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An oceanic core complex and its associated weathered hydrothermal deposit on a ridge-transform intersection zone at 23°S, Southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge 南大西洋中脊 23°S 海脊-变形交汇区的大洋核心复合体及其相关风化热液沉积物
IF 2.6 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.margeo.2024.107360
Bing Li , Jixin Wang , Chuanshun Li , Sai Wang , Lei Fan , Jun Ye , Yuan Dang , Quanshu Yan , Xuefa Shi

Numerous investigations into the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge (the NMAR), a typical slow-spreading mid-ocean ridge, have revealed that NMAR is favorable for the development of long-lived detachment faults and the formation of oceanic core complexes (OCCs). OCCs are often conducive to the development of ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal deposits with significant resource potential. However, as a counterpart of the NMAR on the Southern Hemisphere, the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge (SMAR), also belonging to the class of slow-spreading ridges, has only received very limited investigation. This prompts the inquiry as to whether the SMAR, like the NMAR, can foster the development of OCC and associated hydrothermal deposit. To address this issue, we present the identification of an OCC (named as Kaifeng OCC) at the intersection of the SMAR and the Martin Vaz transform fault (∼23°S). This discovery is accompanied by evidence detailing a new detachment fault breakaway on an old detachment footwall. Collected samples reveal indications of hydrothermal activity, encompassing (1) residual sulfide containing chalcopyrite within honeycomb-like structures, (2) reddish-brown Fe oxides and atacamite, partially concretized by dolomite, and (3) a dark gray Mn-oxide crust. These mineralogical features indicate the presence of gossans, commonly iron oxide-dominated cover layers that envelope the outer surface of weathered seafloor sulfide deposits, which subsequently undergo modifications due to subsequent hydrothermal activities. Our work proves the existence of OCC and associated hydrothermal deposits at a ridge-transform intersection of the SMAR.

大西洋中脊北部(NMAR)是一个典型的缓慢扩张的大洋中脊,对该海脊的大量调查表明,NMAR 有利于长寿命剥离断层的发育和大洋核心复合体(OCCs)的形成。大洋核心复合体通常有利于开发具有巨大资源潜力的超基性热液矿床。然而,作为南半球 NMAR 的对应海脊,同样属于慢扩张海脊类别的南大西洋中脊(SMAR)只得到了非常有限的研究。这就促使人们去探究南大西洋中脊是否能像北大西洋中脊一样促进OCC及相关热液沉积的发展。为了解决这个问题,我们在 SMAR 与马丁-瓦斯转换断层(南纬 23°)的交汇处发现了一个 OCC(命名为开封 OCC)。这一发现还附有证据,详细说明了在旧的剥离岩脚壁上出现了新的剥离断层断裂。采集的样本显示了热液活动的迹象,包括:(1)蜂窝状结构中残留的含黄铜矿的硫化物;(2)红褐色的铁氧化物和金塔石,部分被白云石凝结;(3)深灰色的锰氧化物结壳。这些矿物学特征表明了格桑的存在,格桑通常是以氧化铁为主的覆盖层,它包裹着风化海底硫化物矿床的外表面,随后由于热液活动而发生变化。我们的工作证明了在 SMAR 的海脊-变形交汇处存在 OCC 和相关热液矿床。
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引用次数: 0
Morphology and evolution of submarine canyons around the Zhongsha Platform, South China Sea: Implications for sedimentary processes in a modern isolated carbonate setting 中国南海中沙平台周围海底峡谷的形态和演化:对现代孤立碳酸盐环境中沉积过程的影响
IF 2.6 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.margeo.2024.107362
Junjin Chen , Shiguo Wu , Qi Li , Chenglong Wei , Guowei Fu , Wanli Chen , Yongpeng Qin , Umair Khan , Songlin Wu

Recent high-resolution multibeam bathymetry and seismic data from the platform-top to the abyssal plain of the Zhongsha Platform allow for a detailed investigation of the morphologies, spatial distribution, and trigger mechanisms of submarine canyons, submarine landslides, and associated sedimentary features along modern isolated carbonate slopes. The newly observed Zhongsha Canyon System provides a natural laboratory for reconstructing the source-to-sink sedimentary processes in a pure carbonate setting. This study reveals that there are thirty-four submarine canyons at water depths between 300 and 4100 m on the northern and western slopes of the Zhongsha Platform. Two morphologically different submarine canyon types are identified: (1) dendritic canyons, which exhibit abundant tributaries with scallop-shaped failures at the canyon heads, and (2) linear canyons, which feature rare tributaries with elongated failures at the canyon heads. The dendritic canyons are more complex in morphology than the linear canyons as a result of the interaction among numerous tributaries. Canyon initiation and evolution pass through three phases: (1) initial stage: off-platform sediment transport and platform margin failures contribute to erosive gravity flows; (2) developmental stage: initiation and incision of submarine canyons along platform margin failures; and (3) mature stage: numerous mature canyons along the platform margin. Off-platform sediment transport, density cascading, gravity flows, monsoon currents, and deep circulation play an essential role in shaping the slope morphologies. In addition, submarine landslides are extensively observed along the entire slope of the Zhongsha Platform at water depths of 600 to 4200 m, including canyon-wall failures, slope landslides, canyon-front landslides, and slope-toe failures based on their location and genesis. These processes can steepen the platform slopes by upward retrogressive and downward progressive erosion. On a larger scale, the persistent submarine canyons and occurrence of landslides around the Zhongsha Platform contribute to the uniqueness of this landscape among modern carbonate slopes. The morphologies and evolutionary processes of Zhongsha Canyon System present significant differences from the global carbonate submarine canyons in terms of their dimensions and trigger mechanisms. The findings of this work provide novel insights into the morphological features and sedimentary processes of submarine canyons in modern isolated carbonate platform settings.

最新的高分辨率多波束测深数据和从中沙地台台顶到深海平原的地震数据,有助于详细研究海底峡谷、海底滑坡的形态、空间分布和触发机制,以及沿现代孤立碳酸盐岩斜坡的相关沉积特征。新观测到的中沙峡谷系统为重建纯碳酸盐环境中从源到汇的沉积过程提供了一个天然实验室。这项研究揭示了中沙地台北坡和西坡水深在 300 米至 4100 米之间的 34 个海底峡谷。确定了两种形态不同的海底峡谷类型:(1)树枝状峡谷,支流丰富,峡谷头有扇贝状断裂;(2)线状峡谷,支流稀少,峡谷头有细长的断裂。由于众多支流之间的相互作用,树枝状峡谷的形态比线状峡谷更为复杂。峡谷的形成和演化经历了三个阶段:(1)初始阶段:平台外沉积物运移和平台边缘塌陷造成侵蚀性重力流;(2)发展阶段:沿平台边缘塌陷形成海底峡谷和切口;(3)成熟阶段:沿平台边缘形成众多成熟峡谷。平台外沉积物运移、密度级联、重力流、季风流和深层环流对斜坡形态的形成起着至关重要的作用。此外,在水深 600 至 4200 米的中沙平台整个斜坡上广泛观测到海底滑坡,根据其位置和成因,包括峡谷壁崩塌、斜坡滑坡、峡谷前滑坡和坡脚崩塌。这些过程会通过向上逆冲和向下逐级侵蚀的方式使平台斜坡陡峭化。从更大的范围来看,中沙地台周围持续存在的海底峡谷和滑坡现象,造就了该地貌在现代碳酸盐岩斜坡中的独特性。中沙峡谷系统的形态和演化过程在尺寸和触发机制方面与全球碳酸盐岩海底峡谷存在显著差异。该研究成果为了解现代孤立碳酸盐岩平台背景下海底峡谷的形态特征和沉积过程提供了新的视角。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of typhoon on suspended sediment concentration, bed erosion and sediment transport in the Yangtze Estuary 台风对长江口悬浮泥沙浓度、河床侵蚀和泥沙输移的影响
IF 2.6 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.margeo.2024.107357
Huikun Yao , Xiaoqiang Liu , Maotian Li , Weihua Li , Yan Song , Zijie Tan , Wenyan Zhang , Dan Peng , Yan Liu , Jing Chen , Said A. Shetaia

Annually 5–6 typhoons strike the Yangtze Estuary (YE) as extreme events. However, their high energy and importance for sediment transportation and geomorphic changes are still not fully understood. In this study, high-resolution observations of wind, wave, flow velocity, and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) at two in-situ stations were carried out during the 2022 Hinnamnor typhoon. Additionally, we simulated the change in SSC, estuarine bed erosion/deposition, and flow and sediment transport with and without a typhoon in the YE using MIKE3 numerical model. The findings revealed that the Hinnamnor typhoon-induced waves increased the SSC of the turbidity maximum zone (TMZ) by a factor of 5.6 times (maximum is 2.8 kg/m3). The TMZ area also extended by 2.68 times (maximum is 7880km2, 70.4% of YE) in the YE. Moreover, the typhoon caused a dramatic change in sediment transport and bed erosion/deposition in the YE. First, in the delta front area where the mean water depth is >5 m, the typhoon significantly increased the southward flux of residual flow and sediment, causing sediment transport into Hangzhou Bay to abruptly increase 26.3 times (increase of 52 million tons, accounting for 1/3 of the present annual flux of the Yangtze River (150 million tons)) during a single spring-neap period. The net erosional area and volume extended to 6770km2 (60.4% of YE) and 91.18 × 106 m3. Second, in the delta shoals (where the mean water depth is <5 m, including east Chongming Shoal, Hengsha Shoal, Jiuduansha Shoal, and east-south Nanhui Shoal), residual flow and sediment flux decreased northward from the typhoon and resulted in the erosion of the shoal. Third, in channels with trumpet-shaped mouths (North Branch (NB), North Channel (NC) and South Passage (SP), except for North Passage (NP)), the upward flux of residual flow and sediment increased due to the typhoon, resulting in bed deposition in these channels (NB, NC and SP). This study highlights the important influence of typhoons on flow and sediment transport and bed erosion in estuarine areas.

每年有 5-6 个台风作为极端事件袭击长江口(YE)。然而,人们对台风的高能量以及台风对泥沙输移和地貌变化的重要性还没有充分认识。本研究在 2022 年肉桂台风期间,在两个原位站对风、波浪、流速和悬浮泥沙浓度(SSC)进行了高分辨率观测。此外,我们还利用 MIKE3 数值模型模拟了 YE 在有台风和无台风期间的悬浮泥沙浓度、河口海床侵蚀/沉积以及水流和泥沙输运的变化。研究结果表明,肉桂台风引起的海浪使浊度最大区(TMZ)的 SSC 增加了 5.6 倍(最大值为 2.8 kg/m3)。浊度最高区的面积也扩大了 2.68 倍(最大为 7880 平方公里,占 YE 的 70.4%)。此外,台风还导致 YE 中的泥沙运移和河床侵蚀/沉积发生了巨大变化。首先,在平均水深为 5 米的三角洲前沿地区,台风显著增加了余流和泥沙的南下流量,使进入杭州湾的泥沙运量在一个春夏之交突然增加了 26.3 倍(增加了 5200 万吨,占目前长江年运量(1.5 亿吨)的 1/3)。净侵蚀面积和侵蚀量分别达到 6770 平方公里(占长江流域的 60.4%)和 91.18 × 106 立方米。其次,在三角洲滩涂(平均水深为 5 m,包括东崇明滩、横沙滩、九段沙滩和东南南汇滩),台风过后残余流量和泥沙通量向北减少,导致滩涂被侵蚀。第三,在喇叭口航道(北支航道(NB)、北航道(NC)和南口航道(SP),北口航道(NP)除外)中,台风造成的残流和泥沙上升通量增加,导致这些航道(NB、NC 和 SP)的河床沉积。这项研究强调了台风对河口地区水流和泥沙输运以及河床侵蚀的重要影响。
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引用次数: 0
Internal sand bank seismic stratigraphy provides insight into paleo-barrier island preservation 内部沙堤地震地层学为古屏障岛的保存提供了启示
IF 2.6 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.margeo.2024.107359
Carson B. Miller , John A. Goff , Sean P.S. Gulick , Davin J. Wallace , Christopher M. Lowery

Barrier islands are rarely preserved on continental shelves following sea-level rise. Proxies like overwash deposits, tidal inlets, and wave ravinements identify the location of paleo-barrier islands through time. Barrier island remnants are potential sand resources for beach nourishment to combat shoreline erosion from increasing rates of sea-level rise. Additionally, understanding the conditions that lead to barrier island drowning can be used to advise coastal policy makers. This study aims to identify barrier island signatures and deposits to understand the coastal processes that maximize preservation of paleo-barrier island remnants. We employed high resolution chirp sub-bottom data coupled with legacy sediment cores collected over Heald and Sabine Banks, on the east Texas shelf, which have been identified as possible preserved barrier island associated facies. Heald Bank exhibits a predominantly homogenous, low-amplitude facies with few low-amplitude internal horizons overlying the transgressive ravinement, whereas Sabine Bank consists of high-amplitude, landward-dipping reflectors beneath this surface, likely indicative of preserved subaqueous overwash deposits. This stratigraphy suggests Sabine Bank includes barrier island associated facies, whereas Heald Bank is mostly a marine sand bank. The overwash unit of Sabine Bank displays landward-thinning and landward-dipping deposits with reflections increasing in amplitude and displaying lower slopes to the NW. We hypothesize that higher slopes to the SE indicate proximity to the former barrier island. The Sabine River paleo-valley is mostly filled with estuarine sediment, leaving only ∼4 m of antecedent accommodation in a limited area of the NE portion of the paleo-valley. The low shelf gradient, which increases accommodation, and initially high sediment supply that decreased during the drowning of Sabine Bank are the major factors controlling partial preservation of the subaqueous portion of the paleo-barrier island.

海平面上升后,大陆架上很少保留屏障岛。冲刷沉积物、潮汐入海口和波浪冲积物等代用资料可以确定古屏障岛的位置。壁垒岛遗迹是潜在的海沙资源,可用于滋养海滩,以应对海平面上升导致的海岸线侵蚀。此外,了解导致屏障岛溺水的条件还可以为沿海决策者提供建议。这项研究旨在识别屏障岛的特征和沉积物,以了解最大限度地保存古屏障岛遗迹的沿岸过程。我们采用了高分辨率啁啾底层数据,以及在得克萨斯州东部大陆架 Heald Bank 和 Sabine Banks 采集的遗留沉积物岩芯,这些沉积物被确定为可能保存下来的屏障岛相关岩层。希尔德浅滩主要呈现出同质、低振幅的地层,很少有低振幅的内部地层覆盖在横向沟壑上,而萨宾湾浅滩则由高振幅、向陆地倾斜的反射体组成,很可能是保留下来的水下冲刷沉积物。这种地层学表明,萨宾河岸包括与屏障岛相关的地层,而希尔德河岸则主要是海洋沙岸。Sabine Bank 的冲刷单元显示了向陆地稀疏和向陆地倾斜的沉积物,反射振幅增大,并向西北方向显示了较低的斜坡。我们推测,向东南方倾斜的坡度较高,表明靠近前屏障岛。萨宾河古河谷大部分被河口沉积物填满,只在古河谷东北部的有限区域内留下了 4 米左右的前生容积。陆架坡度低,增加了容积,最初沉积物供应量大,但在萨宾河岸淹没过程中沉积物供应量减少,这些都是控制古屏障岛水下部分部分保存的主要因素。
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引用次数: 0
Depositional control on the fate of reactive iron in shelf sediments since the last deglaciation: A case study of the East China Sea 末次冰期以来陆架沉积物中活性铁命运的沉积控制:东海案例研究
IF 2.6 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.margeo.2024.107358
Fanxing Kong , Xiting Liu , Anchun Li , Jiang Dong , Houjie Wang , Guangchao Zhuang , Zihu Zhang , Chao Li

The East China Sea (ECS) is located between the Eurasian continent and the Pacific Ocean with a wide continental shelf, which acts as a potential source of reactive iron in the Western Pacific. However, the source and fate of reactive iron in continental shelf sediments of the ECS remain poorly constrained. Here, we examined the influence of the depositional environment on the fate of reactive iron on the continental shelf of the ECS since the last deglaciation. The contents of redox-sensitive elements (U and Mo) indicate that the sediments in the ECS inner shelf have primarily deposited in oxic and suboxic environments since 18.5 ka. The ratio of reactive iron to total iron (FeHR/FeT) ranges from 0.24 to 0.41, and the ratio of total iron to aluminum (FeT/Al) is approximately 0.55 ± 0.11. These ratios suggest that the majority of reactive iron is derived from fine-grained terrestrial sediments discharged by the Changjiang River. The contents of Fepy and Fecarb exhibit opposite trends with depth in the core, indicating competition between carbonate (bicarbonate) ions and sulfide ions for ferrous ions. This competition is primarily controlled by the depositional environment and redox state since 18.5 ka. The Fecarb is the dominant iron speciation throughout the core sediments, but its abundance declined since 13.2 ka when the ECS inner shelf was influenced by seawater transgression due to deglacial sea-level rise. The Fepy content reached its maximum when the ECS inner shelf was fully flooded. Our study highlights the depositional control on the source-sink processes of reactive iron, providing new insights into the fate of reactive iron on continental shelves in response to environmental evolution.

中国东海(ECS)位于欧亚大陆和太平洋之间,大陆架宽阔,是西太平洋活性铁的潜在来源。然而,对东海大陆架沉积物中活性铁的来源和归宿仍缺乏深入研究。在此,我们研究了自上一次脱冰期以来沉积环境对 ECS 大陆架活性铁归宿的影响。氧化还原敏感元素(铀和钼)的含量表明,自18.5 ka年以来,ECS内大陆架的沉积物主要沉积在缺氧和亚缺氧环境中。活性铁与总铁的比率(FeHR/FeT)在 0.24 至 0.41 之间,总铁与铝的比率(FeT/Al)约为 0.55 ± 0.11。这些比率表明,大部分活性铁来自长江排放的细粒陆相沉积物。Fepy和Fecarb的含量随着岩芯深度的增加呈现相反的趋势,表明碳酸盐(碳酸氢盐)离子和硫化物离子之间对亚铁离子的竞争。这种竞争主要受 18.5 ka 以来的沉积环境和氧化还原状态的控制。在整个岩芯沉积物中,Fecarb 是最主要的铁离子,但自 13.2 ka 年以来,由于冰期海平面上升,ECS 内大陆架受到海水倒灌的影响,Fecarb 的含量有所下降。当 ECS 内大陆架被完全淹没时,Fepy 含量达到最大值。我们的研究强调了沉积对活性铁源-汇过程的控制,为了解活性铁在大陆架上随环境演变的命运提供了新的视角。
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引用次数: 0
Formation and hydrothermal alteration of a volcanic center: Melt pooling and mass transfers at Langseth Ridge (Gakkel Ridge, Arctic Ocean) 火山中心的形成和热液蚀变:兰塞斯海脊(北冰洋加克尔海脊)的熔体汇集和质量转移
IF 2.6 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.margeo.2024.107347
Elmar Albers , Nele Behrendt , Alexander Diehl , Felix Genske , Patrick Monien , Simone A. Kasemann , Autun Purser , Antje Boetius , Wolfgang Bach

Volcanic centers are characteristic features of ultraslow-spreading mid-ocean ridges, the least-explored parts of the global ridge system. Volcanic centers can provide insights into deep magmatic and metamorphic processes at these ridges. Here, we present data from the largest volcanic center on the Gakkel Ridge, the Langseth Ridge, situated at 60–62°E. Langseth is ∼10 km wide, consisting of three peaks that rise to 585 m water depth, some 3–4 km above the surrounding seafloor. It strikes perpendicular to Gakkel's spreading direction and can be traced for ∼40 km, which translates to an age of ∼8 Myr. Seafloor imaging revealed abundant (pillow) basalt but also fissures and geologic faults across the Langseth Ridge. Basaltic rocks were sampled at all summits and diabase at the slope of the northern summit that dips into the rift valley.

Our samples are of normal to depleted mid-ocean ridge basalt composition and exhibit a wide range of major and trace element contents, due to magmatic processes, accumulation of macrocrysts, and hydrothermal alteration. Radiogenic isotope ratios, most notably 143Nd/144Nd and 208Pb/206Pb, trend from typical rift valley compositions to isotopically enriched values with increasing distance to the rift valley. This trend may imply melt pooling from different sources, potentially representing a shift from shallow melting beneath the rift valley to deeper melting of enriched sources and higher degrees of melting underneath Langseth. Mineral compositions and plagioclase sieve textures imply prolonged storage of magma at depth prior to eruption. Hydrothermal alteration occurred over a range of conditions. Basalt from the summits is weakly altered at temperatures ≪100 °C, which likely occurred in situ at the summit sites. Diabase samples experienced chloritization and albitization and display epidote and quartz veins, which formed at >300 °C. These assemblages and temperatures are typical for lower crustal levels and imply uplift of the samples of >1 km. Diabase samples from the Afanasenkov Seamount, another volcanic center on the Gakkel Ridge that we investigated for comparison, were altered under comparable conditions.

Our findings suggest a combined volcanic–tectonic origin of the studied volcanic centers, potentially implying that such complexes may generally form due to the interplay of magmatism and tectonics. Researching volcanic centers has the potential to further our understanding of both deep and shallow crustal processes at ultraslow-spreading ridges, providing further insights into the role of these centers as linkages between lithosphere and hydrosphere and the (deep) biosphere they sustain.

火山中心是超低展布洋中脊的特征,也是全球海脊系统中开发最少的部分。火山中心可以让人们了解这些海脊的深层岩浆和变质过程。在此,我们展示了位于东经 60-62° 的加克尔海脊上最大的火山中心 Langseth 海脊的数据。Langseth 海脊宽 10 千米,由三座海峰组成,海拔 585 米,高出周围海底约 3-4 千米。它垂直于 Gakkel 的扩张方向,可追溯 40 千米,这意味着它的年龄为 8 百万年。海底成像显示了大量的(枕状)玄武岩,同时也显示了贯穿朗塞斯海脊的裂缝和地质断层。我们的样本是正常至贫化的中洋脊玄武岩成分,由于岩浆过程、巨晶体堆积和热液蚀变作用,主要元素和痕量元素含量范围很广。放射性同位素比率,尤其是 143Nd/144Nd 和 208Pb/206Pb 比率,随着与裂谷距离的增加,呈从典型裂谷成分到同位素富集值的趋势。这种趋势可能意味着来自不同来源的熔体汇集,可能代表了从裂谷下的浅层熔化到富集源的深层熔化以及兰塞斯下的更高程度熔化的转变。矿物成分和斜长石筛网纹理意味着岩浆在喷发前在深部长期贮存。热液蚀变发生在一系列条件下。来自山顶的玄武岩在温度≪100 °C时发生了微弱的蚀变,这很可能是在山顶的原位发生的。辉绿岩样本经历了绿化和白化,并显示出在 >300 °C 温度下形成的表土和石英脉。这些组合和温度是低地壳层的典型特征,意味着样本隆升了 1 千米。我们的研究结果表明,所研究的火山中心起源于火山和构造作用的结合,这可能意味着此类复合体一般可能是由于岩浆作用和构造作用的相互作用而形成的。对火山中心的研究有可能进一步加深我们对超低展布海脊深层和浅层地壳过程的理解,从而进一步了解这些中心作为岩石圈和水圈之间的纽带以及它们所维持的(深层)生物圈的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Foraminiferal analysis of Holocene sea-level rise within the Trinity River Incised Paleo-Valley, Offshore Galveston Bay, Texas 对得克萨斯州加尔维斯顿湾近海特尼狄河古河谷内全新世海平面上升的有孔虫分析
IF 2.6 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.margeo.2024.107345
P. Standring , C.M. Lowery , J. Burstein , J. Swartz , J.A. Goff , S.P.S. Gulick , C.B. Miller

Regional variability of global sea-level rise remains an important area of study given the vulnerability of sediment-starved coastlines to coastal inundation, especially those in proximity to large population centers. Galveston Bay, Texas, is currently experiencing more than double the global rate of sea-level rise and is particularly vulnerable to storm inundation that will further destabilize the coastline. Limitations in instrumental observations necessitate the use of the geologic record preserved offshore modern Galveston Bay to understand how this particular coastline responds to periods of rapid sea-level rise. We present micropaleontological analysis of sediment cores combined with high-resolution seismic data to reconstruct the Holocene paleoestuary offshore Galveston Bay and its evolution since initial inundation ∼10 ka through marine transgression ∼6 ka. We find that despite rapid sea-level rise, the Galveston paleoestuary maintained relatively stable outer boundaries, and within the bay environmental shifts occurred as a result of probable marine incursions due to tidal inlet migrations. Paleoenvironmental changes in the early Holocene coincide with flooding events within other Texas Gulf Coast bays suggesting global sea-level rise played a prominent role. Middle to late Holocene changes occurred when rates of sea-level rise slowed, suggesting regional hydroclimate change played a more dominant role.

全球海平面上升的区域变异性仍然是一个重要的研究领域,因为沉积物匮乏的海岸线很 容易被沿海洪水淹没,特别是那些靠近大型人口中心的海岸线。得克萨斯州加尔维斯顿湾目前的海平面上升速度是全球上升速度的两倍多,特别容易被风暴淹没,从而进一步破坏海岸线的稳定。由于仪器观测的局限性,有必要利用现代加尔维斯顿湾近海保存的地质记录来了解这条特殊的海岸线是如何应对海平面快速上升时期的。我们结合高分辨率地震数据,对沉积物岩芯进行了微古生物学分析,重建了加尔维斯顿湾近海全新世古河口及其自 10 ka ka 初期淹没至 6 ka 海洋侵蚀的演变过程。我们发现,尽管海平面迅速上升,但加尔维斯顿古河口仍保持着相对稳定的外部边界,而海湾内部的环境变化则可能是潮汐入口迁移造成的海洋入侵的结果。全新世早期的古环境变化与得克萨斯州海湾沿岸其他海湾的洪水事件相吻合,这表明全球海平面上升起到了重要作用。全新世中期到晚期的变化发生在海平面上升速度放缓之时,这表明区域水文气候的变化发挥了更主要的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Modern sedimentation and sediment budget in the South China Sea and their comparisons with the eastern China seas 南海现代沉积和沉积预算及其与中国东部海域的比较
IF 2.6 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.margeo.2024.107348
Jie Sheng , Shuqing Qiao , Xuefa Shi , Jianguo Liu , Yanguang Liu , Shengfa Liu , Kunshan Wang , Che Abd Rahim Mohamed , Somkiat Khokiattiwong , Narumol Kornkanitnan

Sedimentation rates and sediment budgets are important agents to understand the source-to-sink dynamics in marginal seas. As a classical representative of mega-river dominated marginal seas globally, the South China Sea (SCS) receives huge amounts of fluvial input from mega rivers covering different climate zones. Despite its well-documented prevalence, quantifying the spatial distribution of sedimentation rate and sediment budget over the entire SCS remains a challenge due to limited data availability. In this study, we employed a comprehensive approach to quantify the modern sedimentation rates and sediment budget in the SCS. This approach combined 210Pb measurements from 409 cores, AMS14C data from 112 cores, and 33 sediment trap observations. Our results show that higher sedimentation rates >0.3 cm/a mainly occur in deltas, shelf mud areas, and upper continental slope that connects the submarine canyon. In the subaqueous Mekong Delta, for example, the sedimentation rates can exceed 10 cm/a. In contrast, there is no substantial modern sedimentation in sandy and gravelly areas of the shelf due to strong erosion by a combination of waves, tides and ocean currents. We further compare these results with the eastern China seas including the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea. A similar spatial distribution of sedimentation rates can be observed in the continental shelf of the eastern China seas. The Holocene sedimentation rates in the deep-water regions of the SCS are generally <100 cm/ka. The basin floor experiences the slowest accumulation, with rates below 3 cm/ka. In contrast, sedimentation rates on the eastern island slopes range from 3 to 8 cm/ka, while the northern, western, and southern continental slopes accumulate sediment most rapidly, exceeding 25 cm/ka. Approximately 1191.1 × 106 t of fine-grained sediment is deposited annually in the continental mud areas of the SCS, with a comparable amount of 1185.4 × 106 t/a deposited on the continental shelf of the eastern China seas. The continental slope accumulates sediment at a significantly higher rate (∼161.0–239.4 × 106 t/a) compared to the deep-water basin (∼16.5–20.1 × 106 t/a) in the SCS. Most of the modern sediments (>98%) are deposited on the continental shelf and slope. In the SCS, fluvial inputs dominates modern sediment sources, contributing over 80% of the total. Coastal/seabed erosion and biogenic deposition account for approximately ∼18%, with eolian dust contributing less than <2%. The findings presented here are critical for elucidating the sources, transport pathways, and deposition patterns of modern sediments in marginal seas.

沉积速率和沉积物预算是了解边缘海从源到汇动态的重要因素。作为全球以巨型河流为主的边缘海的典型代表,中国南海(SCS)接受了来自不同气候带的巨型河流的大量河流输入。尽管其普遍性已得到充分证实,但由于可用数据有限,量化整个南中国海沉积速率和沉积预算的空间分布仍是一项挑战。在这项研究中,我们采用了一种综合方法来量化南中国海的现代沉积速率和沉积预算。该方法综合了 409 个岩心的 210Pb 测量数据、112 个岩心的 AMS14C 数据和 33 个沉积物捕集器的观测数据。我们的结果表明,较高的沉积速率>0.3 cm/a主要出现在三角洲、陆架泥区和连接海底峡谷的大陆坡上部。例如,在水下的湄公河三角洲,沉积速率可超过 10 cm/a。相比之下,由于海浪、潮汐和洋流的强烈侵蚀,陆架的沙质和砾质区域没有大量的现代沉积。我们进一步将这些结果与中国东部海域(包括渤海、黄海和东海)进行了比较。在中国东部海域的大陆架上可以观察到类似的沉积速率空间分布。南中国海深水区全新世沉积速率一般为 100 cm/ka。盆地底层的沉积速度最慢,低于 3 cm/ka。相比之下,东部岛坡的沉积速率为 3 至 8 cm/ka,而北部、西部和南部大陆坡的沉积速度最快,超过 25 cm/ka。每年约有 1191.1×106 吨细粒沉积物沉积在南中国海的大陆泥区,与之相当的是 1185.4×106 吨/年的沉积物沉积在中国东部海域的大陆架上。与深水海盆(16.5-20.1×106 t/a)相比,大陆坡的沉积速率明显更高(161.0-239.4×106 t/a)。大部分现代沉积物(98%)沉积在大陆架和斜坡上。在南中国海,河流输入是现代沉积物的主要来源,占总量的 80% 以上。海岸/海床侵蚀和生物沉积约占18%,原生尘埃占不到2%。本文的研究结果对于阐明边缘海现代沉积物的来源、迁移路径和沉积模式至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Depositional model of the Holocene coquinas - Albardão platform, southern Brazil 全新世科基纳斯沉积模型--巴西南部阿尔巴当平台
IF 2.6 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-06-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.margeo.2024.107346
Paul Michael Nii Anang Okoe , Elírio Ernestino Toldo Júnior , Cristiano Fick , Eduardo Puhl , Maria Luiza Correa da Camara Rosa , José Carlos Rodrigues Nunes , Francisco Eduardo G. Cruz , Vinicius Carbone B. de Oliveira

For the past decade, giant deepwater oil discoveries in the pre-salt section of the Campos and Santos basins of Brazil, have brought significant attention to offshore exploration activities along the South Atlantic margins. The prolific Cretaceous coquina deposits in these basins are part of the pre-salt rock record and constitute an effective but complex and heterogeneous hydrocarbon reservoir difficult to predict and model. Parting from this context, an evaluation of the sedimentological, structural and taphonomic criteria for coquinas are essential to better understand and predict the facies distribution and depositional models of the pre-salt coquinas strata. Based on this premise, the present work aims to genetically interpret 133 mixed carbonate-siliciclastic bottom sediments of the Albardão shelf – a modern marine coquina analogue, using facies description, investigating the relationship with hydrodynamic forces, and accessing the influence of morphology and structural framework on their deposition. From these analyses, we recognized a hybrid facies, three modern carbonate facies in analogy to the carbonate rock classification and four siliciclastic facies. These eight facies were then grouped into three facies associations representing high, moderate, and low energy facies. The high energy facies association comprises rudstones (Rf) and grainstones (Gf) with highly fragmented bivalve shells and barnacles abundantly present in the beach system, above the fair-weather wave base limit (FWWB). These facies also occur offshore on bathymetric highs above the storm wave base limit (SWB) but display less reworking than the coastal high energy facies above the FWWB due to wave shoaling. The moderate energy facies association consists of hybrid sand (Hs), sand (S) and muddy sand (mS) occurring between the FWWB and SWB limits in the offshore transition zone with extensive winnowing action and low rate of reworking. The low energy facies association includes sandy mud (sM), mud (M) and micritic mud (Mc), characterized by the decantation of the fine sediments below the offshore SWB limit. The results confirm a bottom facies distribution controlled by depth, shelf profile morphology and energy from incident waves. The fragmented rudstone and fragmented grainstone facies are the best-recognized reservoirs with both having high porosity and high permeability.

过去十年来,巴西坎波斯盆地和桑托斯盆地前盐段的巨大深水石油发现,使南大西洋边缘的近海勘探活动备受关注。这些盆地多产的白垩纪椰壳岩矿床是前盐岩记录的一部分,构成了一个有效但复杂的异质油气藏,难以预测和建模。因此,为了更好地了解和预测前盐层铜绿岩地层的岩相分布和沉积模型,必须对铜绿岩的沉积学、构造学和岩石学标准进行评估。在此前提下,本研究旨在通过面相描述对阿尔巴当大陆架的 133 个碳酸盐-硅质混合底层沉积物--现代海洋科基纳的类似物--进行基因解释,研究其与水动力的关系,并了解形态和结构框架对其沉积的影响。通过这些分析,我们确认了一个混合岩相、三个与碳酸盐岩分类类似的现代碳酸盐岩岩相和四个硅质岩相。然后将这八个岩相分为三个岩相组合,分别代表高能岩相、中能岩相和低能岩相。高能地貌群包括泥岩(Rf)和谷物岩(Gf),在海滩系统中大量存在高度破碎的双壳贝类和藤壶,高于全天候波浪基线(FWWB)。这些岩层也出现在风暴潮基底界限(SWB)以上的近海测深高地,但由于波浪的阻挡,其再加工程度低于 FWWB 以上的沿岸高能岩层。中等能量面群包括混合砂 (Hs)、砂 (S) 和泥砂 (mS),出现在近海过渡带的 FWWB 和 SWB 限制之间,具有广泛的绞吸作用,再加工率低。低能量面系包括砂泥(sM)、泥(M)和微砂泥(Mc),其特征是细沉积物在近海西南断面界限以下倾析。研究结果证实,海底岩相分布受深度、陆棚剖面形态和入射波能量的控制。碎屑裸岩和碎屑粒岩是公认的最佳储层,两者都具有高孔隙度和高渗透率。
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引用次数: 0
Magmatism along the Nansha Trough on the southern continental margin of the South China Sea: Recent evidence from along-strike seismic profile 中国南海南部大陆边缘南沙海槽岩浆活动:沿走向地震剖面的最新证据
IF 2.6 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-06-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.margeo.2024.107344
Chufeng Guo , Yong Tang , Yinxia Fang , Chunyang Wang , Xiaodong Wei , He Li , Peng Chao , Tianyi Yang , Zhibin Song , Jianye Ren , Jiabiao Li

The Nansha Trough (NT) is part of the southern continental margin boundary of the South China Sea (SCS). It has undergone complex tectonic superposition and evolutionary processes involving the subduction demise of the Proto-SCS and subsequent spreading of the SCS. This study provides the first systematic identification and analysis of igneous bodies and seamounts along the NT, based on a multi-channel seismic profile (NDL1) recently acquired along it. The seamounts within the trough are of magmatic origin and the carbonate build-ups observed at the summits of some seamounts exhibit a substantial thickness. Igneous bodies within the trough are consistently associated with high P-wave anomalies. Furthermore, at the eastern and western sides, there are distinct gravity-magnetic-anomaly patterns. On the eastern side, Yinqing Seamount, Nanle Hill and volcanic mounds show high gravity and strong negative magnetic anomalies. In contrast, on the western side, Jinghong Seamount, Yangshu Hill and intrusive bodies show less pronounced magnetic anomalies. This difference may be related to differences in magmatic periods. Unlike the extensive post-spreading magmatism in the SCS's northern margin and deep basin, the most widespread magmatic activity in the NT occurred at ca. 16 Ma before decreasing during the Miocene. This decrease may be closely related to subduction cessation in the Proto-SCS and the collision between the Nansha Block and Borneo. The identification and analysis of NT igneous bodies and their evolutionary processes help delineate the southern boundary of magmatism at the SCS margin. They also provide crucial information for constraining the magmatic processes of Proto-SCS subduction termination and SCS spreading evolution.

南沙海槽(NT)是中国南海(SCS)南部大陆边边界的一部分。它经历了复杂的构造叠加和演化过程,包括原南中国海的俯冲消亡和随后南中国海的扩张。本研究根据最近获得的沿北部湾多道地震剖面(NDL1),首次对北部湾沿岸的火成岩体和海山进行了系统识别和分析。海槽内的海山源于岩浆,在一些海山山顶观测到的碳酸盐堆积厚度很大。海槽内的火成岩体始终与高 P 波异常有关。此外,在东西两侧,重力-磁异常模式截然不同。在东侧,银清海山、南乐山和火山丘呈现高重力和强负磁异常。相比之下,西侧的景洪海山、羊蹄山和侵入体的磁异常不明显。这种差异可能与岩浆期的不同有关。与南中国海北缘和深海盆地广泛的扩张后岩浆活动不同,北部最广泛的岩浆活动发生在约16Ma,然后在中生代逐渐减少。16Ma,然后在中新世逐渐减少。这种活动的减少可能与原南中国海俯冲停止以及南沙区块与婆罗洲的碰撞密切相关。对NT火成岩体及其演化过程的识别和分析有助于划定南中国海边缘岩浆活动的南部边界。它们还为制约原南中国海俯冲终止和南中国海扩张演化的岩浆过程提供了重要信息。
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Marine Geology
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