Background: Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) gene polymorphisms between ethnic groups have been shown to play a role in the heterogeneity of response to SARS-CoV-2, in terms of COVID-19 disease severity and susceptibility, in addition to socioeconomic factors. It was predicted that this finding may extend to vaccine responsiveness. Purpose: To the best of our knowledge, this study was the first that aimed to predict and evaluate the effectiveness of four COVID-19 vaccines across North American ethnic groups, in terms of their ability to trigger CD4+ T cell help, based on class II HLA allele frequencies. Methods: Various databases including the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) were used in this computational approach. The number of peptide-HLA high-affinity pairs between the most common HLA II haplotypes and SARS-CoV-2 peptides in various vaccine types were retrieved and compared between ethnicities. From this, the efficiency of antigen presentation to CD4+ T cells was evaluated, a crucial component in the context of vaccination for cellular immunity and support in antibody generation. Results: Multiple discrepancies in vaccine effectiveness for ethnic minorities relative to the Caucasian group, overrepresented in vaccine clinical trials, were highlighted. Recommendations were issued in terms of which vaccine types could be most effective for particular ethnicities. Conclusion: There exists a genetic basis for differential responses to vaccines among ethnic groups in North America. However, given the multifactorial nature of vaccine responsiveness and limitations of computational methods, this study offers future research directions to undertake before the findings can be transferred to clinical and public health settings.
{"title":"SARS-CoV-2 Epitope Presentation by Class II HLA Genotypes Common in North American Populations: A Proposed Computational Approach for Vaccine Efficacy Evaluation","authors":"Laura Leclair, C. Polychronakos","doi":"10.26443/mjm.v21i1.907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26443/mjm.v21i1.907","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) gene polymorphisms between ethnic groups have been shown to play a role in the heterogeneity of response to SARS-CoV-2, in terms of COVID-19 disease severity and susceptibility, in addition to socioeconomic factors. It was predicted that this finding may extend to vaccine responsiveness.\u0000Purpose: To the best of our knowledge, this study was the first that aimed to predict and evaluate the effectiveness of four COVID-19 vaccines across North American ethnic groups, in terms of their ability to trigger CD4+ T cell help, based on class II HLA allele frequencies.\u0000Methods: Various databases including the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) were used in this computational approach. The number of peptide-HLA high-affinity pairs between the most common HLA II haplotypes and SARS-CoV-2 peptides in various vaccine types were retrieved and compared between ethnicities. From this, the efficiency of antigen presentation to CD4+ T cells was evaluated, a crucial component in the context of vaccination for cellular immunity and support in antibody generation.\u0000Results: Multiple discrepancies in vaccine effectiveness for ethnic minorities relative to the Caucasian group, overrepresented in vaccine clinical trials, were highlighted. Recommendations were issued in terms of which vaccine types could be most effective for particular ethnicities.\u0000Conclusion: There exists a genetic basis for differential responses to vaccines among ethnic groups in North America. However, given the multifactorial nature of vaccine responsiveness and limitations of computational methods, this study offers future research directions to undertake before the findings can be transferred to clinical and public health settings.","PeriodicalId":18292,"journal":{"name":"McGill Journal of Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44356391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"McGill Summer Research Bursary Program","authors":"","doi":"10.26443/mjm.v20i2.1018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26443/mjm.v20i2.1018","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18292,"journal":{"name":"McGill Journal of Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42014837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Abstracts from NeuroSymposium 2022","authors":"","doi":"10.26443/mjm.v20i2.1014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26443/mjm.v20i2.1014","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>N/A</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":18292,"journal":{"name":"McGill Journal of Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48898443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Thematic arts have been integrated throughout various undergraduate medical education programs to improve students’ clinical skills, knowledge, and behaviours to be clinically competent physicians. Applied theatre and drama use theatrical performances and exercises respectively to guide education. Several medical schools across Canada and the United States have incorporated applied theatre and drama within their curriculums, but there is currently no compilation of these initiatives. Methods: Using Arksey and O’Malley’s methodological framework for scoping reviews, the two authors searched journal databases for articles pertaining to theatre/drama activities being used in undergraduate medical education in Canada and the United States; search terms revolved around applied theatre and undergraduate medical education. Twenty articles were read in full, 14 were included in this review. The articles were subjected to content analysis to understand how these studies connected with the CanMEDS framework to understand the impacts and merits of applied theatre and drama in undergraduate medical education. Results: Content analyses generated three parent-categories of how theatre and drama can help medical students improve their communication skills, creative medical learning, and aid their professional development. These three categories touched upon all seven aspects of the CanMEDS framework, indicating the values of drama being included in medical education. Conclusion: This scoping review illustrates the intersections of thematic arts in undergraduate medical education by highlighting how applied theatre or drama activities connect to the entire CanMEDS framework. This review provides insights to current theatre and drama initiatives to aid medical faculty with their undergraduate medical curricula developments.
{"title":"Applied Theatre and Drama in Undergraduate Medical Education: A Scoping Review","authors":"Bronte K. Johnston, Hartley Jafine","doi":"10.26443/mjm.v20i2.930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26443/mjm.v20i2.930","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Thematic arts have been integrated throughout various undergraduate medical education programs to improve students’ clinical skills, knowledge, and behaviours to be clinically competent physicians. Applied theatre and drama use theatrical performances and exercises respectively to guide education. Several medical schools across Canada and the United States have incorporated applied theatre and drama within their curriculums, but there is currently no compilation of these initiatives. \u0000 \u0000Methods: Using Arksey and O’Malley’s methodological framework for scoping reviews, the two authors searched journal databases for articles pertaining to theatre/drama activities being used in undergraduate medical education in Canada and the United States; search terms revolved around applied theatre and undergraduate medical education. Twenty articles were read in full, 14 were included in this review. The articles were subjected to content analysis to understand how these studies connected with the CanMEDS framework to understand the impacts and merits of applied theatre and drama in undergraduate medical education.\u0000 \u0000Results: Content analyses generated three parent-categories of how theatre and drama can help medical students improve their communication skills, creative medical learning, and aid their professional development. These three categories touched upon all seven aspects of the CanMEDS framework, indicating the values of drama being included in medical education.\u0000 \u0000Conclusion: This scoping review illustrates the intersections of thematic arts in undergraduate medical education by highlighting how applied theatre or drama activities connect to the entire CanMEDS framework. This review provides insights to current theatre and drama initiatives to aid medical faculty with their undergraduate medical curricula developments.","PeriodicalId":18292,"journal":{"name":"McGill Journal of Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44216794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Sensory stimuli such as visual and auditory cues are important to perceive our surroundings accurately. The effects of visual, auditory, or combined cues to modulate human movements such as walking are well-reported in the neuroscience literature. To date, no comprehensive report has summarized these findings. Objective: The primary aim of this narrative review is to synthesize the literature on the interaction of visual, auditory, and combined cues of movement, as well as to present specific brain regions involved in perception-action. Methods: A comprehensive review of the literature of published scientific work was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar. Only English language articles that reported on visual, auditory, or combined cues and human movements were selected. Literature that included biofeedback was excluded. Results: The literature suggests that visual and auditory cues have the potential to induce deviation in human movements. The posterior superior temporal sulcus and mirror neuron networks are shown to be critical in multimodal sensory integration. Conclusion: This review presents some important theoretical models and outlines the brain regions involved in sensorimotor synchronization in human movement. Individual visual, auditory, or combined cues may have the potential to develop therapeutic interventions in the rehabilitation of movement disorders.
{"title":"Effects of Visual, Auditory, and Combined Cues on Human Movement and Brain Regions Involved in Perception Action","authors":"K. Mate","doi":"10.26443/mjm.v20i2.928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26443/mjm.v20i2.928","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Sensory stimuli such as visual and auditory cues are important to perceive our surroundings accurately. The effects of visual, auditory, or combined cues to modulate human movements such as walking are well-reported in the neuroscience literature. To date, no comprehensive report has summarized these findings.\u0000Objective: The primary aim of this narrative review is to synthesize the literature on the interaction of visual, auditory, and combined cues of movement, as well as to present specific brain regions involved in perception-action.\u0000Methods: A comprehensive review of the literature of published scientific work was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar. Only English language articles that reported on visual, auditory, or combined cues and human movements were selected. Literature that included biofeedback was excluded.\u0000Results: The literature suggests that visual and auditory cues have the potential to induce deviation in human movements. The posterior superior temporal sulcus and mirror neuron networks are shown to be critical in multimodal sensory integration.\u0000Conclusion: This review presents some important theoretical models and outlines the brain regions involved in sensorimotor synchronization in human movement. Individual visual, auditory, or combined cues may have the potential to develop therapeutic interventions in the rehabilitation of movement disorders.","PeriodicalId":18292,"journal":{"name":"McGill Journal of Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42457514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This Approach To article provides an overview on acid-base imbalance, with a particular focus on metabolic acidosis. It provides a general step-wise approach on how to determine what acid-base imbalance is occurring and some of the potential underlying causes for each.
{"title":"Acid Base Abnormalities","authors":"Tharaniya Vallipuram","doi":"10.26443/mjm.v20i2.885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26443/mjm.v20i2.885","url":null,"abstract":"This Approach To article provides an overview on acid-base imbalance, with a particular focus on metabolic acidosis. It provides a general step-wise approach on how to determine what acid-base imbalance is occurring and some of the potential underlying causes for each. ","PeriodicalId":18292,"journal":{"name":"McGill Journal of Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47522706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joni K Roberts, Madelin Skinner, Arie To, Diane Cho
Abstract Background: Hormonal contraception plays a pivotal role in protecting against unintended pregnancies and has been developed to provide options that best fit women's lifestyles. However, negative perceptions can alter women's attitudes, which can prohibit the usage of hormonal contraception. This review aimed to collect information surrounding perceptions of hormonal contraception side effects, specifically weight gain and women's contraceptive choice. Methods: 703 articles were found through searching three electronic databases; EBSCO, PubMed, and Web of Science, in addition to Google Scholar. Articles were included if they were published between 2009-2020, could be translated to English, included any form of hormonal contraception, and reported perceived weight gain. A total of 39 articles met the inclusion criteria and are included in the review. Results: Within those articles, there were six overarching themes: (1) negative perception of weight gain, (2) fear of weight gain, (3) contraception decision based on obesity concerns, (4) avoidance and discontinuation of method due to concerns of weight gain, (5) limited contraceptive knowledge, and (6) lack of counseling. It was found that negative perceptions of weight gain influence women’s hormonal contraception perception and attitude. Conclusion: Negative perceptions are derived from experience, misconception, and lack of knowledge, leading to fear, avoidance, or discontinuation. Understanding women's perceived weight gain and perception towards contraceptives can help assess its effect on women's choice of contraception. This information can aid health care professionals in educating and discussing methods that would best fit women and improve hormonal contraception adherence.
摘要背景：激素避孕在预防意外怀孕方面发挥着关键作用，并已被开发为提供最适合女性生活方式的选择。然而，负面看法会改变女性的态度，从而禁止使用激素避孕。这篇综述旨在收集有关激素避孕副作用的信息，特别是体重增加和女性避孕选择。方法：检索电子数据库703篇；EBSCO、PubMed和Web of Science， 除了谷歌学者。如果文章在2009-2020年间发表，可以翻译成英语，包括任何形式的激素避孕，并报告感知到的体重增加，那么这些文章就会被包括在内。共有39篇文章符合入选标准并被纳入审查。结果：在这些文章中，有六个首要主题：（1）对体重增加的负面看法，（2）对体重增长的恐惧，（3）基于肥胖问题的避孕决定，（4）由于担心体重增加而避免和停止避孕，（5）避孕知识有限，以及（6）缺乏咨询。研究发现，对体重增加的负面看法会影响女性对激素避孕的看法和态度。结论：负面认知源于经验、误解和缺乏知识，导致恐惧、回避或中断。了解女性对体重增加的感知和对避孕药具的感知有助于评估其对女性避孕选择的影响。这些信息可以帮助医疗保健专业人员教育和讨论最适合女性的方法，并提高激素避孕的依从性。
{"title":"Effect of Perceived Weight Gain on Hormonal Contraception Choice for Women: A Review","authors":"Joni K Roberts, Madelin Skinner, Arie To, Diane Cho","doi":"10.26443/mjm.v20i2.886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26443/mjm.v20i2.886","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract \u0000Background: Hormonal contraception plays a pivotal role in protecting against unintended pregnancies and has been developed to provide options that best fit women's lifestyles. However, negative perceptions can alter women's attitudes, which can prohibit the usage of hormonal contraception. This review aimed to collect information surrounding perceptions of hormonal contraception side effects, specifically weight gain and women's contraceptive choice. \u0000 \u0000Methods: 703 articles were found through searching three electronic databases; EBSCO, PubMed, and Web of Science, in addition to Google Scholar. Articles were included if they were published between 2009-2020, could be translated to English, included any form of hormonal contraception, and reported perceived weight gain. A total of 39 articles met the inclusion criteria and are included in the review. \u0000 \u0000Results: Within those articles, there were six overarching themes: (1) negative perception of weight gain, (2) fear of weight gain, (3) contraception decision based on obesity concerns, (4) avoidance and discontinuation of method due to concerns of weight gain, (5) limited contraceptive knowledge, and (6) lack of counseling. It was found that negative perceptions of weight gain influence women’s hormonal contraception perception and attitude. \u0000 \u0000Conclusion: Negative perceptions are derived from experience, misconception, and lack of knowledge, leading to fear, avoidance, or discontinuation. Understanding women's perceived weight gain and perception towards contraceptives can help assess its effect on women's choice of contraception. This information can aid health care professionals in educating and discussing methods that would best fit women and improve hormonal contraception adherence. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":18292,"journal":{"name":"McGill Journal of Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46830848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recently, sociologists and psychologists have been investigating the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic, yet much of the social science literature regarding COVID-19 remains partial towards either the sociological or psychological perspective. To mitigate the effects of stigma and guilt, a holistic perspective that integrates sociological and psychological viewpoints needs development. The purpose of this article is to synthesize evidence on the social and psychological implications of the COVID-19 pandemic. In this context, the author focuses on two key themes, stigma and guilt. The concept of guilt is emphasized by the psychological literature, while, on the other hand, the concept of stigma exists both in sociology and psychology, but tends towards sociological interpretations given its historical origin. Overall, the presence of stigma and excessive guilt are associated with decreased social compliance and increased mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The author argues that social practices that focus on inclusiveness and preparedness towards mitigating the effects of stigma and guilt—while also complying with public health measures—are crucial for social compliance and increasing societal well-being.
{"title":"Interpreting the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Bridging Psychological and Sociological Perspectives","authors":"E. G. Onal","doi":"10.26443/mjm.v20i2.905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26443/mjm.v20i2.905","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, sociologists and psychologists have been investigating the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic, yet much of the social science literature regarding COVID-19 remains partial towards either the sociological or psychological perspective. To mitigate the effects of stigma and guilt, a holistic perspective that integrates sociological and psychological viewpoints needs development.\u0000The purpose of this article is to synthesize evidence on the social and psychological implications of the COVID-19 pandemic. In this context, the author focuses on two key themes, stigma and guilt. The concept of guilt is emphasized by the psychological literature, while, on the other hand, the concept of stigma exists both in sociology and psychology, but tends towards sociological interpretations given its historical origin. Overall, the presence of stigma and excessive guilt are associated with decreased social compliance and increased mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic.\u0000The author argues that social practices that focus on inclusiveness and preparedness towards mitigating the effects of stigma and guilt—while also complying with public health measures—are crucial for social compliance and increasing societal well-being.","PeriodicalId":18292,"journal":{"name":"McGill Journal of Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46100151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Each year, diabetes camps provide fun, stimulating, and safe experiences to approximately 20,000 children across North America. At camp, children and teenagers living with diabetes connect with one another in an inclusive and welcoming environment, designed to meet their social, emotional, and medical needs. Campers enjoy a memorable summer experience, where they are also empowered to become more autonomous in managing their diabetes. Camp Carowanis is a specialized camp for children with Type 1 diabetes in Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts, Quebec. A multidisciplinary team of allied healthcare professionals join youth on-site to encourage and facilitate campers’ acquisition of disease management strategies. The site also serves as an undergraduate medical education elective in pediatric endocrinology for clerkship students at McGill University. In this article, Laura Pinkham, a medical student at McGill University who completed an elective at Camp Carowanis, shares her observations on the opportunities for promoting self-care among children with type 1 diabetes at camp.
{"title":"Promoting self-care among youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus","authors":"Laura Pinkham","doi":"10.26443/mjm.v20i2.935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26443/mjm.v20i2.935","url":null,"abstract":"Each year, diabetes camps provide fun, stimulating, and safe experiences to approximately 20,000 children across North America. At camp, children and teenagers living with diabetes connect with one another in an inclusive and welcoming environment, designed to meet their social, emotional, and medical needs. Campers enjoy a memorable summer experience, where they are also empowered to become more autonomous in managing their diabetes. \u0000Camp Carowanis is a specialized camp for children with Type 1 diabetes in Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts, Quebec. A multidisciplinary team of allied healthcare professionals join youth on-site to encourage and facilitate campers’ acquisition of disease management strategies. The site also serves as an undergraduate medical education elective in pediatric endocrinology for clerkship students at McGill University.\u0000In this article, Laura Pinkham, a medical student at McGill University who completed an elective at Camp Carowanis, shares her observations on the opportunities for promoting self-care among children with type 1 diabetes at camp. ","PeriodicalId":18292,"journal":{"name":"McGill Journal of Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46763938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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