Medical Care最新文献

Background: Providing care for individuals with environmental and occupational exposure health concerns is challenging. There is rarely exposure data to allow for verification of dose and duration of exposure, and even when there is, it is difficult to conclusively determine if or to what degree a health condition is associated with an exposure. This uncertainty can lead to disagreement between patients and providers, lowering trust and satisfaction. To address these issues the Veterans Affairs (VA) has developed, and is implementing, Exposure-Informed Care (EIC). EIC is a model of care that recognizes previous possible or known exposures to environmental factors may impact health and cause concern and seeks to create an environment that at every level is validating, transparent, and proactively addresses environmental exposures.

Objectives: This paper provides a framework for how the VA has implemented the core features of EIC that can be adapted by other health care systems.

Results: The VA has implemented EIC through: (1) screening for potential exposures and integration of exposure-related information into clinical care, risk communications, and trust building; (2) trained clinicians to provide evaluations and consultation; (3) surveillance and research; (4) investment and commitment to workforce development by providing education and implementation support and evaluating the impact of these efforts; (5) leadership commitment to standardize institutional policies and create cultural change.

Discussion: While this paper focuses on a single health care system, EIC principles can and should be adapted to clinical settings outside of the VA. This is important for Veterans seen in community care as well as civilian populations who are likely to have been exposed to environmental hazards.

Background: Women Veterans are the fastest-growing population in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), but little is known about how to identify and address their social needs. This program evaluation examined the implementation of a social screening and referral initiative, Assessing Circumstances and Offering Resources for Needs (ACORN), using nurse navigators in a VHA women's health clinic.

Objectives: (1) Describe the implementation process and outcome measures, (2) assess the prevalence of women Veterans' social needs, (3) characterize nurse navigators' perceptions of ACORN, and (4) document implementation challenges and adaptations.

Research design: Program evaluation with qualitative and quantitative data collected between March 2023 and November 2024. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize sociodemographic characteristics and social needs of Veterans screened.

Subjects: Veterans receiving continuity care at a women's health clinic in a midwestern VHA hospital.

Results: Nurse navigators completed ACORN screens with 291 Veterans, with 67% screening positive. The most frequently reported needs were social isolation/loneliness (49%), utilities (17%), transportation (14%), and digital needs (13%). Nurse navigators and the nurse site champion reported that ACORN enhanced their understanding of patients' social needs and their ability to address these needs. They also reported seamless integration of ACORN into existing workflows.

Conclusions: Findings show early insights into women Veterans' unique social needs. An innovative nurse navigator approach to social screening in a VHA women's health clinic was feasible, had high likelihood of sustainment, and improved nurses' ability to care for their patients. This indicates strong potential for expanding nurse navigator roles both within and outside VHA.

Background: Few studies have assessed acute care utilization and health care costs among rural Medicaid enrollees in a national sample; fewer still have examined the relationship of health care utilization with different levels of rurality and enrollee race/ethnicity.

Objectives: This study's objective is to compare Medicaid acute care utilization patterns by race/ethnicity and rurality interactions to identify rural populations with higher health care needs or receiving potentially insufficient care.

Research designs: We used the 2019 Transformed Medicaid Statistical Information System (T-MSIS) Analytic Files (TAF), which includes inpatient, outpatient, and prescription data on all Medicaid enrollees. We ran zero-inflated poisson, negative binomial, and generalized linear models to examine the association between enrollee rurality (defined using Rural Urban Commuting Area Codes) and race/ethnicity and 4 health care utilization outcomes.

Subjects: All Medicaid enrollees with 12 months of full-scope coverage in T-MSIS TAF (N=50,631,371).

Measures: Our outcome measures included rate of emergency department (ED) visits and inpatient stays, inpatient length-of-stay (LOS), and spending per-member per-month.

Results: Rural Medicaid enrollees had lower rates (12.6%-18.2% lower) of inpatient stays compared with urban enrollees, only Medicaid enrollees in Isolated (the most remote) rural areas had lower rates (11.0% reduction) of ED compared with those in urban areas. Average inpatient LOS and spending were both lower for rural Medicaid enrollees. Utilization varied by enrollee race/ethnicity, with the lowest utilization among Hispanic enrollees.

Conclusion: Rural Medicaid enrollees had generally lower acute care utilization and expenditures; however, heterogeneity by rurality and race/ethnicity suggests that some rural populations have higher health care needs.

Background: Community-acquired pressure injuries (CAPrIs) are common and costly among individuals living with spinal cord injury (SCI).

Objectives: Describe feasibility, usability, and satisfaction of a decision support tool to prevent CAPrIs in individuals with SCI and effect of the Community-Acquired Pressure Injury Prevention-Field Implementation Tool (CAPP-FIT) on CAPrI incidence 6 months post CAPP-FIT implementation.

Methods: Preparation for the pilot included redesigning clinic workflow and training providers using a simulation with a standardized patient. The CAPP-FIT was piloted with community-dwelling veterans with scheduled in-person and telehealth clinic visits. Processes were assessed using contextual inquiry and monthly provider meetings. Feasibility, usability, and satisfaction were assessed using the mobile application rating scale with veterans and focus groups with providers. CAPrI incidence 6 months post CAPP-FIT intervention was assessed using a propensity match of veterans who did not receive the CAPP-FIT intervention. A modified Poisson regression with difference in differences was used to estimate the incidence rate ratio of CAPrIs.

Results: Participants included 7 providers (3 registered nurses, 2 nurse practitioners, 2 physicians). Veteran participants (n=103) had a mean age of 64; 50% White, 33% Black; 56% with paraplegia; and 72% with incomplete injury. Veteran participants were satisfied with the CAPP-FIT, agreed questions were relevant, and improved their conversations with providers. Providers felt the CAPP-FIT was easy to use, improved communications, and promoted preventive care. Participants experienced a lower CAPrI incidence rate compared with a propensity-matched sample at the pilot site, with the decrease among CAPP FIT participants being more pronounced than among non-participants. However, the difference in difference was not statistically significant with IRR: 0.23, 95% CI: 0.048-1.066 (P=0.060).

Conclusions: The CAPP-FIT seems to be a useful tool in the SCI Clinic to prevent CAPrIs in veterans with SCI, but further testing is warranted.

The Veterans Health Administration (VHA), the largest employer of nurses in the United States, has more than 120,000 nursing personnel providing care to over 9 million Veterans across diverse settings. Despite nursing's central role in delivering and sustaining care, research on strengthening the nursing workforce and optimizing nursing practice has remained underdeveloped in VHA. To address this gap, VHA's Office of Research and Development, in partnership with the Office of Nursing Services, convened a State of the Art (SOTA) conference in November 2023 focused on nursing. The Nursing SOTA brought together nurses, researchers, operational leaders, and other stakeholders to review current evidence, identify research gaps, and develop recommendations. Five priority areas were identified: pressure injury prevention and treatment, care coordination models, social drivers of health, nurse staffing and care models, and the nursing work environment. Cross-cutting themes included the need for stronger data infrastructure and expanded support for the VHA nursing science workforce. Conference recommendations were incorporated into VHA's 2024 Health Systems Research Priorities and are expected to inform future research, policy, and practice aimed at advancing nursing science and improving care for Veterans.

Background: Transitions from one electronic health record (EHR) to another are increasingly common yet can be enormously disruptive, affecting patient care and health care worker well-being. Nurses are especially impacted as the largest group of EHR users, and their perspectives are vital for understanding and improving transitions.

Objective: To identify actionable recommendations for supporting nurses during EHR transitions by learning from nurse experiences at health care systems that have completed EHR-to-EHR transitions.

Research design: Semistructured interviews were conducted with nurses from 3 health care systems in the United States between September 2023 and March 2024. We used rapid qualitative analysis to understand the nursing experience and actions taken during the EHR transition and identify recommendations for process improvement.

Subjects: We interviewed n=15 participants, including frontline nurses and nurse informaticists across 3 health care systems.

Results: We identified ten recommendations across 3 categories: training and support, workflow and usability, and EHR governance. Organizations consistently found that successful transitions required moving beyond vendor-provided support to develop institution-specific guidance, with nurses often taking key roles in developing and disseminating this guidance. Key recommendations included building internal training capacity, staging education to match user readiness, proactively redesigning workflows with nurse input, and establishing shared governance structures for EHR optimization.

Conclusions: EHR transitions are challenging and can have a significant and, in some cases, detrimental impact on nursing staff. Input from nurses is critical for improving the transition process and reducing potential negative effects.

Background: US service members are often exposed to a range of service-related hazards. To date, there has been limited synthesis of the existing research conducted on military environmental exposures and subsequent psychiatric conditions and symptoms.

Objective: To systematically review and characterize the main features of studies examining associations between military exposures and mental health outcomes.

Methods: We used evidence mapping methodology to systematically search MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and PTSDpubs for studies of toxic exposure during military service and psychiatric outcomes, which included psychiatric diagnoses, psychiatric symptoms, and neurocognitive functioning.

Results: We identified 49 studies; most were comprised of predominantly White, male veteran samples. Chemical exposures, including chemical munitions from the Gulf War era and Agent Orange from the Vietnam War era, were the most frequently examined military toxic exposures. Symptoms of depression, PTSD, and anxiety were the most commonly examined psychiatric outcomes. Only 9 studies assessed neurocognitive functioning. We found extensive variation in how exposures and outcomes were defined and measured. Most exposure and symptom data were based on self-reports. Overall, available evidence suggests that veterans reporting environmental toxic exposures may report relatively high levels of mental health needs.

Conclusions: We found broad evidence that toxic exposure was associated with poorer mental health outcomes, though the ability to draw stronger conclusions is limited by the quality of the current literature. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies of toxic exposure and mental health that include more broadly representative military populations, including diverse samples and more recent service cohorts.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in extended disruption to the health care system. National-level data-driven comparisons of inpatient nurse staffing and workload before and during the pandemic have been limited.

Objectives: Assess the extent to which registered nurse (RN) staffing and workload changed from prepandemic levels in a national integrated health care system.

Research design: Longitudinal descriptive analysis. Medication pass analysis using bar code medication administration data for the peak-time medication pass (PTM) assessing year-over-year changes from 2019 to 2022. To assess significance of year-over-year changes in means we used the Welch 2-sample t test.

Subjects: Staff (N=42,999) administering PTM medications on Veterans Health Administration acute-care inpatient units (643 units; 127 facilities) from January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2022 (3,681,802 staff days).

Measures: Staffing: unique staff, staff days, staff per day, patients per staff (PPS); workload: patient days, medications, medications per patient, medications per RN, PTM duration.

Results: RNs administered 93.6% of peak-time medications. Fewer non-RNs administered medications after the onset of the pandemic. The average number of patients per RN (PPS) in 2022 was 3.3 on medical, 3.2 on mixed medical-surgical, 3.3 on surgical, 2.5 on step down, and 1.5 on critical care units. The greatest increase in PPS from 2019 to 2022 occurred on surgical units (+0.20, P<0.0001). Across nearly all unit types and levels of PPS, medications per RN were greater and duration was longer in 2022 than in 2019.

Conclusions: RN staffing and workload fluctuated widely at the onset of the pandemic. In 2022, new patterns began to emerge, showing a higher RN workload than before the pandemic.

Objective: We sought to identify key areas to inform the development of Veteran-facing airborne hazard exposure communication materials.

Background: Military personnel are commonly exposed to environmental and occupational hazards. Airborne hazard exposures may be particularly salient to Veterans because they are common, and the relationship to health concerns is often uncertain. VA offers a toolkit to help providers navigate caring for Veterans with airborne hazard exposure concerns. Veteran-facing materials, which address their concerns, are lacking.

Methods: Five generative, qualitative focus groups with Veterans with airborne hazard exposure concerns. Focus group discussions covered information needs, how the VA should communicate about environmental exposures when the evidence is unclear, communication preferences, and how they get health information.

Results: We identified 3 areas important to communicating with Veterans about their airborne hazard exposure concerns. (1) Veterans want personalized, transparent and comprehensive communication. (2) Veterans want to be able to act on the information with tangible next steps. (3) Diverse, multimodal communication strategies are needed to reach the range of Veterans with concerns about airborne hazard exposures.

Conclusions: In situations of uncertainty, where robust clinical guidance is limited, Veterans want Veteran-centered, transparent, respectful communication that attends to their socially and historically rooted exposure experiences. The information they receive on airborne exposures should be actionable and delivered through a variety of modalities.