This study investigates the ultrasound-assisted leaching of Li and Co from spent batteries using a deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of polyethylene glycol and thiourea. The synergistic effect of ultrasound and DESs was explored to enhance the efficiency of Li and Co recovery. The experimental results demonstrated that ultrasound significantly accelerates the leaching process, achieving up to four times higher recovery rates compared to traditional methods. Optimal leaching conditions were identified at a solid-to-liquid ratio of 0.02 g/g, a temperature of 160 °C, and periodic ultrasound exposure. Under these conditions, the leaching efficiency reached 74% for Li and 71% for Co within 24 h. A kinetic analysis revealed that the ultrasound application shifts the rate-limiting step from a mixed control of mass transfer and chemical reactions to predominantly chemical reaction control, reducing the activation energy by approximately 27%.
本研究探讨了使用由聚乙二醇和硫脲组成的深共晶溶剂（DES）超声辅助沥滤废电池中的锂和钴。研究探讨了超声和 DES 的协同效应，以提高锂和钴的回收效率。实验结果表明，超声波能显著加快浸出过程，与传统方法相比，回收率最高可提高四倍。最佳浸出条件确定为固液比为 0.02 g/g、温度为 160 °C、周期性超声暴露。动力学分析表明，超声波的应用将限速步骤从传质和化学反应的混合控制转变为主要的化学反应控制，使活化能降低了约 27%。
{"title":"Enhanced Recovery of Lithium and Cobalt from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Ultrasound-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent Leaching","authors":"Tlek Ketegenov, Kaster Kamunur, Lyazzat Mussapyrova, Aisulu Batkal, Rashid Nadirov","doi":"10.3390/met14091052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/met14091052","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the ultrasound-assisted leaching of Li and Co from spent batteries using a deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of polyethylene glycol and thiourea. The synergistic effect of ultrasound and DESs was explored to enhance the efficiency of Li and Co recovery. The experimental results demonstrated that ultrasound significantly accelerates the leaching process, achieving up to four times higher recovery rates compared to traditional methods. Optimal leaching conditions were identified at a solid-to-liquid ratio of 0.02 g/g, a temperature of 160 °C, and periodic ultrasound exposure. Under these conditions, the leaching efficiency reached 74% for Li and 71% for Co within 24 h. A kinetic analysis revealed that the ultrasound application shifts the rate-limiting step from a mixed control of mass transfer and chemical reactions to predominantly chemical reaction control, reducing the activation energy by approximately 27%.","PeriodicalId":18461,"journal":{"name":"Metals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142248264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Björn-Ivo Bachmann, Martin Müller, Marie Stiefel, Dominik Britz, Thorsten Staudt, Frank Mücklich
Reliable microstructure characterization is essential for establishing process–microstructure–property links and effective quality control. Traditional manual microstructure analysis often struggles with objectivity, reproducibility, and scalability, particularly in complex materials. Machine learning methods offer a promising alternative but are hindered by the challenge of assigning an accurate and consistent ground truth, especially for complex microstructures. This paper introduces a methodology that uses correlative microscopy—combining light optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD)—to create objective, reproducible pixel-by-pixel annotations for ML training. In a semi-automated manner, EBSD-based annotations are employed to generate an objective ground truth mask for training a semantic segmentation model for quantifying simple light optical micrographs. The training masks are directly derived from raw EBSD data using modern deep learning methods. By using EBSD-based annotations, which incorporate crystallographic and misorientation data, the correctness and objectivity of the training mask creation can be assured. The final approach is capable of reproducibly and objectively differentiating bainite and martensite in optical micrographs of complex quenched steels. Through the reduction in the microstructural evaluation to light optical micrographs as the simplest and most widely used method, this way of quantifying microstructures is characterized by high efficiency as well as good scalability.
{"title":"Efficient Phase Segmentation of Light-Optical Microscopy Images of Highly Complex Microstructures Using a Correlative Approach in Combination with Deep Learning Techniques","authors":"Björn-Ivo Bachmann, Martin Müller, Marie Stiefel, Dominik Britz, Thorsten Staudt, Frank Mücklich","doi":"10.3390/met14091051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/met14091051","url":null,"abstract":"Reliable microstructure characterization is essential for establishing process–microstructure–property links and effective quality control. Traditional manual microstructure analysis often struggles with objectivity, reproducibility, and scalability, particularly in complex materials. Machine learning methods offer a promising alternative but are hindered by the challenge of assigning an accurate and consistent ground truth, especially for complex microstructures. This paper introduces a methodology that uses correlative microscopy—combining light optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD)—to create objective, reproducible pixel-by-pixel annotations for ML training. In a semi-automated manner, EBSD-based annotations are employed to generate an objective ground truth mask for training a semantic segmentation model for quantifying simple light optical micrographs. The training masks are directly derived from raw EBSD data using modern deep learning methods. By using EBSD-based annotations, which incorporate crystallographic and misorientation data, the correctness and objectivity of the training mask creation can be assured. The final approach is capable of reproducibly and objectively differentiating bainite and martensite in optical micrographs of complex quenched steels. Through the reduction in the microstructural evaluation to light optical micrographs as the simplest and most widely used method, this way of quantifying microstructures is characterized by high efficiency as well as good scalability.","PeriodicalId":18461,"journal":{"name":"Metals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142268337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jianguo Liu, Songlin Tong, Shuaihua Wang, Zhiyao Wan, Xiao Xing, Gan Cui
Superamphiphobic coatings have shown great potential in many fields such as with their anti-corrosion, high-temperature resistance, self-cleaning, and drag reduction properties. However, due to the poor stability of their coatings, it is difficult to apply them on a large scale. In this paper, two kinds of SiO2 particles and nickel were co-deposited on the surface of steel to construct a micro/nano dual-scale structure by composite electrodeposition. The surface of the coating was then fluorinated with the low-surface-energy material 1H,1H,2H,2H-Perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane (AC-FAS) to prepare a Ni-SiO2 superamphiphobic coating. The coating has a water contact angle of 159° and an oil contact angle of 151°. The effect of nanoparticle concentration on the wettability and surface morphology of the coating was systematically studied. Comparative experiments revealed that the optimal micro/nanoparticle concentrations were 8 g/L of 20 nm SiO2 and 2 g/L of 1 μm SiO2. This preparation method greatly improves the corrosion resistance, wear resistance, chemical stability, and high-temperature resistance of the coating.
{"title":"The Preparation and Properties of a Ni-SiO2 Superamphiphobic Coating Obtained by Electrodeposition","authors":"Jianguo Liu, Songlin Tong, Shuaihua Wang, Zhiyao Wan, Xiao Xing, Gan Cui","doi":"10.3390/met14091047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/met14091047","url":null,"abstract":"Superamphiphobic coatings have shown great potential in many fields such as with their anti-corrosion, high-temperature resistance, self-cleaning, and drag reduction properties. However, due to the poor stability of their coatings, it is difficult to apply them on a large scale. In this paper, two kinds of SiO2 particles and nickel were co-deposited on the surface of steel to construct a micro/nano dual-scale structure by composite electrodeposition. The surface of the coating was then fluorinated with the low-surface-energy material 1H,1H,2H,2H-Perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane (AC-FAS) to prepare a Ni-SiO2 superamphiphobic coating. The coating has a water contact angle of 159° and an oil contact angle of 151°. The effect of nanoparticle concentration on the wettability and surface morphology of the coating was systematically studied. Comparative experiments revealed that the optimal micro/nanoparticle concentrations were 8 g/L of 20 nm SiO2 and 2 g/L of 1 μm SiO2. This preparation method greatly improves the corrosion resistance, wear resistance, chemical stability, and high-temperature resistance of the coating.","PeriodicalId":18461,"journal":{"name":"Metals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142248262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The production of metals and their alloys will continue to increase in the coming years, mainly due to the growing demand for these products [...]
未来几年，金属及其合金的产量将继续增加，这主要是由于对这些产品的需求不断增长 [...]
{"title":"Advanced Processes in Metallurgical Technologies","authors":"Mariola Saternus, Ladislav Socha","doi":"10.3390/met14091049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/met14091049","url":null,"abstract":"The production of metals and their alloys will continue to increase in the coming years, mainly due to the growing demand for these products [...]","PeriodicalId":18461,"journal":{"name":"Metals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142268338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yajun Zhou, Yongzhen Zhang, Xin Zhang, Jianxiu Liu, Mingxin Wang
Copper-based powder metallurgy materials are frequently utilized in fabricating brake pads for high-speed trains. The preparation process involves mixing, ball milling, pressing, and sintering. Among these steps, hot-pressed sintering stands out as a rapid and efficient method that significantly influences the properties and performance of the products. In this study, four samples (S700/S750/S800/S850) were prepared using hot-pressed sintering at various temperatures, as follows: 700 °C, 750 °C, 800 °C, and 850 °C. The mechanical and physical properties of the four samples were tested, and the microstructure and compositions were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The findings highlighted the close relationship between sintering temperature and the mechanical and physical properties of the samples, as it impacts the porosity and interfacial bonding of the particles. Notably, Sample S800 demonstrated superior mechanical and thermal conductivity. Furthermore, the coefficient of friction (COF), friction heat, and wear rate of the four samples were also tested under different braking speeds ranging from 150 km/h to 350 km/h. The results indicated that the COFs of the four samples remained relatively stable below 300 km/h but decreased notably above 300 km/h due to heat fading. Sample S800 displayed consistent and high COF under varied braking speeds and exhibited the lowest wear rate. The observed wear mechanisms included abrasive wear and oxidation wear. Additionally, the friction test results underscored the close correspondence of the COF curve of S800 with the standard of the Ministry of Railways of the People’s Republic of China.
铜基粉末冶金材料常用于制造高速列车的刹车片。制备过程包括混合、球磨、压制和烧结。在这些步骤中，热压烧结是一种快速高效的方法，对产品的性能和表现有显著影响。本研究采用热压烧结法制备了四种样品（S700/S750/S800/S850），烧结温度各不相同，具体如下：700 ℃、750 ℃、800 ℃ 和 850 ℃。测试了四种样品的机械和物理性能，并使用扫描电子显微镜、能量色散光谱仪和 X 射线衍射仪研究了其微观结构和成分。研究结果凸显了烧结温度与样品机械和物理特性之间的密切关系，因为烧结温度会影响颗粒的孔隙率和界面结合力。值得注意的是，样品 S800 具有优异的机械和导热性能。此外，还测试了四种样品在 150 公里/小时至 350 公里/小时的不同制动速度下的摩擦系数（COF）、摩擦热和磨损率。结果表明，四种样品的 COF 在 300 km/h 以下保持相对稳定，但在 300 km/h 以上由于热衰减而明显下降。S800 样品在不同的制动速度下显示出一致的高 COF 值，磨损率最低。观察到的磨损机制包括磨料磨损和氧化磨损。此外，摩擦试验结果表明，S800 的 COF 曲线与中华人民共和国铁道部的标准非常接近。
{"title":"Effect of Sintering Temperature on the Microstructure and Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Copper Matrix Composite for Brake Pads","authors":"Yajun Zhou, Yongzhen Zhang, Xin Zhang, Jianxiu Liu, Mingxin Wang","doi":"10.3390/met14091048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/met14091048","url":null,"abstract":"Copper-based powder metallurgy materials are frequently utilized in fabricating brake pads for high-speed trains. The preparation process involves mixing, ball milling, pressing, and sintering. Among these steps, hot-pressed sintering stands out as a rapid and efficient method that significantly influences the properties and performance of the products. In this study, four samples (S700/S750/S800/S850) were prepared using hot-pressed sintering at various temperatures, as follows: 700 °C, 750 °C, 800 °C, and 850 °C. The mechanical and physical properties of the four samples were tested, and the microstructure and compositions were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The findings highlighted the close relationship between sintering temperature and the mechanical and physical properties of the samples, as it impacts the porosity and interfacial bonding of the particles. Notably, Sample S800 demonstrated superior mechanical and thermal conductivity. Furthermore, the coefficient of friction (COF), friction heat, and wear rate of the four samples were also tested under different braking speeds ranging from 150 km/h to 350 km/h. The results indicated that the COFs of the four samples remained relatively stable below 300 km/h but decreased notably above 300 km/h due to heat fading. Sample S800 displayed consistent and high COF under varied braking speeds and exhibited the lowest wear rate. The observed wear mechanisms included abrasive wear and oxidation wear. Additionally, the friction test results underscored the close correspondence of the COF curve of S800 with the standard of the Ministry of Railways of the People’s Republic of China.","PeriodicalId":18461,"journal":{"name":"Metals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142248266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yu Liu, Zhichao Yu, Man Zhang, Qisheng Feng, Dong Zhang, Pengyue Gao, Chonghe Li
This study investigated the effect of adding La–Ce mixed rare earths and Sr on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AlSi10MnMg alloy. The experiment utilized different combinations of modifiers, including single La–Ce rare earths, single Sr, and the combined addition of La–Ce mixed rare earths and Sr. This study compared their effects on grain refinement, the modification of the α-Al phase and eutectic silicon phase, and tensile properties and hardness. The results showed that the combined modification of Sr and mixed rare earth elements significantly refined the grains, optimized the morphology of the α-Al phase and eutectic silicon phase, and improved the overall mechanical properties of the aluminum alloy. Under the combined modification, the addition of 0.02 wt.% Sr and 0.1 wt.% RE (La–Ce mixed rare earths) exhibited the most pronounced refining effect. The secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) was reduced by 59.18%. The eutectic silicon phase transformed from coarse needle-like shapes to fine fibrous or granular forms, with an aspect ratio reduction of 69.39%. Meanwhile, the alloy’s tensile strength and hardness were significantly improved. The tensile strength increased to 240 MPa, achieving an increase of 23.08%; the yield strength increased to 111 MPa, achieving an increase of 18.09%; and the elongation reached 7.3%, achieving an increase of 73.81%. This indicates that the proper addition of Sr and mixed rare earths can significantly optimize the microstructure and enhance the mechanical properties of AlSi10MnMg alloy, providing an effective method for the preparation of high-performance heat-treatment-free aluminum alloys.
{"title":"The Influence of the Combined Addition of La–Ce Mixed Rare Earths and Sr on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AlSi10MnMg Alloy","authors":"Yu Liu, Zhichao Yu, Man Zhang, Qisheng Feng, Dong Zhang, Pengyue Gao, Chonghe Li","doi":"10.3390/met14091050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/met14091050","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the effect of adding La–Ce mixed rare earths and Sr on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AlSi10MnMg alloy. The experiment utilized different combinations of modifiers, including single La–Ce rare earths, single Sr, and the combined addition of La–Ce mixed rare earths and Sr. This study compared their effects on grain refinement, the modification of the α-Al phase and eutectic silicon phase, and tensile properties and hardness. The results showed that the combined modification of Sr and mixed rare earth elements significantly refined the grains, optimized the morphology of the α-Al phase and eutectic silicon phase, and improved the overall mechanical properties of the aluminum alloy. Under the combined modification, the addition of 0.02 wt.% Sr and 0.1 wt.% RE (La–Ce mixed rare earths) exhibited the most pronounced refining effect. The secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) was reduced by 59.18%. The eutectic silicon phase transformed from coarse needle-like shapes to fine fibrous or granular forms, with an aspect ratio reduction of 69.39%. Meanwhile, the alloy’s tensile strength and hardness were significantly improved. The tensile strength increased to 240 MPa, achieving an increase of 23.08%; the yield strength increased to 111 MPa, achieving an increase of 18.09%; and the elongation reached 7.3%, achieving an increase of 73.81%. This indicates that the proper addition of Sr and mixed rare earths can significantly optimize the microstructure and enhance the mechanical properties of AlSi10MnMg alloy, providing an effective method for the preparation of high-performance heat-treatment-free aluminum alloys.","PeriodicalId":18461,"journal":{"name":"Metals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142248263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrey Samokhin, Nikolay Alekseev, Aleksey Dorofeev, Andrey Fadeev, Mikhail Sinaiskiy
The process of obtaining powders from the 5–50 μm fraction of a W-Ni-Fe system consisting of particles with predominantly spherical shapes was investigated. Experimental studies on the plasma–chemical synthesis of a nanopowder composed of WNiFe-90 were carried out in a plasma reactor with a confined jet flow. A mixture of tungsten trioxide, nickel oxide, and iron oxide powders interacted with a flow of hydrogen-containing plasma generated in an electric-arc plasma torch. The parameters of the spray-drying process and the composition of a suspension consisting of WNiFe-90 nanoparticles were determined, which provided mechanically strong nanopowder microgranules with a rounded shape and a homogeneous internal structure that contained no cavities. The yield of the granule fraction under 50 μm was 60%. The influence of the process parameters of the plasma treatment of the nanopowder microgranules in the thermal plasma flow on the degree of spheroidization and the microstructure of the obtained particles, seen as their bulk density and fluidity, was established. It was shown that the plasma spheroidization of the microgranules of the W-Ni-Fe system promoted the formation of a submicron internal structure in the obtained spherical particles, which were characterized by an average tungsten grain size of 0.7 μm.
{"title":"Production of Spheroidized Micropowders of W-Ni-Fe Pseudo-Alloy Using Plasma Technology","authors":"Andrey Samokhin, Nikolay Alekseev, Aleksey Dorofeev, Andrey Fadeev, Mikhail Sinaiskiy","doi":"10.3390/met14091043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/met14091043","url":null,"abstract":"The process of obtaining powders from the 5–50 μm fraction of a W-Ni-Fe system consisting of particles with predominantly spherical shapes was investigated. Experimental studies on the plasma–chemical synthesis of a nanopowder composed of WNiFe-90 were carried out in a plasma reactor with a confined jet flow. A mixture of tungsten trioxide, nickel oxide, and iron oxide powders interacted with a flow of hydrogen-containing plasma generated in an electric-arc plasma torch. The parameters of the spray-drying process and the composition of a suspension consisting of WNiFe-90 nanoparticles were determined, which provided mechanically strong nanopowder microgranules with a rounded shape and a homogeneous internal structure that contained no cavities. The yield of the granule fraction under 50 μm was 60%. The influence of the process parameters of the plasma treatment of the nanopowder microgranules in the thermal plasma flow on the degree of spheroidization and the microstructure of the obtained particles, seen as their bulk density and fluidity, was established. It was shown that the plasma spheroidization of the microgranules of the W-Ni-Fe system promoted the formation of a submicron internal structure in the obtained spherical particles, which were characterized by an average tungsten grain size of 0.7 μm.","PeriodicalId":18461,"journal":{"name":"Metals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142184881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The development of ultrahigh-strength steels with good ductility is crucial for improving the crashworthiness of automobiles. In the present work, the mechanical responses and deformation behaviors of 1.5 GPa ultrahigh-strength steel were systematically investigated over a wide range of strain rates, from 10−3 s−1 to 103 s−1. The yield strength and tensile elongation at quasi-static strain rate (10−3 s−1) were 1548 MPa and 20%, respectively. The yield strength increased to 1930 MPa at an extremely high strain rate (103 s−1), and the steel maintained excellent ductility, with values as high as 17%. It was found that the prevailing of the transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect at quasi-static condition resulted in the formation of fresh martensite. This produced strong hetero-deformation-induced (HDI) stress and strain partitioning, contributing to the enhancement of strain hardening. The TRIP effect is remarkably suppressed under high strain rates, and thus the retained austenite with excellent deformation ability sustains the subsequent deformation, leading to superior ductility when the TRIP effect and HDI strengthening are retarded. Ultrahigh-strength steel with great strength–ductility combination over a wide range of strain rates has great potential in improving component performance while reducing vehicle weight.
{"title":"Achieving Superior Ductility at High Strain Rate in a 1.5 GPa Ultrahigh-Strength Steel without Obvious Transformation-Induced Plasticity Effect","authors":"Yao Lu, Tianxing Ma, Zhiyuan Liang, Li Liu","doi":"10.3390/met14091042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/met14091042","url":null,"abstract":"The development of ultrahigh-strength steels with good ductility is crucial for improving the crashworthiness of automobiles. In the present work, the mechanical responses and deformation behaviors of 1.5 GPa ultrahigh-strength steel were systematically investigated over a wide range of strain rates, from 10−3 s−1 to 103 s−1. The yield strength and tensile elongation at quasi-static strain rate (10−3 s−1) were 1548 MPa and 20%, respectively. The yield strength increased to 1930 MPa at an extremely high strain rate (103 s−1), and the steel maintained excellent ductility, with values as high as 17%. It was found that the prevailing of the transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect at quasi-static condition resulted in the formation of fresh martensite. This produced strong hetero-deformation-induced (HDI) stress and strain partitioning, contributing to the enhancement of strain hardening. The TRIP effect is remarkably suppressed under high strain rates, and thus the retained austenite with excellent deformation ability sustains the subsequent deformation, leading to superior ductility when the TRIP effect and HDI strengthening are retarded. Ultrahigh-strength steel with great strength–ductility combination over a wide range of strain rates has great potential in improving component performance while reducing vehicle weight.","PeriodicalId":18461,"journal":{"name":"Metals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142184879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kevin Pérez, Norman Toro, Pedro Robles, Felipe M. Galleguillos Madrid, Edelmira Gálvez, Francisco Javier González, Egidio Marino, Jonathan Castillo, Ingrid Jamett, Pía C. Hernández
Ferromanganese crusts are mineral resources distributed in the planet’s oceans. These deep-sea minerals stand out for their abundance and diversity of metals, with Mn and Co being the most abundant elements. These minerals are a good alternative to diversify the extraction of elements, which today are found at low grades on the Earth’s surface. For the co-processing of ferromanganese crusts to recover Co and Mn, there are few studies. These generally worked with the use of a reducing agent, and in many cases previous roasting processes. In the present investigation, two ferromanganese crusts that were collected from two seamounts in the central eastern Atlantic Ocean were characterized. Subsequently, these crusts were leached in an acid-reducing medium, adding steel waste (slag) with 99.73% Fe3O4 and 0.27% metallic iron from the steel industry as a reducing agent. Acid-reducing processes have previously been shown to yield high and rapid recoveries of Co and Mn from seabed minerals. However, there is no previous study using smelting slag as a reducing agent for the treatment of ferromanganese crusts. The best results of this research were obtained when working at 60 C, achieving joint extractions of Co and Mn of ~80% and ~40%, respectively, in 10 min. In addition, the process residues were analyzed, and the formation of contaminating elements or the precipitation of Co and Mn species was not observed.
铁锰结壳是分布在地球海洋中的矿物资源。这些深海矿物的突出特点是金属含量丰富且种类繁多，其中锰和钴是含量最高的元素。这些矿物是实现元素提取多样化的良好选择，目前在地球表面发现的元素品位较低。关于对锰铁结壳进行共处理以回收钴和锰的研究很少。这些研究通常使用还原剂，在许多情况下使用以前的焙烧工艺。在本次调查中，对从大西洋中东部两座海山采集的两块铁锰结壳进行了特征描述。随后，在酸还原介质中对这些结壳进行了沥滤，并添加了钢铁工业中含有 99.73% Fe3O4 和 0.27% 金属铁的钢铁废料（炉渣）作为还原剂。以前的研究表明，酸还原过程可以从海底矿物中快速回收大量的钴和锰。然而，之前还没有使用冶炼渣作为还原剂处理锰铁结壳的研究。这项研究的最佳结果是在 60 C 温度下工作，10 分钟内钴和锰的联合萃取率分别达到 ~80% 和 ~40%。此外，还对工艺残留物进行了分析，未观察到污染元素的形成或 Co 和 Mn 物种的沉淀。
{"title":"Extraction of Cobalt and Manganese from Ferromanganese Crusts Using Industrial Metal Waste through Leaching","authors":"Kevin Pérez, Norman Toro, Pedro Robles, Felipe M. Galleguillos Madrid, Edelmira Gálvez, Francisco Javier González, Egidio Marino, Jonathan Castillo, Ingrid Jamett, Pía C. Hernández","doi":"10.3390/met14091044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/met14091044","url":null,"abstract":"Ferromanganese crusts are mineral resources distributed in the planet’s oceans. These deep-sea minerals stand out for their abundance and diversity of metals, with Mn and Co being the most abundant elements. These minerals are a good alternative to diversify the extraction of elements, which today are found at low grades on the Earth’s surface. For the co-processing of ferromanganese crusts to recover Co and Mn, there are few studies. These generally worked with the use of a reducing agent, and in many cases previous roasting processes. In the present investigation, two ferromanganese crusts that were collected from two seamounts in the central eastern Atlantic Ocean were characterized. Subsequently, these crusts were leached in an acid-reducing medium, adding steel waste (slag) with 99.73% Fe3O4 and 0.27% metallic iron from the steel industry as a reducing agent. Acid-reducing processes have previously been shown to yield high and rapid recoveries of Co and Mn from seabed minerals. However, there is no previous study using smelting slag as a reducing agent for the treatment of ferromanganese crusts. The best results of this research were obtained when working at 60 C, achieving joint extractions of Co and Mn of ~80% and ~40%, respectively, in 10 min. In addition, the process residues were analyzed, and the formation of contaminating elements or the precipitation of Co and Mn species was not observed.","PeriodicalId":18461,"journal":{"name":"Metals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142184882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Directed energy deposition (DED-LB-p) is used for the production of large components due to the high deposition rates. The large number of process parameters and printing strategies makes it difficult to optimize this process to achieve the optimal properties. Intensive post-processing is still the main obstacle to the widespread use of this process. In this work, the influence of different printing strategies and process parameters on the microstructural and tensile mechanical performance at room temperature is investigated. The porosity is measured in both printing directions. The grain orientation and size are analyzed by EBSD. A very low porosity of less than 0.4% is found in all the printed samples. The samples printed with the optimized offset printing strategy show a significant improvement in tensile strength of 1000 MPa without heat treatment compared to the other processing routes.
{"title":"Influence of Printing Strategies on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured Alloy 625 Using Directed Energy Deposition (DED-LB-p)","authors":"Florian Scherm, Haneen Daoud, Uwe Glatzel","doi":"10.3390/met14091041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/met14091041","url":null,"abstract":"Directed energy deposition (DED-LB-p) is used for the production of large components due to the high deposition rates. The large number of process parameters and printing strategies makes it difficult to optimize this process to achieve the optimal properties. Intensive post-processing is still the main obstacle to the widespread use of this process. In this work, the influence of different printing strategies and process parameters on the microstructural and tensile mechanical performance at room temperature is investigated. The porosity is measured in both printing directions. The grain orientation and size are analyzed by EBSD. A very low porosity of less than 0.4% is found in all the printed samples. The samples printed with the optimized offset printing strategy show a significant improvement in tensile strength of 1000 MPa without heat treatment compared to the other processing routes.","PeriodicalId":18461,"journal":{"name":"Metals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142184878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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