{"title":"Microscopy in 2019 with a renewed editorial board","authors":"Shigeo Okabe","doi":"10.1093/jmicro/dfz005","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jmicro/dfz005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18515,"journal":{"name":"Microscopy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/jmicro/dfz005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60940865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"For Microscopy special issue on ‘Plant Science’","authors":"Yoshinobu Mineyuki;Marisa S Otegui","doi":"10.1093/jmicro/dfz006","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jmicro/dfz006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18515,"journal":{"name":"Microscopy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/jmicro/dfz006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60941081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
α- and β-tubulin undergoes polyglutamylation, a post-translational modification. This modification is important for stability and electrostatic properties of microtubules, thereby affecting functions of various microtubule-associated proteins. Here we review and introduce polyglutamylation of ciliary/flagellar tubulin, mainly focusing on our research using the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The diversity of α- and β-tubulin is facilitated by various post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as acetylation, tyrosination, glycylation, glutamylation, phosphorylation and methylation. These PTMs affect the stability and structure of microtubules as well as the interaction between microtubules and microtubule-associated proteins, including molecular motors. Therefore, it is extremely important to investigate the roles of tubulin PTMs for understanding the cell cycle, cell motility and intracellular trafficking. Tubulin PTMs were first studied in the 1980s, and considerable progress has been made since then; it is likely that additional mechanisms remain yet to be elucidated. Here, we discuss one such modification, tubulin glutamylation, and introduce our research on the eukaryotic flagellum of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
{"title":"Chlamydomonas as a tool to study tubulin polyglutamylation","authors":"Tomohiro Kubo;Toshiyuki Oda","doi":"10.1093/jmicro/dfy044","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jmicro/dfy044","url":null,"abstract":"α- and β-tubulin undergoes polyglutamylation, a post-translational modification. This modification is important for stability and electrostatic properties of microtubules, thereby affecting functions of various microtubule-associated proteins. Here we review and introduce polyglutamylation of ciliary/flagellar tubulin, mainly focusing on our research using the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The diversity of α- and β-tubulin is facilitated by various post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as acetylation, tyrosination, glycylation, glutamylation, phosphorylation and methylation. These PTMs affect the stability and structure of microtubules as well as the interaction between microtubules and microtubule-associated proteins, including molecular motors. Therefore, it is extremely important to investigate the roles of tubulin PTMs for understanding the cell cycle, cell motility and intracellular trafficking. Tubulin PTMs were first studied in the 1980s, and considerable progress has been made since then; it is likely that additional mechanisms remain yet to be elucidated. Here, we discuss one such modification, tubulin glutamylation, and introduce our research on the eukaryotic flagellum of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.","PeriodicalId":18515,"journal":{"name":"Microscopy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/jmicro/dfy044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36622811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plastids and mitochondria do not multiply de novo but though the division of pre-existing organelles. Here, we review the structural frameworks of the mechanisms of plastid and mitochondrial division. Then, we highlight fundamental issues that need to be resolved to reveal the underlying mechanisms of plastid and mitochondrial division. Plastids and mitochondria are thought to have originated from free-living cyanobacterial and alpha-proteobacterial ancestors, respectively, via endosymbiosis. Their evolutionary origins dictate that these organelles do not multiply de novo but through the division of pre-existing plastids and mitochondria. Over the past three decades, studies have shown that plastid and mitochondrial division are performed by contractile ring-shaped structures, broadly termed the plastid and mitochondrial-division machineries. Interestingly, the division machineries are hybrid forms of the bacterial cell division system and eukaryotic membrane fission system. The structure and function of the plastid and mitochondrial-division machineries are similar to each other, implying that the division machineries evolved in parallel since their establishment in primitive eukaryotes. Compared with our knowledge of their structures, our understanding of the mechanical details of how these division machineries function is still quite limited. Here, we review and compare the structural frameworks of the plastid and mitochondrial-division machineries in both lower and higher eukaryotes. Then, we highlight fundamental issues that need to be resolved to reveal the underlying mechanisms of plastid and mitochondrial division. Finally, we highlight related studies that point to an exciting future for the field.
{"title":"How do plastids and mitochondria divide?","authors":"Yamato Yoshida;Yuko Mogi","doi":"10.1093/jmicro/dfy132","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jmicro/dfy132","url":null,"abstract":"Plastids and mitochondria do not multiply de novo but though the division of pre-existing organelles. Here, we review the structural frameworks of the mechanisms of plastid and mitochondrial division. Then, we highlight fundamental issues that need to be resolved to reveal the underlying mechanisms of plastid and mitochondrial division. Plastids and mitochondria are thought to have originated from free-living cyanobacterial and alpha-proteobacterial ancestors, respectively, via endosymbiosis. Their evolutionary origins dictate that these organelles do not multiply de novo but through the division of pre-existing plastids and mitochondria. Over the past three decades, studies have shown that plastid and mitochondrial division are performed by contractile ring-shaped structures, broadly termed the plastid and mitochondrial-division machineries. Interestingly, the division machineries are hybrid forms of the bacterial cell division system and eukaryotic membrane fission system. The structure and function of the plastid and mitochondrial-division machineries are similar to each other, implying that the division machineries evolved in parallel since their establishment in primitive eukaryotes. Compared with our knowledge of their structures, our understanding of the mechanical details of how these division machineries function is still quite limited. Here, we review and compare the structural frameworks of the plastid and mitochondrial-division machineries in both lower and higher eukaryotes. Then, we highlight fundamental issues that need to be resolved to reveal the underlying mechanisms of plastid and mitochondrial division. Finally, we highlight related studies that point to an exciting future for the field.","PeriodicalId":18515,"journal":{"name":"Microscopy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/jmicro/dfy132","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36766106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The haploid gametophyte generation of ferns is an excellent experimental material for cell biology studies because of its simple structure and high sensitivity to light. Each step of the developmental process, such as cell growth, cell cycle and the direction of cell division, is controlled, step by step, by light, unlike what happens in complex seed plant tissues. To perform analyses at the cell or organelle level, we have developed special tools, instruments and techniques, such as a cuvette suitable for repeated centrifugation in particular directions, microbeam irradiators for partial cell irradiation and single-cell ligation technique to create enucleated cells. Some of our main discoveries are as follows: (1) changes in the intracellular position of the nucleus in long protonemal cells by centrifugation revealed that the nuclear position or a factor(s) that is/are co-centrifuged with the nucleus is important for the decision regarding the place of the formation of preprophase bands and the timing of their disappearance, which determines the position where the new cell wall attaches to the mother cell wall; (2) even within a single cell, various phenomena could be induced by blue or red light, with the localization of the blue or red light receptors being different depending on the phenomenon; (3) de novo mRNA synthesis is not involved in the signal transduction pathways underlying light-induced chloroplast movements. In this review article, various microscopic techniques, in addition to the results of physiology studies in fern gametophytes, are described.
{"title":"Light-dependent spatiotemporal control of plant cell development and organelle movement in fern gametophytes","authors":"Masamitsu Wada","doi":"10.1093/jmicro/dfy143","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jmicro/dfy143","url":null,"abstract":"The haploid gametophyte generation of ferns is an excellent experimental material for cell biology studies because of its simple structure and high sensitivity to light. Each step of the developmental process, such as cell growth, cell cycle and the direction of cell division, is controlled, step by step, by light, unlike what happens in complex seed plant tissues. To perform analyses at the cell or organelle level, we have developed special tools, instruments and techniques, such as a cuvette suitable for repeated centrifugation in particular directions, microbeam irradiators for partial cell irradiation and single-cell ligation technique to create enucleated cells. Some of our main discoveries are as follows: (1) changes in the intracellular position of the nucleus in long protonemal cells by centrifugation revealed that the nuclear position or a factor(s) that is/are co-centrifuged with the nucleus is important for the decision regarding the place of the formation of preprophase bands and the timing of their disappearance, which determines the position where the new cell wall attaches to the mother cell wall; (2) even within a single cell, various phenomena could be induced by blue or red light, with the localization of the blue or red light receptors being different depending on the phenomenon; (3) de novo mRNA synthesis is not involved in the signal transduction pathways underlying light-induced chloroplast movements. In this review article, various microscopic techniques, in addition to the results of physiology studies in fern gametophytes, are described.","PeriodicalId":18515,"journal":{"name":"Microscopy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/jmicro/dfy143","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36805305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"LS-2A Consideration about the Development of Leadership and Successors of Microscopists by Learning the Different Fields","authors":"T. Yasunaga, A. Sawaguchi, M. Osumi","doi":"10.1093/jmicro/dfx060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jmicro/dfx060","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18515,"journal":{"name":"Microscopy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2017-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/jmicro/dfx060","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48645204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Ose, T. Sunaoshi, Yusuke Tamba, Y. Nagakubo, Junzo Azuma, R. Tamochi, M. Osumi, A. Narita, Tomoharu Matsumoto, Eiji Usukura, J. Usukura
Researchers in all areas of medicine and biology have long awaited a user-friendly, low-acceleratingvoltage cryo-EM for a wide variety of applications. New low voltage cryo-scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) has been developed based on conventional high-resolution SEM, which enables to observe a transmitted image and a secondary electron (SEM) image simultaneously in a fresh frozen state [1].
{"title":"1S-A1-1Development of an Easy-to-use Cryo-electron Microscope for Simultaneous Observation of SEM and Transmission Images","authors":"Y. Ose, T. Sunaoshi, Yusuke Tamba, Y. Nagakubo, Junzo Azuma, R. Tamochi, M. Osumi, A. Narita, Tomoharu Matsumoto, Eiji Usukura, J. Usukura","doi":"10.1093/JMICRO/DFX040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/JMICRO/DFX040","url":null,"abstract":"Researchers in all areas of medicine and biology have long awaited a user-friendly, low-acceleratingvoltage cryo-EM for a wide variety of applications. New low voltage cryo-scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) has been developed based on conventional high-resolution SEM, which enables to observe a transmitted image and a secondary electron (SEM) image simultaneously in a fresh frozen state [1].","PeriodicalId":18515,"journal":{"name":"Microscopy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41435958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"2S-A1-2Cell Architecture Elucidated by Three-dimensional Cryo-electron Microscopy","authors":"T. Yasunaga, S. Aramaki, T. Higo","doi":"10.1093/JMICRO/DFX050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/JMICRO/DFX050","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18515,"journal":{"name":"Microscopy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42749156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"PL-2Microscopy and Biology","authors":"T. Ushiki","doi":"10.1093/JMICRO/DFX063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/JMICRO/DFX063","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18515,"journal":{"name":"Microscopy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/JMICRO/DFX063","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47938919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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