Pub Date : 2026-02-11DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119375
Paola A. Villanueva, Jorge M. Navarro, Sebastián Cook, Danae Paredes, Joseline Büchner-Miranda, Eduardo Ramírez-Kuschel, Ignacio Echeverría, Víctor M. Cubillos, Carlos Lara, Marcela Astorga
{"title":"Ocean warming (OW) and freshening influence metabolism and cellular damage in Loxechinus albus at the extremes of their Patagonian distribution","authors":"Paola A. Villanueva, Jorge M. Navarro, Sebastián Cook, Danae Paredes, Joseline Büchner-Miranda, Eduardo Ramírez-Kuschel, Ignacio Echeverría, Víctor M. Cubillos, Carlos Lara, Marcela Astorga","doi":"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119375","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18215,"journal":{"name":"Marine pollution bulletin","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146160584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-11DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119359
Álvaro Cubas, Daura Vega-Moreno, Miriam N. Déniz-Martín, Ana Molina-Rodríguez, Cristina León-Santiago, Javier Hernández-Borges, Francisco Machín, Eugenio Fraile-Nuez
{"title":"Fingerprinting and modelling of the Toconao pellet spill in the Iberian Atlantic","authors":"Álvaro Cubas, Daura Vega-Moreno, Miriam N. Déniz-Martín, Ana Molina-Rodríguez, Cristina León-Santiago, Javier Hernández-Borges, Francisco Machín, Eugenio Fraile-Nuez","doi":"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119359","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18215,"journal":{"name":"Marine pollution bulletin","volume":"98 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146160583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-11DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119395
Victor Vasques Ribeiro, Carlos Sanz-Lazaro, Ángel Chumo Yáñez, Thaiza Maria Avelino Soares, Caio César Achiles do Prado, Ítalo Braga Castro
{"title":"Oyster as sentinels of recent microplastic contamination: Insights from a transplant experiment","authors":"Victor Vasques Ribeiro, Carlos Sanz-Lazaro, Ángel Chumo Yáñez, Thaiza Maria Avelino Soares, Caio César Achiles do Prado, Ítalo Braga Castro","doi":"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119395","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18215,"journal":{"name":"Marine pollution bulletin","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146161095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-11DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119386
Ismail Mondal, Rupa Ghosh, Jatisankar Bandyopadhyay, Fahad Alshehri, Felix Jose, Mukhiddin Juliev
{"title":"Predicting coastal subsidence and sea-level scenarios in the Sundarbans Delta using InSAR and artificial intelligence for sustainable coastal management","authors":"Ismail Mondal, Rupa Ghosh, Jatisankar Bandyopadhyay, Fahad Alshehri, Felix Jose, Mukhiddin Juliev","doi":"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119386","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18215,"journal":{"name":"Marine pollution bulletin","volume":"317 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146153043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-10DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119376
Wenjia Sun, Yumei Li, Fanping Meng, Houlei Li, Wenlu Li
Accidental spill of C9 aromatics into the sea leads to adverse effects on the marine ecosystem. Two propylbenzenes, n-propylbenzene (n-PBZ) and isopropylbenzene (i-PBZ), are the main components in C9 aromatics. Thus, this study attempted to utilize microalga-microalga consortium (MMC) to eliminate PBZs' pollution in seawater. Among the 10 species of candidate microalgae, two species, diatom Chaetoceros calcitrans MZB-1 and Cryptophyta Rhinomonas reticulata S6A were selected because of their higher removal efficiencies for both PBZs (5 mg/L). When their total inoculation density was 5 × 105 cells/mL and the initial density ratio (MZB-1: S6A) was 1:2, the constructed MMC showed the highest removal efficiencies of 79.1% for n-PBZ and 47.1% for i-PBZ within seven days, which were significantly higher than that using the single species. When MMC was exposed to n-PBZ or i-PBZ ranging from 0.5 to 20 mg/L, alga MZB-1 generally grew faster than alga S6A. Degradation of n-PBZ and i-PBZ by MMC followed a first-order reaction model with the degradation rate constants of 0.10–0.37/d and 0.06–0.14/d, respectively. In the presence of n-PBZ or i-PBZ, seven and three intermediates were identified, respectively, revealing that each PBZ first underwent alkyl side chain oxidation to form aromatic alcohols, followed by conversion to aromatic acids. Compared with the single microalga, the main intermediates from PBZ degradation by MMC were more abundant, which accounted for the better removal of PBZs by the microalga-microalga combination. This work provides the first evidence that MMC enhances PBZs elimination and will contribute to the bioremediation of PBZ-contaminated seawater.
{"title":"Enhanced degradation of n-propylbenzene and isopropylbenzene in seawater through microalga-microalga consortium: Combination screening, inoculation ratio, kinetics, and degradation mechanisms","authors":"Wenjia Sun, Yumei Li, Fanping Meng, Houlei Li, Wenlu Li","doi":"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119376","url":null,"abstract":"Accidental spill of C9 aromatics into the sea leads to adverse effects on the marine ecosystem. Two propylbenzenes, n-propylbenzene (n-PBZ) and isopropylbenzene (i-PBZ), are the main components in C9 aromatics. Thus, this study attempted to utilize microalga-microalga consortium (MMC) to eliminate PBZs' pollution in seawater. Among the 10 species of candidate microalgae, two species, diatom <ce:italic>Chaetoceros calcitrans</ce:italic> MZB-1 and Cryptophyta <ce:italic>Rhinomonas reticulata</ce:italic> S6A were selected because of their higher removal efficiencies for both PBZs (5 mg/L). When their total inoculation density was 5 × 10<ce:sup loc=\"post\">5</ce:sup> cells/mL and the initial density ratio (MZB-1: S6A) was 1:2, the constructed MMC showed the highest removal efficiencies of 79.1% for n-PBZ and 47.1% for i-PBZ within seven days, which were significantly higher than that using the single species. When MMC was exposed to n-PBZ or i-PBZ ranging from 0.5 to 20 mg/L, alga MZB-1 generally grew faster than alga S6A. Degradation of n-PBZ and i-PBZ by MMC followed a first-order reaction model with the degradation rate constants of 0.10–0.37/d and 0.06–0.14/d, respectively. In the presence of n-PBZ or i-PBZ, seven and three intermediates were identified, respectively, revealing that each PBZ first underwent alkyl side chain oxidation to form aromatic alcohols, followed by conversion to aromatic acids. Compared with the single microalga, the main intermediates from PBZ degradation by MMC were more abundant, which accounted for the better removal of PBZs by the microalga-microalga combination. This work provides the first evidence that MMC enhances PBZs elimination and will contribute to the bioremediation of PBZ-contaminated seawater.","PeriodicalId":18215,"journal":{"name":"Marine pollution bulletin","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146146832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-10DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119374
Claudia Erhart, Jasmine Nahrgang, Derrick Kwame Odei, Marianne Frantzen, Lisbet Sørensen, Mari Egeness Creese, Velmurugu Puvanendran, Øyvind Johannes Hansen, Bjørn Henrik Hansen, James P. Meador, Fekadu Yadetie
Understanding the long-term biological consequences of crude oil exposure on marine fish is essential for the sustainability of ecologically and economically important species such as Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). While the direct effects of crude oil on early life stages are well documented, adult reproductive vulnerability and intergenerational consequences remain poorly understood, despite their pivotal role in spawning stock viability. Paternal contributions to next-generation outcomes are particularly underexplored. This study examined how parental exposure to a water-soluble fraction of crude oil affects transcriptomic profiles and survival outcomes in Atlantic cod offspring. Adult fish were exposed for 20 days prior to spawning, and offspring were produced by in vitro cross-fertilization to generate four groups: control (unexposed parents), maternally exposed, paternally exposed and biparentally exposed. Embryos were reared under control conditions, and transcriptome profiles were analyzed from fertilization to hatching, alongside assessments of cardiac function and morphology post-hatch. Offspring from exposed females failed to survive to hatching. Eggs were smaller, and transcriptomic data revealed severe downregulation of genes involved in early developmental processes. Chemical analyses confirmed maternal transfer of a diverse range of petroleum aromatic hydrocarbons to oocytes. Our findings point to disrupted oocyte provisioning, likely linked to endocrine and epigenetic disturbances during oocyte maturation. Paternal exposure had minimal effect on RNA expression, and morphology at hatching. However, reduced survival in early larval stages suggests sublethal effects emerging later, possibly through epigenetic mechanisms, a hypothesis requiring further investigation.
{"title":"Maternal and paternal crude oil exposure differentially shapes early developmental transcriptomes and survival outcomes in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)","authors":"Claudia Erhart, Jasmine Nahrgang, Derrick Kwame Odei, Marianne Frantzen, Lisbet Sørensen, Mari Egeness Creese, Velmurugu Puvanendran, Øyvind Johannes Hansen, Bjørn Henrik Hansen, James P. Meador, Fekadu Yadetie","doi":"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119374","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the long-term biological consequences of crude oil exposure on marine fish is essential for the sustainability of ecologically and economically important species such as Atlantic cod (<ce:italic>Gadus morhua</ce:italic>). While the direct effects of crude oil on early life stages are well documented, adult reproductive vulnerability and intergenerational consequences remain poorly understood, despite their pivotal role in spawning stock viability. Paternal contributions to next-generation outcomes are particularly underexplored. This study examined how parental exposure to a water-soluble fraction of crude oil affects transcriptomic profiles and survival outcomes in Atlantic cod offspring. Adult fish were exposed for 20 days prior to spawning, and offspring were produced by <ce:italic>in vitro</ce:italic> cross-fertilization to generate four groups: control (unexposed parents), maternally exposed, paternally exposed and biparentally exposed. Embryos were reared under control conditions, and transcriptome profiles were analyzed from fertilization to hatching, alongside assessments of cardiac function and morphology post-hatch. Offspring from exposed females failed to survive to hatching. Eggs were smaller, and transcriptomic data revealed severe downregulation of genes involved in early developmental processes. Chemical analyses confirmed maternal transfer of a diverse range of petroleum aromatic hydrocarbons to oocytes. Our findings point to disrupted oocyte provisioning, likely linked to endocrine and epigenetic disturbances during oocyte maturation. Paternal exposure had minimal effect on RNA expression, and morphology at hatching. However, reduced survival in early larval stages suggests sublethal effects emerging later, possibly through epigenetic mechanisms, a hypothesis requiring further investigation.","PeriodicalId":18215,"journal":{"name":"Marine pollution bulletin","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146146820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-10DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119400
Yongrui Pi, Fei Wang, Ke Sun, Xin Chen, Bin Li, Tao Jiang
Coastal ecosystems are increasingly threatened by the synergistic pressures of intensive aquaculture and fluctuating terrestrial runoff, yet the mechanisms by which these drivers shape foundational benthic and pelagic algae remain poorly understood. To address this gap, this study systematically investigates the spatiotemporal dynamics of benthic and pelagic algae in Sungo Bay by integrating pigment fingerprinting with high-throughput sequencing. Results indicate that mariculture type is a primary determinant of community structure. Dinophyceae dominated coastal and kelp cultivation zones, while Trebouxiophyceae and Ulvophyceae prevailed in the oyster cultivation zone. Seasonal terrestrial fluxes further modulated these patterns, creating a pronounced winter-summer dichotomy. During winter, intensified oyster filtration and biodeposition, coupled with terrestrial inputs, elevated sedimentary total organic carbon/total nitrogen (TOC/TN) ratios (6.83–30). These elevated ratios correlated with enhanced photosynthetic pigment concentrations, increased sequencing reads, and higher operational taxonomic unit (OTU) richness, coinciding with the dominance of Trebouxiophyceae and Ulvophyceae. In summer, reduced oyster filtration shifted TOC/TN regulation to terrestrial inputs, driving a successional transition to Trebouxiophyceae dominance. This work elucidates the dual regulatory roles of aquaculture practices and seasonal terrestrial fluxes, providing critical insights for managing benthic-pelagic coupling and ecosystem function in anthropogenically influenced coastal zones.
{"title":"Metabarcoding analysis of eukaryotic microalgae communities in the surface sediments of an integrated multi-trophic aquaculture zone","authors":"Yongrui Pi, Fei Wang, Ke Sun, Xin Chen, Bin Li, Tao Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119400","url":null,"abstract":"Coastal ecosystems are increasingly threatened by the synergistic pressures of intensive aquaculture and fluctuating terrestrial runoff, yet the mechanisms by which these drivers shape foundational benthic and pelagic algae remain poorly understood. To address this gap, this study systematically investigates the spatiotemporal dynamics of benthic and pelagic algae in Sungo Bay by integrating pigment fingerprinting with high-throughput sequencing. Results indicate that mariculture type is a primary determinant of community structure. Dinophyceae dominated coastal and kelp cultivation zones, while Trebouxiophyceae and Ulvophyceae prevailed in the oyster cultivation zone. Seasonal terrestrial fluxes further modulated these patterns, creating a pronounced winter-summer dichotomy. During winter, intensified oyster filtration and biodeposition, coupled with terrestrial inputs, elevated sedimentary total organic carbon/total nitrogen (TOC/TN) ratios (6.83–30). These elevated ratios correlated with enhanced photosynthetic pigment concentrations, increased sequencing reads, and higher operational taxonomic unit (OTU) richness, coinciding with the dominance of Trebouxiophyceae and Ulvophyceae. In summer, reduced oyster filtration shifted TOC/TN regulation to terrestrial inputs, driving a successional transition to Trebouxiophyceae dominance. This work elucidates the dual regulatory roles of aquaculture practices and seasonal terrestrial fluxes, providing critical insights for managing benthic-pelagic coupling and ecosystem function in anthropogenically influenced coastal zones.","PeriodicalId":18215,"journal":{"name":"Marine pollution bulletin","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146146819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-10DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119408
Asare Derrick, Bissih Fred, Yudong Zheng, Agyenim Godfred Boateng, Hongming Wang, Eric Biney, Samuel Azupio, Shuang Zhang
Iron (Fe) contamination in aquaculture environments threatens marine species, particularly Litopenaeus vannamei, with ferric chloride (FeCl3) from industrial uses being a major potential source. This study examines the acute toxicity of FeCl3 in juvenile shrimp through bioaccumulation, histopathology, oxidative stress biomarkers, immune gene expression, and microbiome alterations. Following the determination of the 96-h median-lethal concentration (LC50) of FeCl3 for L. vannamei as 1.194 mg/L, two exposure groups were established; FeC1 (1%) and FeC2 (10%) 96-h LC50 to model low and high sublethal toxicity levels. Bioaccumulation analysis revealed that Fe primarily concentrated in the hepatopancreas, with significantly higher concentrations in Fe-exposed groups compared to controls. Histological analysis showed dose-dependent hepatopancreatic damage, including cell degeneration, lumen collapse, and epithelial necrosis, especially in the FeC2 group. Oxidative stress biomarkers (ROS and MDA) were significantly elevated in Fe-treated groups, with a notable reduction in antioxidant enzyme activities (T-SOD, CAT), and immune parameters (PO, LZM) showed initial activation followed by significant decline. Gene expression analysis indicated transient upregulation of immune (Relish, Toll-2) and antioxidant (Nrf2, GPx, MnSOD) genes, but expression levels of ferritin and lysozyme were suppressed in Fe-exposed shrimp. Microbiome analysis revealed a significant shift towards opportunistic genera such as Enterococcus and Ruegeria in high-dose groups. Functional prediction based on KEGG-pathways indicated enrichment of pathways related to xenobiotic degradation and immune dysfunction, while energy metabolism and immune-related pathways were suppressed. These findings emphasize the significant impact of FeCl3 pollution on shrimp health, indicating the need for strict regulation of iron levels in aquaculture systems.
水产养殖环境中的铁（Fe）污染威胁着海洋物种，特别是凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannamei），工业用途的氯化铁（FeCl3）是一个主要的潜在来源。本研究通过生物积累、组织病理学、氧化应激生物标志物、免疫基因表达和微生物组改变来研究FeCl3对幼虾的急性毒性。测定了FeCl3对凡纳梅L.的96 h中致死浓度（LC50）为1.194 mg/L，建立2个暴露组；FeC1（1%）和FeC2 (10%) 96 h LC50模型低和高亚致死毒性水平。生物积累分析显示，铁主要集中在肝胰脏，铁暴露组的浓度明显高于对照组。组织学分析显示剂量依赖性肝胰腺损伤，包括细胞变性、管腔塌陷和上皮坏死，特别是在FeC2组。铁处理组氧化应激生物标志物（ROS和MDA）显著升高，抗氧化酶活性（T-SOD、CAT）显著降低，免疫参数（PO、LZM）呈现先激活后显著下降的趋势。基因表达分析表明，铁暴露对虾的免疫（津津乐道、Toll-2）和抗氧化（Nrf2、GPx、MnSOD）基因瞬间上调，而铁蛋白和溶菌酶的表达水平受到抑制。微生物组分析显示，在高剂量组中，向机会性属（如肠球菌和鲁氏菌）发生了重大转变。基于kegg通路的功能预测表明，与外源性降解和免疫功能障碍相关的通路富集，而能量代谢和免疫相关的通路被抑制。这些发现强调了FeCl3污染对对虾健康的重大影响，表明需要严格调节水产养殖系统中的铁水平。
{"title":"Toxicological responses of Litopenaeus vannamei to short-term ferric chloride exposure: implications for histopathology, oxidative stress, and intestinal microbiota","authors":"Asare Derrick, Bissih Fred, Yudong Zheng, Agyenim Godfred Boateng, Hongming Wang, Eric Biney, Samuel Azupio, Shuang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119408","url":null,"abstract":"Iron (Fe) contamination in aquaculture environments threatens marine species, particularly <ce:italic>Litopenaeus vannamei</ce:italic>, with ferric chloride (FeCl<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>) from industrial uses being a major potential source. This study examines the acute toxicity of FeCl<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf> in juvenile shrimp through bioaccumulation, histopathology, oxidative stress biomarkers, immune gene expression, and microbiome alterations. Following the determination of the 96-h median-lethal concentration (LC<ce:inf loc=\"post\">50</ce:inf>) of FeCl<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf> for <ce:italic>L. vannamei</ce:italic> as 1.194 mg/L, two exposure groups were established; FeC1 (1%) and FeC2 (10%) 96-h LC<ce:inf loc=\"post\">50</ce:inf> to model low and high sublethal toxicity levels. Bioaccumulation analysis revealed that Fe primarily concentrated in the hepatopancreas, with significantly higher concentrations in Fe-exposed groups compared to controls. Histological analysis showed dose-dependent hepatopancreatic damage, including cell degeneration, lumen collapse, and epithelial necrosis, especially in the FeC2 group. Oxidative stress biomarkers (ROS and MDA) were significantly elevated in Fe-treated groups, with a notable reduction in antioxidant enzyme activities (T-SOD, CAT), and immune parameters (PO, LZM) showed initial activation followed by significant decline. Gene expression analysis indicated transient upregulation of immune (<ce:italic>Relish</ce:italic>, <ce:italic>Toll-2</ce:italic>) and antioxidant (<ce:italic>Nrf2</ce:italic>, <ce:italic>GPx</ce:italic>, <ce:italic>MnSOD</ce:italic>) genes, but expression levels of <ce:italic>ferritin</ce:italic> and <ce:italic>lysozyme</ce:italic> were suppressed in Fe-exposed shrimp. Microbiome analysis revealed a significant shift towards opportunistic genera such as <ce:italic>Enterococcus</ce:italic> and <ce:italic>Ruegeria</ce:italic> in high-dose groups. Functional prediction based on KEGG-pathways indicated enrichment of pathways related to xenobiotic degradation and immune dysfunction, while energy metabolism and immune-related pathways were suppressed. These findings emphasize the significant impact of FeCl<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf> pollution on shrimp health, indicating the need for strict regulation of iron levels in aquaculture systems.","PeriodicalId":18215,"journal":{"name":"Marine pollution bulletin","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146146818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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