Pub Date : 2016-10-01DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2016.8069859
T. McCarthy
The increased particle flux at the high luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), with instantaneous luminosities of up to 7.5 times the original design value, will have an impact on many sub-systems of the ATLAS detector. This contribution highlights the particular impacts on the ATLAS liquid argon calorimeter system, together with an overview of the various upgrade plans leading up to the HL-LHC. The higher luminosities are of particular importance for the forward calorimeters (FCal), where the expected increase in the ionization load poses a number of problems that can degrade the FCal performance such as beam heating and space-charge effects in the liquid argon gaps and high-voltage drop due to increased current drawn over the current-limiting resistors. A proposed FCal replacement as a way to counter some of these problems is weighed against the risks associated with the replacement. To further mitigate the effects of increased pile-up, the installation of a high-granularity timing detector at the front face of each end-cap cryostat is also currently under consideration. Several different sensor technologies and layouts are being investigated.
{"title":"Upgrade of the ATLAS liquid argon calorimeters for the high-luminosity LHC","authors":"T. McCarthy","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2016.8069859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2016.8069859","url":null,"abstract":"The increased particle flux at the high luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), with instantaneous luminosities of up to 7.5 times the original design value, will have an impact on many sub-systems of the ATLAS detector. This contribution highlights the particular impacts on the ATLAS liquid argon calorimeter system, together with an overview of the various upgrade plans leading up to the HL-LHC. The higher luminosities are of particular importance for the forward calorimeters (FCal), where the expected increase in the ionization load poses a number of problems that can degrade the FCal performance such as beam heating and space-charge effects in the liquid argon gaps and high-voltage drop due to increased current drawn over the current-limiting resistors. A proposed FCal replacement as a way to counter some of these problems is weighed against the risks associated with the replacement. To further mitigate the effects of increased pile-up, the installation of a high-granularity timing detector at the front face of each end-cap cryostat is also currently under consideration. Several different sensor technologies and layouts are being investigated.","PeriodicalId":184587,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium, Medical Imaging Conference and Room-Temperature Semiconductor Detector Workshop (NSS/MIC/RTSD)","volume":"29 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120973687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-01DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2016.8069424
Hongquan Li, G. Pratx
Tracking point-like objects in optically opaque environments has applications in studying flow in chemical systems, monitoring respiratory motion, and possibly investigating the trafficking of single cell at the whole-body level. One approach is to label the point-like object (particle, fiducial marker, or cell) with positron-emitting tracers. The information contained in the list-mode measurements can be utilized to directly track the motion of a single source, either frame-by-frame or continuously using a trajectory reconstruction algorithm. Applying this concept to multiple simultaneously moving sources is more challenging, in that detected pairs of coincident annihilation photons from different sources are not directly distinguishable. To tackle this problem, we applied spectral clustering methods to cluster the list-mode data into groups of coincidence lines corresponding to distinct sources. With this method, each individual source can then be independently tracked using existing techniques. Advantaged of this method are that the number of clusters can be extracted from the data, and that the method operates directly on the list-mode data, without needing to backproject the CLs into the spatial domain.
{"title":"Simultaneous spatiotemporal tracking of multiple positron sources using spectral clustering","authors":"Hongquan Li, G. Pratx","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2016.8069424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2016.8069424","url":null,"abstract":"Tracking point-like objects in optically opaque environments has applications in studying flow in chemical systems, monitoring respiratory motion, and possibly investigating the trafficking of single cell at the whole-body level. One approach is to label the point-like object (particle, fiducial marker, or cell) with positron-emitting tracers. The information contained in the list-mode measurements can be utilized to directly track the motion of a single source, either frame-by-frame or continuously using a trajectory reconstruction algorithm. Applying this concept to multiple simultaneously moving sources is more challenging, in that detected pairs of coincident annihilation photons from different sources are not directly distinguishable. To tackle this problem, we applied spectral clustering methods to cluster the list-mode data into groups of coincidence lines corresponding to distinct sources. With this method, each individual source can then be independently tracked using existing techniques. Advantaged of this method are that the number of clusters can be extracted from the data, and that the method operates directly on the list-mode data, without needing to backproject the CLs into the spatial domain.","PeriodicalId":184587,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium, Medical Imaging Conference and Room-Temperature Semiconductor Detector Workshop (NSS/MIC/RTSD)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127455779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-01DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2016.8069558
M. Belzunce, A. Reader
High resolution and good quantification is needed in specific regions of the brain in a number of PET brain imaging applications. An improvement in the spatial resolution and in the quantification of the tracer uptake can be achieved by using statistical reconstruction methods with an accurate model of the scanner acquisition process. This model is represented by a system response matrix and needs to include all the factors that contribute to the degradation of the reconstructed images. Monte Carlo simulations are the best method to model the complex physical processes involved in PET, but they have an extremely high computational cost and the system matrix needs to be recomputed for every new scan. Furthermore, for 3D PET the system matrix can have billions of elements, therefore at present it is impossible to store in memory during the iterative reconstruction. Consequently, on-the-fly Monte Carlo modelling of the system matrix has been previously proposed by other authors, where a Monte Carlo simulation is used in the forward projector and a simpler analytic model in the backprojector. In this work, we propose a different approach, where a composite system matrix is used, with a complete Monte Carlo model computed with GATE for a small subregion of the field of view and a simpler analytic model for the voxels outside that region. We evaluated the feasibility of the method using 2D simulations of a striatum phantom and a brain phantom. For each case, a Monte Carlo system matrix was generated with GATE for a subregion centred in the striatum. The brain simulations were reconstructed using the proposed method and compared with the standard reconstruction used clinically, with and without resolution modelling. For the striatum phantom, the use of a GATE system matrix showed an improvement of the reconstructed image, where a better definition of the structures in the striatum region was observed. For the case of the brain phantom, where the composite system matrix is used, an improvement was also observed but more limited compared with the pure GATE system matrix.
{"title":"Composite system modelling for high accuracy brain PET image reconstruction using GATE","authors":"M. Belzunce, A. Reader","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2016.8069558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2016.8069558","url":null,"abstract":"High resolution and good quantification is needed in specific regions of the brain in a number of PET brain imaging applications. An improvement in the spatial resolution and in the quantification of the tracer uptake can be achieved by using statistical reconstruction methods with an accurate model of the scanner acquisition process. This model is represented by a system response matrix and needs to include all the factors that contribute to the degradation of the reconstructed images. Monte Carlo simulations are the best method to model the complex physical processes involved in PET, but they have an extremely high computational cost and the system matrix needs to be recomputed for every new scan. Furthermore, for 3D PET the system matrix can have billions of elements, therefore at present it is impossible to store in memory during the iterative reconstruction. Consequently, on-the-fly Monte Carlo modelling of the system matrix has been previously proposed by other authors, where a Monte Carlo simulation is used in the forward projector and a simpler analytic model in the backprojector. In this work, we propose a different approach, where a composite system matrix is used, with a complete Monte Carlo model computed with GATE for a small subregion of the field of view and a simpler analytic model for the voxels outside that region. We evaluated the feasibility of the method using 2D simulations of a striatum phantom and a brain phantom. For each case, a Monte Carlo system matrix was generated with GATE for a subregion centred in the striatum. The brain simulations were reconstructed using the proposed method and compared with the standard reconstruction used clinically, with and without resolution modelling. For the striatum phantom, the use of a GATE system matrix showed an improvement of the reconstructed image, where a better definition of the structures in the striatum region was observed. For the case of the brain phantom, where the composite system matrix is used, an improvement was also observed but more limited compared with the pure GATE system matrix.","PeriodicalId":184587,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium, Medical Imaging Conference and Room-Temperature Semiconductor Detector Workshop (NSS/MIC/RTSD)","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125557492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-01DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2016.8069806
T. Mizuno, H. Ito, N. Kaneko, H. Kawai, A. Kobayashi, S. Kodama, M. Tabata
A Large-area charged particle detector for high energy physics experiments has been developed. This detector includes inorganic scintillation crystals and wavelength-shifting fibers. This enables us to detect charged particles with higher position resolution and lower cost than conventional scintillation detectors and gas chambers. It has an effective area of 1 m × 1 m.
{"title":"Development of large-area charged particle detectors with high position resolution and low cost","authors":"T. Mizuno, H. Ito, N. Kaneko, H. Kawai, A. Kobayashi, S. Kodama, M. Tabata","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2016.8069806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2016.8069806","url":null,"abstract":"A Large-area charged particle detector for high energy physics experiments has been developed. This detector includes inorganic scintillation crystals and wavelength-shifting fibers. This enables us to detect charged particles with higher position resolution and lower cost than conventional scintillation detectors and gas chambers. It has an effective area of 1 m × 1 m.","PeriodicalId":184587,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium, Medical Imaging Conference and Room-Temperature Semiconductor Detector Workshop (NSS/MIC/RTSD)","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116381920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-01DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2016.8069748
M. Reinecke
A large scale prototype of a tile hadron calorimeter (HCAL) for the International Linear Collider (ILC) detector is currently under development. The proposed calorimeter follows the particle flow concept, which requires high granularity and a compact detector design. This is accomplished by using scintillating tiles that are read out by Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) and the integration of the associated front-end electronics into the gaps between the absorber plates. In order to keep the calorimeter structure homogeneous and simple, no active cooling system is allowed for the inner detector. In consequence, the power dissipation of the front-end electronics has to be limited as far as possible with an aim of 25μW per channel. The key component to achieve this is switching off the consumers of the front-end electronics during the gaps in between the ILC bunch trains (power pulsing). In this contribution we show the first results for power pulsing with a full-extension prototype of 2.20m length. Following to a description of the setup, we compare results for the detector performance with and without power pulsing. The challenges of switching huge supply currents of several amperes in 5Hz rate to the front-end electronics and the experiment's power supplies are addressed as well as electromagnetic compatibility aspects.
{"title":"Power pulsing of the CALICE tile hadron calorimeter","authors":"M. Reinecke","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2016.8069748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2016.8069748","url":null,"abstract":"A large scale prototype of a tile hadron calorimeter (HCAL) for the International Linear Collider (ILC) detector is currently under development. The proposed calorimeter follows the particle flow concept, which requires high granularity and a compact detector design. This is accomplished by using scintillating tiles that are read out by Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) and the integration of the associated front-end electronics into the gaps between the absorber plates. In order to keep the calorimeter structure homogeneous and simple, no active cooling system is allowed for the inner detector. In consequence, the power dissipation of the front-end electronics has to be limited as far as possible with an aim of 25μW per channel. The key component to achieve this is switching off the consumers of the front-end electronics during the gaps in between the ILC bunch trains (power pulsing). In this contribution we show the first results for power pulsing with a full-extension prototype of 2.20m length. Following to a description of the setup, we compare results for the detector performance with and without power pulsing. The challenges of switching huge supply currents of several amperes in 5Hz rate to the front-end electronics and the experiment's power supplies are addressed as well as electromagnetic compatibility aspects.","PeriodicalId":184587,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium, Medical Imaging Conference and Room-Temperature Semiconductor Detector Workshop (NSS/MIC/RTSD)","volume":"15 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116429456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-01DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2016.8069565
M. Ambrosanio, F. Baselice, G. Ferraioli, F. Lenti, V. Pascazio
A novel application of ℓ1-norm minimization in the MRI field is presented. The novel methodology, called Intra Voxel Analysis (IVA), by combining different acquisitions with standard resolution, is able to investigate the presence of different contributions, i.e., of different tissues, inside each imaged voxel. The approach is somehow similar to spectroscopy, but instead of searching different resonance frequencies, it discriminates within each voxel the tissues characterized by different spin-spin relaxation times. The proposed methodology is able to work on MR images acquired at full resolution by using any acquisition scheme. A phantom has been built and images for testing the approach.
{"title":"MRI multicomponent relaxometry based on compressive sensing","authors":"M. Ambrosanio, F. Baselice, G. Ferraioli, F. Lenti, V. Pascazio","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2016.8069565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2016.8069565","url":null,"abstract":"A novel application of ℓ1-norm minimization in the MRI field is presented. The novel methodology, called Intra Voxel Analysis (IVA), by combining different acquisitions with standard resolution, is able to investigate the presence of different contributions, i.e., of different tissues, inside each imaged voxel. The approach is somehow similar to spectroscopy, but instead of searching different resonance frequencies, it discriminates within each voxel the tissues characterized by different spin-spin relaxation times. The proposed methodology is able to work on MR images acquired at full resolution by using any acquisition scheme. A phantom has been built and images for testing the approach.","PeriodicalId":184587,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium, Medical Imaging Conference and Room-Temperature Semiconductor Detector Workshop (NSS/MIC/RTSD)","volume":"259 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122745652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-01DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2016.8069769
D. Fink, A. Hahn, D. Guberman, D. Mazin, R. Mirzoyan, M. Teshima
To date, Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs) have primarily been realized using photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) as light detectors. Recently, such telescopes of small size (∼4m) have been built using silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) sensors in their imaging cameras. This work describes a design approach for SiPM based focal plane experimental instrumentation for operation alongside the PMT based camera of a large IACT. The initial information gathered during design and operation of a first prototype single module installed alongside the PMT camera is summarized. This experience has been used to design two new alternative modules currently being implemented.
{"title":"Second generation prototype silicon photomultiplier focal plane imaging detector module tests in the MAGIC telescopes","authors":"D. Fink, A. Hahn, D. Guberman, D. Mazin, R. Mirzoyan, M. Teshima","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2016.8069769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2016.8069769","url":null,"abstract":"To date, Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs) have primarily been realized using photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) as light detectors. Recently, such telescopes of small size (∼4m) have been built using silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) sensors in their imaging cameras. This work describes a design approach for SiPM based focal plane experimental instrumentation for operation alongside the PMT based camera of a large IACT. The initial information gathered during design and operation of a first prototype single module installed alongside the PMT camera is summarized. This experience has been used to design two new alternative modules currently being implemented.","PeriodicalId":184587,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium, Medical Imaging Conference and Room-Temperature Semiconductor Detector Workshop (NSS/MIC/RTSD)","volume":"2 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122831465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-01DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2016.8069872
R. Rusack
Calorimetry at the High Luminosity LHC faces many technical challenges. In the forward direction the levels of radiation and the unprecedented in-time event pileup make detector design and operation particularly difficult. To meet these challenges, the CMS experiment has decided to construct a sampling calorimeter with silicon as the primary active medium. This calorimeter — the High Granularity Calorimeter — will have an unprecedented degree transverse and longitudinal segmentation for a collider detector, both for electromagnetic and hadronic compartments. In this paper we discuss the motivation for this choice of calorimeter and its design.
{"title":"A high granularity calorimeter for the CMS endcaps at the HL-LHC","authors":"R. Rusack","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2016.8069872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2016.8069872","url":null,"abstract":"Calorimetry at the High Luminosity LHC faces many technical challenges. In the forward direction the levels of radiation and the unprecedented in-time event pileup make detector design and operation particularly difficult. To meet these challenges, the CMS experiment has decided to construct a sampling calorimeter with silicon as the primary active medium. This calorimeter — the High Granularity Calorimeter — will have an unprecedented degree transverse and longitudinal segmentation for a collider detector, both for electromagnetic and hadronic compartments. In this paper we discuss the motivation for this choice of calorimeter and its design.","PeriodicalId":184587,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium, Medical Imaging Conference and Room-Temperature Semiconductor Detector Workshop (NSS/MIC/RTSD)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123005163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-01DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2016.8069577
T. Niknejad, S. Tavernier, J. Varela, K. Thielemans
The next generation of organ specific Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scanners, e.g. for breast imaging, will use partial ring geometries. We propose a component-based Maximum-Likelihood (ML) estimation of normalisation factors for 3D PET data reconstruction applicable to partial ring geometries. This method is based on the Software for Tomographic Image Reconstruction (STIR) for full ring PET and is validated for a stationary partial ring scanner. The model includes the estimation for crystal efficiencies and geometric factors. The algorithm is validated using Maximum Likelihood Estimation Method (MLEM) based 3D reconstruction in STIR using Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission (GATE) simulation data for full and partial ring scanners and experimental data from a demonstrator with partial ring geometry. The uniformity of the reconstructed images of simulated cylindrical and NEMA-IQ phantoms in both scanner geometries and the image of a line source in the partial ring demonstrator is assessed. The results have shown that uniform images in both axial and transaxial directions are obtained after applying the estimated normalisation factors. The accuracy of the algorithm is validated by comparing the normalisation factors between the full and partial ring systems in simulation. We have shown that the estimated normalisation factors are almost identical, even though the separate components are not. This proves that the ML estimation of the 3D normalisation factors is valid and can be applied to the partial ring scanner.
{"title":"Validation of 3D model-based maximum-likelihood estimation of normalisation factors for partial ring positron emission tomography","authors":"T. Niknejad, S. Tavernier, J. Varela, K. Thielemans","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2016.8069577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2016.8069577","url":null,"abstract":"The next generation of organ specific Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scanners, e.g. for breast imaging, will use partial ring geometries. We propose a component-based Maximum-Likelihood (ML) estimation of normalisation factors for 3D PET data reconstruction applicable to partial ring geometries. This method is based on the Software for Tomographic Image Reconstruction (STIR) for full ring PET and is validated for a stationary partial ring scanner. The model includes the estimation for crystal efficiencies and geometric factors. The algorithm is validated using Maximum Likelihood Estimation Method (MLEM) based 3D reconstruction in STIR using Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission (GATE) simulation data for full and partial ring scanners and experimental data from a demonstrator with partial ring geometry. The uniformity of the reconstructed images of simulated cylindrical and NEMA-IQ phantoms in both scanner geometries and the image of a line source in the partial ring demonstrator is assessed. The results have shown that uniform images in both axial and transaxial directions are obtained after applying the estimated normalisation factors. The accuracy of the algorithm is validated by comparing the normalisation factors between the full and partial ring systems in simulation. We have shown that the estimated normalisation factors are almost identical, even though the separate components are not. This proves that the ML estimation of the 3D normalisation factors is valid and can be applied to the partial ring scanner.","PeriodicalId":184587,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium, Medical Imaging Conference and Room-Temperature Semiconductor Detector Workshop (NSS/MIC/RTSD)","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123018108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-01DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2016.8069731
E. Lagorio
The Pierre Auger Observatory, located near the town of Malargüe, Argentina, is the world's largest cosmic ray observatory. It has for objectives to probe the origin and characteristics of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs). The results obtained by the Pierre Auger Collaboration provide important information on key aspects of the UHECR field, leading to new questions and open challenges which call for an upgrade of the Observatory. In the upgrade program, called AugerPrime, the 1660 surface detector stations will be improved in particular by implementing new electronics with higher performance. The new electronics aims to increase the number of analog channels and their dynamic range, to get a higher sampling rate and better timing accuracy. It is designed with a new generation of component, called SOC for System On Chip. A Linux system must be integrated for higher access development. First prototypes of the new electronics have been built and deployed at the Pierre Auger Observatory.
位于阿根廷malarg镇附近的皮埃尔·奥格天文台是世界上最大的宇宙射线天文台。它的目标是探索超高能宇宙射线(uhecr)的起源和特征。皮埃尔·奥格合作项目获得的结果提供了关于UHECR领域关键方面的重要信息，引发了新的问题和公开的挑战，要求对天文台进行升级。在名为AugerPrime的升级计划中，1660个地面监测站将通过安装性能更高的新电子设备得到改进。新的电子器件旨在增加模拟通道的数量及其动态范围，以获得更高的采样率和更好的定时精度。它是用新一代元件设计的，称为SOC (System On Chip)。为了进行更高级别的访问开发，必须集成Linux系统。新电子设备的第一个原型已经建成并部署在皮埃尔·奥格天文台。
{"title":"System on chip architecture for AugerPrime surface detector electronics upgrade of the pierre auger observatory","authors":"E. Lagorio","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2016.8069731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2016.8069731","url":null,"abstract":"The Pierre Auger Observatory, located near the town of Malargüe, Argentina, is the world's largest cosmic ray observatory. It has for objectives to probe the origin and characteristics of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs). The results obtained by the Pierre Auger Collaboration provide important information on key aspects of the UHECR field, leading to new questions and open challenges which call for an upgrade of the Observatory. In the upgrade program, called AugerPrime, the 1660 surface detector stations will be improved in particular by implementing new electronics with higher performance. The new electronics aims to increase the number of analog channels and their dynamic range, to get a higher sampling rate and better timing accuracy. It is designed with a new generation of component, called SOC for System On Chip. A Linux system must be integrated for higher access development. First prototypes of the new electronics have been built and deployed at the Pierre Auger Observatory.","PeriodicalId":184587,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium, Medical Imaging Conference and Room-Temperature Semiconductor Detector Workshop (NSS/MIC/RTSD)","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114175361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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