Background The extraction and purification of precious metals from refractory ore, is extremely poor due to the ore sulfides and complex sulfides within the refractory ore. These sulfides contain concealed or microscopic gold, which inhibits the transformation of metallic gold in solution. The cyanidation of these minerals results in low gold recoveries, which in turn results in economic losses. Therefore, it is necessary to research optimal theoretical and practical alternatives. To increase recovery and reduce economic losses, pretreatments such as roasting pretreatments and pressure oxidation in autoclave were used to render the gold occluded in the sulfide minerals. The occluded gold will be amenable to extraction by cyanide leaching.
{"title":"Cyanidation tests and pretreatments to recover gold from a refractory ore in Colombia","authors":"C. Vanegas, F. Muñoz","doi":"10.19150/MMP.7621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19150/MMP.7621","url":null,"abstract":"Background The extraction and purification of precious metals from refractory ore, is extremely poor due to the ore sulfides and complex sulfides within the refractory ore. These sulfides contain concealed or microscopic gold, which inhibits the transformation of metallic gold in solution. The cyanidation of these minerals results in low gold recoveries, which in turn results in economic losses. Therefore, it is necessary to research optimal theoretical and practical alternatives. To increase recovery and reduce economic losses, pretreatments such as roasting pretreatments and pressure oxidation in autoclave were used to render the gold occluded in the sulfide minerals. The occluded gold will be amenable to extraction by cyanide leaching.","PeriodicalId":18536,"journal":{"name":"Minerals & Metallurgical Processing","volume":"34 1","pages":"160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.19150/MMP.7621","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46976202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Honaker, J. Groppo, R. Yoon, G. Luttrell, A. Noble, J. Herbst
Coal and coal byproducts produced annually contain a sufficient amount of rare earth elements (REEs) to meet current U.S. demand. The REEs exist in the form of minerals, ion-adsorbed elements associated with clays, and chemically bonded elements within the organic coal matrix or host mineral. Researchers at three universities collaborated to evaluate the effectiveness of existing physical and chemical concentration processes for the recovery of the REEs. The efforts found that physical separation processes can increase the total REE content in the thickener underflow material collected from a Central Appalachian coal cleaning facility from around 300 ppm to values greater than 17,500 ppm on an ash basis. Leaching followed by solvent extraction was found to be the most effective to recover the REEs from coarse middlings materials collected from multiple coal basins, as indicated by recovery values exceeding 80 percent. Based on material characterization data and process evaluations conducted for several potential feed coal sources, economic recovery of the REEs will require byproduct production of both clean coal and REE concentrate using a process flowsheet that is unique for each source.
{"title":"Process evaluation and flowsheet development for the recovery of rare earth elements from coal and associated byproducts","authors":"R. Honaker, J. Groppo, R. Yoon, G. Luttrell, A. Noble, J. Herbst","doi":"10.19150/MMP.7610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19150/MMP.7610","url":null,"abstract":"Coal and coal byproducts produced annually contain a sufficient amount of rare earth elements (REEs) to meet current U.S. demand. The REEs exist in the form of minerals, ion-adsorbed elements associated with clays, and chemically bonded elements within the organic coal matrix or host mineral. Researchers at three universities collaborated to evaluate the effectiveness of existing physical and chemical concentration processes for the recovery of the REEs. The efforts found that physical separation processes can increase the total REE content in the thickener underflow material collected from a Central Appalachian coal cleaning facility from around 300 ppm to values greater than 17,500 ppm on an ash basis. Leaching followed by solvent extraction was found to be the most effective to recover the REEs from coarse middlings materials collected from multiple coal basins, as indicated by recovery values exceeding 80 percent. Based on material characterization data and process evaluations conducted for several potential feed coal sources, economic recovery of the REEs will require byproduct production of both clean coal and REE concentrate using a process flowsheet that is unique for each source.","PeriodicalId":18536,"journal":{"name":"Minerals & Metallurgical Processing","volume":"34 1","pages":"107-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.19150/MMP.7610","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44354024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The effect of polysaccharides on bubble attachment at talc surfaces","authors":"V. Atluri, Jan D. Miller","doi":"10.19150/MMP.7617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19150/MMP.7617","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18536,"journal":{"name":"Minerals & Metallurgical Processing","volume":"34 1","pages":"156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.19150/MMP.7617","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48792795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background Rare earth elements (REEs) play an important role in many technological advances in the modern world. With applications including hydrogen cars, computer hard drives and wind turbines, REEs are needed in numerous highly technical applications and will be needed more in the future. Monazite and bastnäsite are the two most essential sources of REEs. Bastnäsite is a fluorocarbonate mineral, but monazite is a phosphate mineral, making it much more difficult to decompose. Its stable structure can only be broken down under extreme extraction conditions. A common method to accomplish this has been through the use of sodium hydroxide at high temperatures and extended baking times. However, substituting potassium hydroxide for sodium hydroxide could potentially be a more economically favorable method. The sodium hydroxide method currently in practice produces sodium phosphate that can be sold as a fertilizer (Panda et al., 2014). However, the potassium hydroxide method would produce potassium phosphate, which would be a more effective and valuable fertilizer (Val’kov, et al., 2010).
{"title":"A novel approach to alkali pug bake for the extraction of rare earth elements from monazite concentrate","authors":"J. Galvin, M. Safarzadeh","doi":"10.19150/MMP.7618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19150/MMP.7618","url":null,"abstract":"Background Rare earth elements (REEs) play an important role in many technological advances in the modern world. With applications including hydrogen cars, computer hard drives and wind turbines, REEs are needed in numerous highly technical applications and will be needed more in the future. Monazite and bastnäsite are the two most essential sources of REEs. Bastnäsite is a fluorocarbonate mineral, but monazite is a phosphate mineral, making it much more difficult to decompose. Its stable structure can only be broken down under extreme extraction conditions. A common method to accomplish this has been through the use of sodium hydroxide at high temperatures and extended baking times. However, substituting potassium hydroxide for sodium hydroxide could potentially be a more economically favorable method. The sodium hydroxide method currently in practice produces sodium phosphate that can be sold as a fertilizer (Panda et al., 2014). However, the potassium hydroxide method would produce potassium phosphate, which would be a more effective and valuable fertilizer (Val’kov, et al., 2010).","PeriodicalId":18536,"journal":{"name":"Minerals & Metallurgical Processing","volume":"34 1","pages":"157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.19150/MMP.7618","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42795942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The solvent extraction of cerium(III) and samarium(III) from mixed solutions of all rare earth elements (REEs) except promethium using PC88A (2-ethyl hexyl phosphonic acid mono-2-ethyl hexyl ester), an acidic extractant, was investigated. The effects of aqueous equilibrium pH, various acids (sulfuric acid (H2 SO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl) and nitric acid (HNO3)), initial metal ion concentration and extractant concentration on the solvent extraction of Ce(III) and Sm(III) were systematically studied. From the experimental results, HNO3 and HCl were found to be the preflerred aqueous media for the solvent extraction of both Sm(III) and Ce(III). The most promising experimental conditions of pH, PC88A concentration and metal ion concentration were identified for the extraction of Ce(III) and Sm(III). Separation results showed that H2 SO4 at pH 2 provided the best separation between Sm(III) and Ce(III).
{"title":"Solvent extraction and separation of cerium(III) and samarium(III) from mixed rare earth solutions using PC88A","authors":"V. Agarwal, M. Safarzadeh","doi":"10.19150/MMP.7612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19150/MMP.7612","url":null,"abstract":"The solvent extraction of cerium(III) and samarium(III) from mixed solutions of all rare earth elements (REEs) except promethium using PC88A (2-ethyl hexyl phosphonic acid mono-2-ethyl hexyl ester), an acidic extractant, was investigated. The effects of aqueous equilibrium pH, various acids (sulfuric acid (H2 SO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl) and nitric acid (HNO3)), initial metal ion concentration and extractant concentration on the solvent extraction of Ce(III) and Sm(III) were systematically studied. From the experimental results, HNO3 and HCl were found to be the preflerred aqueous media for the solvent extraction of both Sm(III) and Ce(III). The most promising experimental conditions of pH, PC88A concentration and metal ion concentration were identified for the extraction of Ce(III) and Sm(III). Separation results showed that H2 SO4 at pH 2 provided the best separation between Sm(III) and Ce(III).","PeriodicalId":18536,"journal":{"name":"Minerals & Metallurgical Processing","volume":"34 1","pages":"125-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.19150/MMP.7612","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46888828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Weiping Liu, Weiping Liu, Xuming Wang, H. Xu, Jan D. Miller
Bastnaesite is one of the important mineral resources for the production of rare earth materials, and it is typically associated with calcite and quartz as gangue minerals. Fatty acid or hydroxamic acid are recommended collectors for bastnaesite flotation. In this research, potassium lauryl phosphate was expected to provide a stronger flotation response for bastnaesite than for the calcite and quartz gangue minerals. Using potassium lauryl phosphate as collector, the results of captive bubble contact angle measurements, zeta potential determinations and microflotation experiments for bastnaesite, calcite and quartz are reported. Greater selectivity for bastnaesite was achieved using potassium lauryl phosphate than using octyl hydroxamate as collector. These results indicate that potassium lauryl phosphate might be a promising collector in the flotation of bastnaesite ores. The computation results of universal force feld (UFF) interaction energies for the mineral-reagent interactions are also reported and were found to correlate well with the experimental microflotation results.
{"title":"Physical chemistry considerations in the selective flotation of bastnaesite with lauryl phosphate","authors":"Weiping Liu, Weiping Liu, Xuming Wang, H. Xu, Jan D. Miller","doi":"10.19150/MMP.7611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19150/MMP.7611","url":null,"abstract":"Bastnaesite is one of the important mineral resources for the production of rare earth materials, and it is typically associated with calcite and quartz as gangue minerals. Fatty acid or hydroxamic acid are recommended collectors for bastnaesite flotation. In this research, potassium lauryl phosphate was expected to provide a stronger flotation response for bastnaesite than for the calcite and quartz gangue minerals. Using potassium lauryl phosphate as collector, the results of captive bubble contact angle measurements, zeta potential determinations and microflotation experiments for bastnaesite, calcite and quartz are reported. Greater selectivity for bastnaesite was achieved using potassium lauryl phosphate than using octyl hydroxamate as collector. These results indicate that potassium lauryl phosphate might be a promising collector in the flotation of bastnaesite ores. The computation results of universal force feld (UFF) interaction energies for the mineral-reagent interactions are also reported and were found to correlate well with the experimental microflotation results.","PeriodicalId":18536,"journal":{"name":"Minerals & Metallurgical Processing","volume":"34 1","pages":"116-124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.19150/MMP.7611","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47009033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rare earth elements (REEs) found in coal are in the form of minerals, ion-adsorbed onto clay surfaces or inner layers, or organically bound. Rare earth minerals such as monazite exist in coal and have grain sizes smaller than 5 µm. In this study, froth flotation was successful in concentrating rare earth minerals existing in a thickener underflow material derived from Fire Clay seam coal that contained around 431 ppm of total rare earth elements (TREE) on a dry ash basis. Conditioning with fatty acid followed by processing using multiple stages of conventional flotation produced a final concentrate containing 2,300 ppm TREE. Using a laboratory flotation column to limit hydraulic entrainment, the TREE content was further enriched to around 4,700 ppm, which equated to an enrichment ratio of 10:1..
{"title":"Concentration of rare earth minerals from coal by froth flotation","authors":"Wencai Zhang, R. Honaker, J. Groppo","doi":"10.19150/MMP.7613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19150/MMP.7613","url":null,"abstract":"Rare earth elements (REEs) found in coal are in the form of minerals, ion-adsorbed onto clay surfaces or inner layers, or organically bound. Rare earth minerals such as monazite exist in coal and have grain sizes smaller than 5 µm. In this study, froth flotation was successful in concentrating rare earth minerals existing in a thickener underflow material derived from Fire Clay seam coal that contained around 431 ppm of total rare earth elements (TREE) on a dry ash basis. Conditioning with fatty acid followed by processing using multiple stages of conventional flotation produced a final concentrate containing 2,300 ppm TREE. Using a laboratory flotation column to limit hydraulic entrainment, the TREE content was further enriched to around 4,700 ppm, which equated to an enrichment ratio of 10:1..","PeriodicalId":18536,"journal":{"name":"Minerals & Metallurgical Processing","volume":"34 1","pages":"132-137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.19150/MMP.7613","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44983765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Singh, R. Venugopal, S. K. Tripathy, V. K. Saxena
This study was carried out to understand the impact of variation in material morphology on the efficacy of microwave pretreatment. Three different types of mineral matter — coal, iron ore and manganese ore — were treated with microwaves at different energy levels, from 180 to 900 W, for different time durations of one to five minutes. The treated samples were subjected to microscopic, milling and liberation studies. Coal is a porous and amorphous material with low dielectric constant, and grinding of the microwave-pretreated coal samples resulted in an 18.18 percent reduction in the 80 percent of passing particle size, or d80, and a 17.1 percent increase in carbon recovery. The microwave-pretreated soft and friable manganese ore samples showed a 47.82 percent reduction in d80 during grinding and higher manganese recovery of 42.46 percent during liberation analysis. The microwave pretreatment and milling of hard and banded iron ore reduced the d80 by 20.83 percent, but no improvement was observed in mineral liberation. Coal showed better results during treatment at lower energy levels of 180 W for one to three minutes, whereas the minerals needed higher energy of 900 W for five minutes. Particle size analysis indicated rapid size reduction up to an energy input of 25 Wh. This effect diminished with increased energy input.
{"title":"Comparative analysis of the effect of microwave pretreatment on the milling and liberation characteristics of mineral matters of different morphologies","authors":"V. Singh, R. Venugopal, S. K. Tripathy, V. K. Saxena","doi":"10.19150/MMP.7506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19150/MMP.7506","url":null,"abstract":"This study was carried out to understand the impact of variation in material morphology on the efficacy of microwave pretreatment. Three different types of mineral matter — coal, iron ore and manganese ore — were treated with microwaves at different energy levels, from 180 to 900 W, for different time durations of one to five minutes. The treated samples were subjected to microscopic, milling and liberation studies. Coal is a porous and amorphous material with low dielectric constant, and grinding of the microwave-pretreated coal samples resulted in an 18.18 percent reduction in the 80 percent of passing particle size, or d80, and a 17.1 percent increase in carbon recovery. The microwave-pretreated soft and friable manganese ore samples showed a 47.82 percent reduction in d80 during grinding and higher manganese recovery of 42.46 percent during liberation analysis. The microwave pretreatment and milling of hard and banded iron ore reduced the d80 by 20.83 percent, but no improvement was observed in mineral liberation. Coal showed better results during treatment at lower energy levels of 180 W for one to three minutes, whereas the minerals needed higher energy of 900 W for five minutes. Particle size analysis indicated rapid size reduction up to an energy input of 25 Wh. This effect diminished with increased energy input.","PeriodicalId":18536,"journal":{"name":"Minerals & Metallurgical Processing","volume":"34 1","pages":"65-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.19150/MMP.7506","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48901945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Heap leaching is responsible for approximately 21 percent — 3.9 million metric tonnes — of copper production and 9 percent — 270 metric tonnes or 8.7 million ounces — of gold production worldwide. Given metal price assumptions of $2.25/lb for copper and $1,250/oz for gold, these portions of global production generate revenues of $19 billion and $11 billion, respectively. For heap leaching operations, small changes in metal extraction efficiency drive substantial changes in operating cash flow margins and affect project viability. Variances in actual metal production from budgetary forecast estimates can mean the difference between success (value creation) and failure (value destruction) for a heap leach project. Despite the importance of heap leaching for copper, gold and silver production worldwide, there are no clear standards or guidelines for developing heap leach metal production forecasts. There is considerable variation among copper and gold producers that apply heap leaching technology as to how such modeling and forecasting is applied at the operational level. There are a variety of different modeling approaches that can be utilized for this purpose. However, these vary in cost, complexity, time to implement, accuracy and credibility. This paper explores the options available for heap leach modeling, discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each approach, and provides guidelines/recommendations for an effective approach to modeling metal production at existing or planned heap leach operations. The paper also provides expected ranges of variation between actual and modeled production.
{"title":"Heap leach modeling — A review of approaches to metal production forecasting","authors":"J. Marsden, M. Botz","doi":"10.19150/MMP.7505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19150/MMP.7505","url":null,"abstract":"Heap leaching is responsible for approximately 21 percent — 3.9 million metric tonnes — of copper production and 9 percent — 270 metric tonnes or 8.7 million ounces — of gold production worldwide. Given metal price assumptions of $2.25/lb for copper and $1,250/oz for gold, these portions of global production generate revenues of $19 billion and $11 billion, respectively. For heap leaching operations, small changes in metal extraction efficiency drive substantial changes in operating cash flow margins and affect project viability. Variances in actual metal production from budgetary forecast estimates can mean the difference between success (value creation) and failure (value destruction) for a heap leach project. Despite the importance of heap leaching for copper, gold and silver production worldwide, there are no clear standards or guidelines for developing heap leach metal production forecasts. There is considerable variation among copper and gold producers that apply heap leaching technology as to how such modeling and forecasting is applied at the operational level. There are a variety of different modeling approaches that can be utilized for this purpose. However, these vary in cost, complexity, time to implement, accuracy and credibility. This paper explores the options available for heap leach modeling, discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each approach, and provides guidelines/recommendations for an effective approach to modeling metal production at existing or planned heap leach operations. The paper also provides expected ranges of variation between actual and modeled production.","PeriodicalId":18536,"journal":{"name":"Minerals & Metallurgical Processing","volume":"34 1","pages":"53-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.19150/MMP.7505","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49365279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Navarra, H. Marambio, F. Oyarzun, R. Parra, F. Mucciardi
Discrete event simulation (DES) is an appropriate framework for the plant-wide analysis of copper smelters. These smelters apply a common set of chemical reactions: copper-iron sulfides are blasted with oxygen-enriched air, sending the iron into a slag phase and the sulfur into the offgas. Moreover, conventional copper smelters exhibit similar operational dynamics: a smelting furnace operates continually, feeding into an alternating set of converters that produce batches of blister copper. The thermochemical and operational commonalities of copper smelters are integrated within the DES framework. This serves as a common basis to begin evaluating the system dynamics of individual smelters. For complex problems, the simulation framework should be developed in phases, incorporating feedback from different personnel who have complementary perspectives. Sample computations are provided in this paper based on the Hernán Videla Lira smelter, whose production is constrained by meteorological conditions.
{"title":"System dynamics and discrete event simulation of copper smelters","authors":"A. Navarra, H. Marambio, F. Oyarzun, R. Parra, F. Mucciardi","doi":"10.19150/MMP.7510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19150/MMP.7510","url":null,"abstract":"Discrete event simulation (DES) is an appropriate framework for the plant-wide analysis of copper smelters. These smelters apply a common set of chemical reactions: copper-iron sulfides are blasted with oxygen-enriched air, sending the iron into a slag phase and the sulfur into the offgas. Moreover, conventional copper smelters exhibit similar operational dynamics: a smelting furnace operates continually, feeding into an alternating set of converters that produce batches of blister copper. The thermochemical and operational commonalities of copper smelters are integrated within the DES framework. This serves as a common basis to begin evaluating the system dynamics of individual smelters. For complex problems, the simulation framework should be developed in phases, incorporating feedback from different personnel who have complementary perspectives. Sample computations are provided in this paper based on the Hernán Videla Lira smelter, whose production is constrained by meteorological conditions.","PeriodicalId":18536,"journal":{"name":"Minerals & Metallurgical Processing","volume":"34 1","pages":"96-106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.19150/MMP.7510","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42433662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：