wang, Hongxiang Song, Long Xu, Xiaoliang Hou, Shanshan Sheng, Lingling Liu","doi":"10.2113/2024/lithosphere_2023_184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2113/2024/lithosphere_2023_184","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Key parameters describing the spatial variability of soil properties based on the random field theory are the scale of fluctuation (SOF) and coefficient of variation (COV). To characterize the spatial variability of soil properties, reducing the impact of these errors and uncertainties is necessary. To accomplish this, for the five main layers of soil, we collected 18 cone penetration test (CPT) data from a highly heterogeneous region in Lianyungang New Airport, Jiangsu Province, China, and used the control variable method to analyze the influence of the estimation method of tendency, its function type and outliers. The results show that, compared with the ordinary least square method (OLSM), the least absolute deviation method (LADM) can more truly reflect the trend component of CPT parameters in the vertical direction, and the influence of other factors on SOF and COV is also studied, such as outliers and estimation functions of trend components. On this basis, a reasonable calculation process of SOF and COV is summarized, which provides a reference for the calculation of SOF and COV in vertical direction in the future. By comparing the SOF calculated by different models, the results show that the squared exponential (SQX) model has the highest SOF in 68.3% of the evaluation, and the single exponential (SNX) model has the lowest SOF in 64.4% of the evaluation. Moreover, we compared the SOF and COV of cone tip resistance (qc) and sleeve friction (fs), which showed that SOF of qc and COV of qc is lower than that of fs in 54.4 and 73.3% of all evaluations, respectively.","PeriodicalId":18147,"journal":{"name":"Lithosphere","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141358854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}