Hyperkalemia is one of the most common electrolytic disorders encountered in clinical practice. Serum potassium concentration is tightly regulated by cellular transfer via insulin, catecholamines, and acid-base equilibrium and secondarily by the kidney via aldosterone and renal flow. Severe hyperkalemia can result in dangerous and potentially life-threatening manifestations, mainly cardiac in nature. It is therefore crucial for physicians to be able to identify the causes of hyperkalemia and provide appropriate treatment. This approach article provides an overview of potassium homeostasis, diagnostic strategies, and treatment guidelines for patients with mild, moderate, and severe hyperkalemia.
{"title":"Approach to Hyperkalemia","authors":"C. Najjar","doi":"10.26443/mjm.v20i2.903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26443/mjm.v20i2.903","url":null,"abstract":"Hyperkalemia is one of the most common electrolytic disorders encountered in clinical practice. Serum potassium concentration is tightly regulated by cellular transfer via insulin, catecholamines, and acid-base equilibrium and secondarily by the kidney via aldosterone and renal flow. Severe hyperkalemia can result in dangerous and potentially life-threatening manifestations, mainly cardiac in nature. It is therefore crucial for physicians to be able to identify the causes of hyperkalemia and provide appropriate treatment. This approach article provides an overview of potassium homeostasis, diagnostic strategies, and treatment guidelines for patients with mild, moderate, and severe hyperkalemia. ","PeriodicalId":18292,"journal":{"name":"McGill Journal of Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46336986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: The promise of bioprinting tissue constructs that could potentially serve the same function in the human body as native tissues has taken the world of regenerative medicine by storm. The current review describes system-wide clinical applications of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting and aims to address ethical and social considerations, while also discussing the scope of this technology in the near future. Discussion: 3D bioprinting is believed to present new approaches to conventional treatment, offering the advantage of customization and on-time availability. It facilitates simultaneous deposition of appropriate bioinks and biomaterials onto scaffolds which can then be employed to develop tissue fabricates that can potentially mimic native tissues in both structure and functionality. It has been extensively employed to regenerate viable tissue constructs of skin, bone, cartilage, vasculature, myocardial tissue and heart valves, nervous tissue, lung and tracheal tissue, liver, pancreatic, and corneal tissue. Conclusion: To obviate the current restrictions associated with this technology, it is imperative to understand where we currently stand in terms of current clinical applications of 3D bioprinting. This technology is anticipated to contribute significantly to the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM), where it can be employed to fabricate functional tissues that can simulate their counterparts in the human body. Relevance: The increasing disparity between organ demand and supply as well as the shortcomings associated with antiquated approaches to treatment call for utilizing 3D bioprinting to develop viable tissue constructs.
{"title":"Avant-garde Approach to Life: Reviewing the Current Applications of 3D Bioprinting","authors":"Iqra Nawaz, Yashfa Nawaz, Eisha Nawaz","doi":"10.26443/mjm.v20i1.919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26443/mjm.v20i1.919","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The promise of bioprinting tissue constructs that could potentially serve the same function in the human body as native tissues has taken the world of regenerative medicine by storm. The current review describes system-wide clinical applications of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting and aims to address ethical and social considerations, while also discussing the scope of this technology in the near future.\u0000Discussion: 3D bioprinting is believed to present new approaches to conventional treatment, offering the advantage of customization and on-time availability. It facilitates simultaneous deposition of appropriate bioinks and biomaterials onto scaffolds which can then be employed to develop tissue fabricates that can potentially mimic native tissues in both structure and functionality. It has been extensively employed to regenerate viable tissue constructs of skin, bone, cartilage, vasculature, myocardial tissue and heart valves, nervous tissue, lung and tracheal tissue, liver, pancreatic, and corneal tissue.\u0000Conclusion: To obviate the current restrictions associated with this technology, it is imperative to understand where we currently stand in terms of current clinical applications of 3D bioprinting. This technology is anticipated to contribute significantly to the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM), where it can be employed to fabricate functional tissues that can simulate their counterparts in the human body.\u0000Relevance: The increasing disparity between organ demand and supply as well as the shortcomings associated with antiquated approaches to treatment call for utilizing 3D bioprinting to develop viable tissue constructs.","PeriodicalId":18292,"journal":{"name":"McGill Journal of Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43378217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Background: One of the most frequently injured muscle groups in soccer is the hamstring group. Soccer players have high rates of hamstring injury (HSI) due to frequent sprinting, changes in direction and similar high-risk activities. Such movements put immense stress on the hamstrings which can lead to injury. Over the last decade, at least four different HSI prevention programs and techniques have been explored in research. The purpose of this review is to assess the effectiveness of these methods. Methods: Studies in this review were collected using multiple database searches of PubMed. A total of six studies were selected, all either randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or cluster-RCTs. The selected trials were from various soccer leagues in Denmark, Japan, the Netherlands, and the United States. Results: The most prevalently studied method is the Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE). Studies that utilized the NHE, either as a stand-alone or within a program, reduced the risk of HSI by 15-71%. In addition, effective programs were characterized by progressively increasing the difficulty of exercises and high compliance rates. Conclusion: Studies that utilized the NHE showed effectiveness in the prevention of hamstring injuries in male soccer athletes. Based on the limited research available, it is unclear whether adding other exercises to prevention programs further reduces injury risk. More research is needed to explore new and existing prevention methods in a variety of populations and regions.
{"title":"Prevention of Hamstring Injuries in Male Soccer Athletes","authors":"Arya Teymourlouei","doi":"10.26443/mjm.v20i1.939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26443/mjm.v20i1.939","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract \u0000Background: One of the most frequently injured muscle groups in soccer is the hamstring group. Soccer players have high rates of hamstring injury (HSI) due to frequent sprinting, changes in direction and similar high-risk activities. Such movements put immense stress on the hamstrings which can lead to injury. Over the last decade, at least four different HSI prevention programs and techniques have been explored in research. The purpose of this review is to assess the effectiveness of these methods. \u0000Methods: Studies in this review were collected using multiple database searches of PubMed. A total of six studies were selected, all either randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or cluster-RCTs. The selected trials were from various soccer leagues in Denmark, Japan, the Netherlands, and the United States.\u0000Results: The most prevalently studied method is the Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE). Studies that utilized the NHE, either as a stand-alone or within a program, reduced the risk of HSI by 15-71%. In addition, effective programs were characterized by progressively increasing the difficulty of exercises and high compliance rates. \u0000Conclusion: Studies that utilized the NHE showed effectiveness in the prevention of hamstring injuries in male soccer athletes. Based on the limited research available, it is unclear whether adding other exercises to prevention programs further reduces injury risk. More research is needed to explore new and existing prevention methods in a variety of populations and regions.","PeriodicalId":18292,"journal":{"name":"McGill Journal of Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42001301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Bendayan, F. Lagacé, Elena Netchiporou, I. Litvinov
No abstract for letter to editor as per author guidlines.
根据作者指南，给编辑的信没有摘要。
{"title":"impact of COVID-19 pandemic and associated restrictions on skin cancer diagnosis and treatment in the western world","authors":"S. Bendayan, F. Lagacé, Elena Netchiporou, I. Litvinov","doi":"10.26443/mjm.v20i2.946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26443/mjm.v20i2.946","url":null,"abstract":"No abstract for letter to editor as per author guidlines. ","PeriodicalId":18292,"journal":{"name":"McGill Journal of Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47077197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hemoptysis is the expectoration of blood from the lower airway. A study in the United Kingdom showed that the annual incidence of hemoptysis in primary care is 0.1%. Between 5 and 15% of patients presenting with hemoptysis have a life-threatening hemoptysis Approach to hemoptysis can be particularly perplexing for medical students considering the extensive list of differential diagnosis. It is important for physicians to be able to recognize and manage life-threatening hemoptysis as it is associated with high morbidity and mortality if untreated. Understanding when to further investigate patients at risk of lung cancer can help detect the disease at an earlier stage. This article begins with a brief introduction to life-threatening and nonlife-threatening hemoptysis and provides a detailed discussion of its management including diagnostic approaches followed by appropriate imaging modalities, laboratory findings, and clinical management. The target audience of this article are medical students at their preclinical or clinical phase.
{"title":"Approach to Hemoptysis","authors":"M. Peeva","doi":"10.26443/mjm.v20i1.311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26443/mjm.v20i1.311","url":null,"abstract":"Hemoptysis is the expectoration of blood from the lower airway. A study in the United Kingdom showed that the annual incidence of hemoptysis in primary care is 0.1%. Between 5 and 15% of patients presenting with hemoptysis have a life-threatening hemoptysis \u0000Approach to hemoptysis can be particularly perplexing for medical students considering the extensive list of differential diagnosis. It is important for physicians to be able to recognize and manage life-threatening hemoptysis as it is associated with high morbidity and mortality if untreated. Understanding when to further investigate patients at risk of lung cancer can help detect the disease at an earlier stage.\u0000This article begins with a brief introduction to life-threatening and nonlife-threatening hemoptysis and provides a detailed discussion of its management including diagnostic approaches followed by appropriate imaging modalities, laboratory findings, and clinical management. The target audience of this article are medical students at their preclinical or clinical phase.","PeriodicalId":18292,"journal":{"name":"McGill Journal of Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49250665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"7th Annual McGill Family Medicine Research Symposium, May 12-13, 2022","authors":"","doi":"10.26443/mjm.v20i2.992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26443/mjm.v20i2.992","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>n/a</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":18292,"journal":{"name":"McGill Journal of Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46291527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nowadays, as technology takes on a more important role in our everyday lives, telehealth is emerging. Evidence proves that it can ease and improve access to quality care.(1) This commentary offers a synopsis of the narrative on the use of B.E.L.T. mnemonic to be used by a nurse champion to structure the implementation of telehealth services. This opinion and later research indicate that further testing is needed to adapt and validate the tool. The COVID-19 worldwide pandemic could not be a better opportunity to further test the tool through the implementation of telehealth in different settings across the world.
{"title":"Implementing Telehealth Services with the B.E.L.T. Tool","authors":"Jennifer Savinsky, Nikida Brisson Maclean, Mérédith Lavoie, Catherine Jabert, Geneva Fournier","doi":"10.26443/mjm.v20i1.804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26443/mjm.v20i1.804","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, as technology takes on a more important role in our everyday lives, telehealth is emerging. Evidence proves that it can ease and improve access to quality care.(1) This commentary offers a synopsis of the narrative on the use of B.E.L.T. mnemonic to be used by a nurse champion to structure the implementation of telehealth services. This opinion and later research indicate that further testing is needed to adapt and validate the tool. The COVID-19 worldwide pandemic could not be a better opportunity to further test the tool through the implementation of telehealth in different settings across the world.","PeriodicalId":18292,"journal":{"name":"McGill Journal of Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41556408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sofia Addab, Stephanie Thierry, Marie-Elaine Lafrance, Su-Yang Jeong, Jennifer M. Brown, C. Brown, Sylvie-Anne Plourde, Angela Gugliotti, K. Thorstad, R. Hamdy, F. Rauch, A. Tsimicalis
Background: Children with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) live in fear of fracturing a bone. As fractures are unpredictable, there is a need for tools and knowledge to immobilize a fracture during emergencies. Inspired by a patient recognized in their local OI community for fracture management, the aim of this patient-initiated project was to establish best practices for the safe handling of fractures, including the creation of an evidence-informed OI Splint Kit. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted to identify kits and tools used to immobilize fractures during emergencies. An expert Task Force consisting of patients, clinicians, and decision makers was conjured to review the synthesized results. Priorities were delineated and a timeline was established to create the OI Splint Kit. The prototype underwent iterative cycles of modifications based on feedback from the Task Force. Results: Four electronic data bases were searched (Medline, CINHAL, PsychInfo, and Scopus), revealing zero publications pertaining to kits for fracture immobilization. The Task Force used their clinical expertise and patient experiences to develop the OI Splint Kit. The following items were included: splinting tools, bilingual educational material, instructional cards, video tutorials, and a memory card game. Conclusion: A gap remains in validated kits to assist in fracture immobilization during emergencies. A tangible and practical OI Splint Kit was developed to fulfill this need, based on inter-professional clinical expertise and patient experiential knowledge. The kit is subject to rigorous testing and ongoing quality evaluations, ensuring it will be suitable for use in various contexts.
{"title":"Development of the Evidence-Informed “OI Splint Kit” for Children with Osteogenesis Imperfecta and Their Families","authors":"Sofia Addab, Stephanie Thierry, Marie-Elaine Lafrance, Su-Yang Jeong, Jennifer M. Brown, C. Brown, Sylvie-Anne Plourde, Angela Gugliotti, K. Thorstad, R. Hamdy, F. Rauch, A. Tsimicalis","doi":"10.26443/mjm.v20i1.895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26443/mjm.v20i1.895","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Children with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) live in fear of fracturing a bone. As fractures are unpredictable, there is a need for tools and knowledge to immobilize a fracture during emergencies. Inspired by a patient recognized in their local OI community for fracture management, the aim of this patient-initiated project was to establish best practices for the safe handling of fractures, including the creation of an evidence-informed OI Splint Kit. \u0000 Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted to identify kits and tools used to immobilize fractures during emergencies. An expert Task Force consisting of patients, clinicians, and decision makers was conjured to review the synthesized results. Priorities were delineated and a timeline was established to create the OI Splint Kit. The prototype underwent iterative cycles of modifications based on feedback from the Task Force. \u0000Results: Four electronic data bases were searched (Medline, CINHAL, PsychInfo, and Scopus), revealing zero publications pertaining to kits for fracture immobilization. The Task Force used their clinical expertise and patient experiences to develop the OI Splint Kit. The following items were included: splinting tools, bilingual educational material, instructional cards, video tutorials, and a memory card game. \u0000Conclusion: A gap remains in validated kits to assist in fracture immobilization during emergencies. A tangible and practical OI Splint Kit was developed to fulfill this need, based on inter-professional clinical expertise and patient experiential knowledge. The kit is subject to rigorous testing and ongoing quality evaluations, ensuring it will be suitable for use in various contexts. ","PeriodicalId":18292,"journal":{"name":"McGill Journal of Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46459429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: First introduced as the safer alternative to smoking, vaping has become a popular activity among young adults. However, little is known about the potential health effects of vaping. This pilot project examined the acute cardiovascular effects of nicotine vapes/e-cigarettes (EC) in comparison to tobacco cigarettes (TC) in young adults in order to determine if vaping is more detrimental to cardiovascular health than traditional cigarettes. Methods: 16 healthy participants (7 M, 9 F; 20.2 ± 1.9 years) were recruited to participate in the study. Anthropometric measures were determined upon entry into the study. Circulatory measures (heart rate [HR], blood pressure [BP] and heart rate variability [HRV]) were measured prior to and 10-min following vaping or cigarette smoking and in response to an orthostatic challenge. Results: Resting circulatory and HRV measures were not different between chronic EC-users and TC-smokers. Vaping and cigarette smoking induced a significant increase in cardiovascular measures (HR and BP) but not HRV measures. Both groups responded similarly to the orthostatic challenge prior to and following vaping/smoking. Conclusion: These results indicate that, from a cardiovascular perspective, vaping induces similar acute effects as cigarette smoking and that young adults should be counselled about these adverse effects accordingly.
{"title":"Acute Cardiovascular Effects of Vaping Compared to Cigarette Smoking in Young Adults","authors":"Keana Shahin, S. West, Ingrid K. M. Brenner","doi":"10.26443/mjm.v20i1.861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26443/mjm.v20i1.861","url":null,"abstract":"Background: First introduced as the safer alternative to smoking, vaping has become a popular activity among young adults. However, little is known about the potential health effects of vaping. This pilot project examined the acute cardiovascular effects of nicotine vapes/e-cigarettes (EC) in comparison to tobacco cigarettes (TC) in young adults in order to determine if vaping is more detrimental to cardiovascular health than traditional cigarettes. \u0000 Methods: 16 healthy participants (7 M, 9 F; 20.2 ± 1.9 years) were recruited to participate in the study. Anthropometric measures were determined upon entry into the study. Circulatory measures (heart rate [HR], blood pressure [BP] and heart rate variability [HRV]) were measured prior to and 10-min following vaping or cigarette smoking and in response to an orthostatic challenge. \u0000Results: Resting circulatory and HRV measures were not different between chronic EC-users and TC-smokers. Vaping and cigarette smoking induced a significant increase in cardiovascular measures (HR and BP) but not HRV measures. Both groups responded similarly to the orthostatic challenge prior to and following vaping/smoking. \u0000Conclusion: These results indicate that, from a cardiovascular perspective, vaping induces similar acute effects as cigarette smoking and that young adults should be counselled about these adverse effects accordingly.","PeriodicalId":18292,"journal":{"name":"McGill Journal of Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47641859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aimee R. Castro, M. Morand, F. Rauch, A. Tsimicalis
Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI), also known as brittle bone disease, is a rare genetic condition characterized by increased bone fragility. The financial costs of caring for a child with a rare condition can be a significantsource of stress for families. As such, the financial costs of care are a concern to the clinicians who care for these families. However, the financial impact of caring for a child with OI is under-reported. A secondary analysis was conducted on data collected from a qualitative study in nursing. The aim was to offer preliminary insights into the financial impacts of caring for a child living with OI. Participants reported many direct out-of-pocket costs, which presented with reimbursement barriers. Other indirect costs resulted from missed work, career changes, or workforce departures. Policy and clinical implications include optimizing accessibility of supportive childcare policies, simplifying healthcare reimbursements, and regularly assessing families’ knowledge of available financial supports.
{"title":"The Direct and Indirect Financial Costs Sustained by Parents of Children with Osteogenesis Imperfecta","authors":"Aimee R. Castro, M. Morand, F. Rauch, A. Tsimicalis","doi":"10.26443/mjm.v20i1.831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26443/mjm.v20i1.831","url":null,"abstract":"Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI), also known as brittle bone disease, is a rare genetic condition characterized by increased bone fragility. The financial costs of caring for a child with a rare condition can be a significantsource of stress for families. As such, the financial costs of care are a concern to the clinicians who care for these families. However, the financial impact of caring for a child with OI is under-reported. A secondary analysis was conducted on data collected from a qualitative study in nursing. The aim was to offer preliminary insights into the financial impacts of caring for a child living with OI. Participants reported many direct out-of-pocket costs, which presented with reimbursement barriers. Other indirect costs resulted from missed work, career changes, or workforce departures. Policy and clinical implications include optimizing accessibility of supportive childcare policies, simplifying healthcare reimbursements, and regularly assessing families’ knowledge of available financial supports. ","PeriodicalId":18292,"journal":{"name":"McGill Journal of Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42333149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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