Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease最新文献_第5页

Regulatory effect of paraprobiotic Lactobacillus gasseri CP2305 on gut environment and function 副益生菌气体乳杆菌CP2305对肠道环境和功能的调节作用

Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease

Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.3402/mehd.v27.30259

Tomonori Sugawara, D. Sawada, Y. Ishida, Kotaro Aihara, Yumeko Aoki, Isao Takehara, Kazuhiko Takano, S. Fujiwara

Background Lactobacillus gasseri CP2305 (CP2305) is a strain of Lactobacillus isolated from a stool sample from a healthy adult that showed beneficial effects on health as a paraprobiotic. In a previous study, we demonstrated that CP2305-fermented heat-treated milk modified gut functions more than artificially acidified sour milk. Thus, the regulatory activity of the former beverage was attributed to the inactivated CP2305 cells. Objective The aim of this study was to elucidate the contribution of non-viable paraprobiotic CP2305 cells to regulating human gut functions. We thus conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded parallel group trial. Design The trial included 118 healthy participants with relatively low or high stool frequencies. The test beverage was prepared by adding 1×1010 washed, heat-treated, and dried CP2305 cells directly to the placebo beverage. The participants ingested a bottle of the assigned beverage daily for 3 weeks and answered daily questionnaires about defecation and quality of life. Fecal samples were collected and the fecal characteristics, microbial metabolite contents of the feces and composition of fecal microbiota were evaluated. Results The number of evacuations and the scores for fecal odors were significantly improved in the group that consumed the CP2305-containing beverage compared with those of the group that consumed the placebo (p=0.035 and p=0.040, respectively). Regarding the fecal contents of microbial metabolites, the level of fecal p-cresol was significantly decreased in the CP2305 group relative to that of the placebo group (p=0.013). The Bifidobacterium content of the intestinal microbiota was significantly increased in the CP2305 group relative to that of the placebo group (p<0.008), whereas the content of Clostridium cluster IV was significantly decreased (p<0.003). The parasympathetic nerve activity of the autonomic nervous system became dominant and the total power of autonomic activity was elevated in the CP2305 group (p=0.0401 and p=0.011, respectively). Conclusions The continuous ingestion of heat-treated CP2305 cells clearly affected intestinal functionality. This is the first report of sterilized Lactobacillus cells having a significant impact on the environment and functions of the intestinal tract. The observed effects might be due, at least in part, to the brain–gut interaction.

背景CP2305 (Lactobacillus gasseri CP2305)是从健康成人粪便中分离出来的一株乳酸菌，作为一种副益生菌对健康有有益作用。在之前的研究中，我们证明了cp2305发酵的热处理牛奶比人工酸化的酸奶更能改变肠道功能。因此，前一种饮料的调节活性归因于失活的CP2305细胞。目的探讨非活性副益生菌CP2305细胞在调节人肠道功能中的作用。因此，我们进行了一项随机、安慰剂对照、双盲平行组试验。该试验包括118名大便频率相对较高或较低的健康参与者。将1×1010洗涤、热处理、干燥的CP2305细胞直接加入到安慰剂饮料中制备测试饮料。参与者每天喝一瓶指定的饮料，持续三周，每天回答关于排便和生活质量的问卷。收集粪便样本，评估粪便特征、粪便微生物代谢物含量和粪便微生物群组成。结果饮用含cp2305饮料组与饮用安慰剂组相比，排便次数和粪便气味评分显著提高(p=0.035和p=0.040)。在粪便微生物代谢物含量方面，CP2305组粪便对甲酚含量较安慰剂组显著降低(p=0.013)。CP2305组肠道菌群中双歧杆菌含量显著高于安慰剂组(p<0.008)，第四簇梭菌含量显著低于安慰剂组(p<0.003)。CP2305组自主神经系统副交感神经活动占主导地位，自主神经活动总功率升高(p=0.0401和p=0.011)。结论连续摄入经热处理的CP2305细胞明显影响肠道功能。这是首次报道无菌乳杆菌细胞对肠道环境和功能有显著影响。观察到的效果可能至少部分归因于脑-肠相互作用。

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引用次数: 56

Bacterial communities associated with apical periodontitis and dental implant failure 与根尖牙周炎和牙种植体失败相关的细菌群落

Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease

Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.3402/mehd.v27.31307

S. Dingsdag, S. Nelson, N. Coleman

Background Previously, we demonstrated that bacteria reside in apparently healed alveolar bone, using culture and Sanger sequencing techniques. Bacteria in apparently healed alveolar bone may have a role in peri-implantitis and dental implant failure. Objective To compare bacterial communities associated with apical periodontitis, those colonising a failed implant and alveolar bone with reference biofilm samples from healthy teeth. Methods and results The study consisted of 196 samples collected from 40 patients undergoing routine dental implant insertion or rehabilitation. The bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA sequences were amplified. Samples yielding sufficient polymerase chain reaction product for further molecular analyses were subjected to terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP; 31 samples) and next generation DNA sequencing (454 GS FLX Titanium; 8 samples). T-RFLP analysis revealed that the bacterial communities in diseased tissues were more similar to each other (p<0.049) than those from the healthy reference samples. Next generation sequencing detected 13 bacterial phyla and 373 putative bacterial species, revealing an increased abundance of Gram-negative [Prevotella, Fusobacterium (p<0.004), Treponema, Veillonellaceae, TG5 (Synergistetes)] bacteria and a decreased abundance of Gram-positive [(Actinomyces, Corynebacterium (p<0.008)] bacteria in the diseased tissue samples (n=5) relative to reference supragingival healthy samples (n=3). Conclusion Increased abundances of Prevotella, Fusobacterium and TG5 (Synergistetes) were associated with apical periodontitis and a failed implant. A larger sample set is needed to confirm these trends and to better define the processes of bacterial pathogenesis in implant failure and apical periodontitis. The application of combined culture-based, microscopic and molecular technique-based approaches is suggested for future studies.

先前，我们使用培养和Sanger测序技术证明细菌存在于明显愈合的牙槽骨中。明显愈合的牙槽骨中的细菌可能在种植体周围炎和种植体失败中起作用。目的比较与根尖牙周炎相关的细菌群落、植牙失败和牙槽骨的细菌群落与健康牙齿的参考生物膜样本。方法与结果本研究收集了40例常规种植或康复患者的196份样本。扩增细菌16S核糖体DNA序列。产生足够的聚合酶链反应产物的样品进行进一步的分子分析，末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP);31个样本)和下一代DNA测序(454 GS FLX Titanium;8样本)。T-RFLP分析显示，与健康对照样品相比，患病组织中细菌群落的相似性更大(p<0.049)。下一代测序检测到13个细菌门和373个推测细菌种，显示病变组织样本(n=5)中革兰氏阴性[Prevotella, Fusobacterium (p<0.004)，密螺旋体，Veillonellaceae, TG5 (Synergistetes)]细菌的丰度相对于参考龈上健康样本(n=3)增加，革兰氏阳性[(放线菌，杆状杆菌(p<0.008)]细菌的丰度减少。结论普雷沃菌、梭杆菌和TG5(协同菌)丰度增高与根尖牙周炎和种植失败有关。需要更大的样本集来证实这些趋势，并更好地定义种植体失败和根尖牙周炎的细菌发病过程。提出了基于培养、显微和分子技术相结合的研究方法。

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引用次数: 17

Brachyspira pilosicoli-induced avian intestinal spirochaetosis 短毛螺旋体诱导的禽类肠道螺旋体病

Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease

Pub Date : 2015-12-01 DOI: 10.3402/mehd.v26.28853

C. L. Le Roy, L. Mappley, R. L. La Ragione, M. Woodward, Sandrine P. Claus

Avian intestinal spirochaetosis (AIS) is a common disease occurring in poultry that can be caused by Brachyspira pilosicoli, a Gram-negative bacterium of the order Spirochaetes. During AIS, this opportunistic pathogen colonises the lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract of poultry (principally, the ileum, caeca, and colon), which can cause symptoms such as diarrhoea, reduced growth rate, and reduced egg production and quality. Due to the large increase of bacterial resistance to antibiotic treatment, the European Union banned in 2006 the prophylactic use of antibiotics as growth promoters in livestock. Consequently, the number of outbreaks of AIS has dramatically increased in the UK resulting in significant economic losses. This review summarises the current knowledge about AIS infection caused by B. pilosicoli and discusses various treatments and prevention strategies to control AIS.

禽肠螺旋体病(AIS)是一种在家禽中发生的常见疾病，可由螺旋体目革兰氏阴性细菌——毛细支短螺旋体引起。在AIS期间，这种机会致病菌在家禽的下胃肠道(主要是回肠、盲肠和结肠)定殖，可引起腹泻、生长速度减慢、产蛋量和质量下降等症状。由于细菌对抗生素治疗的耐药性大幅增加，欧盟于2006年禁止在牲畜中预防性使用抗生素作为生长促进剂。因此，英国的AIS暴发数量急剧增加，造成重大经济损失。本文综述了目前有关幽门螺杆菌感染的知识，并讨论了控制幽门螺杆菌感染的各种治疗和预防策略。

引用次数: 10

Host microbiota modulates development of social preference in mice 宿主微生物群调节小鼠社会偏好的发展

Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease

Pub Date : 2015-12-01 DOI: 10.3402/mehd.v26.29719

T. Arentsen, H. Raith, Y. Qian, H. Forssberg, R. Heijtz

Background Mounting evidence indicates that the indigenous gut microbiota exerts long-lasting programming effects on brain function and behaviour. Objective In this study, we used the germ-free (GF) mouse model, devoid of any microbiota throughout development, to assess the influence of the indigenous microbiota on social preference and repetitive behaviours (e.g. self-grooming). Methods and results Using the three-chambered social approach task, we demonstrate that when adult GF mice were given a choice to spend time with a novel mouse or object, they spent significantly more time sniffing and interacting with the stimulus mouse compared to conventionally raised mice (specific pathogen-free, SPF). Time spent in repetitive self-grooming behaviour, however, did not differ between GF and SPF mice. Real-time PCR–based gene expression analysis of the amygdala, a key region that is part of the social brain network, revealed a significant reduction in the mRNA levels of total brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), BDNF exon I-, IV-, VI-, IX-containing transcripts, and NGFI-A (a signalling molecule downstream of BDNF) in GF mice compared to SPF mice. Conclusion These results suggest that differential regulation of BDNF exon transcripts in the amygdala by the indigenous microbes may contribute to the altered social development of GF mice.

越来越多的证据表明，本地肠道微生物群对大脑功能和行为具有长期的编程效应。在本研究中，我们使用无菌(GF)小鼠模型，在整个发育过程中缺乏任何微生物群，以评估本地微生物群对社会偏好和重复行为(如自我梳理)的影响。方法和结果使用三室社会接近任务，我们证明，当成年GF小鼠选择与新小鼠或物体在一起时，与常规饲养的小鼠(特定病原体无，SPF)相比，它们花在嗅探刺激小鼠和与刺激小鼠互动上的时间明显更多。然而，花在重复自我梳理行为上的时间在GF和SPF小鼠之间没有差异。基于实时pcr的杏仁核基因表达分析显示，与SPF小鼠相比，GF小鼠的总脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)， BDNF外显子I-， IV-， VI-， ix -含转录本和NGFI-A (BDNF下游的信号分子)mRNA水平显著降低。杏仁核是社会脑网络的关键区域。结论本地微生物对杏仁核BDNF外显子转录的差异调控可能是GF小鼠社会发育改变的原因之一。

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引用次数: 175

Effects of milk components and food additives on survival of three bifidobacteria strains in fermented milk under simulated gastrointestinal tract conditions 乳成分和食品添加剂对模拟胃肠道条件下发酵乳中三种双歧杆菌存活的影响

Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease

Pub Date : 2015-11-04 DOI: 10.3402/mehd.v26.27812

M. Ziarno, D. Zaręba

Background In the dairy industry, probiotic strains of Bifidobacterium are introduced into the composition of traditional starter cultures intended for the production of fermented foods, or sometimes are the sole microflora responsible for the fermentation process. In order to be able to reach the intestines alive and fulfil their beneficial role, probiotic strains must be able to withstand the acidity of the gastric juices and bile present in the duodenum. Objective The paper reports effects of selected fermented milk components on the viability of three strains of bifidobacteria in fermented milk during subsequent incubation under conditions representing model digestive juices. Design The viability of the bifidobacterial cells was examined after a 3-h incubation of fermented milk under simulated gastric juice conditions and then after 5-h incubation under simulated duodenum juice conditions. The Bifidobacterium strains tested differed in their sensitivity to the simulated conditions of the gastrointestinal juices. Results Bifidobacterial cell viability in simulated intestinal juices was dependent on the strain used in our experiments, and product components acted protectively towards bifidobacterial cells and its dose. Conclusions Bifidobacterial cells introduced into the human gastrointestinal tract as food ingredients have a good chance of survival during intestinal transit and to reach the large intestine thanks to the protective properties of the food components and depending on the strain and composition of the food.

在乳制品行业，双歧杆菌的益生菌菌株被引入到用于发酵食品生产的传统发酵剂的组成中，或者有时是负责发酵过程的唯一微生物群。为了能够活着到达肠道并发挥它们的有益作用，益生菌菌株必须能够承受十二指肠中胃液和胆汁的酸性。目的在模拟消化液的条件下，研究发酵乳中不同成分对三种双歧杆菌活性的影响。设计在模拟胃液条件下发酵乳培养3 h，再在模拟十二指肠液条件下培养5 h，检测双歧杆菌细胞的活力。测试的双歧杆菌菌株对胃肠道汁液的模拟条件的敏感性不同。结果双歧杆菌细胞在模拟肠液中的生存能力与实验菌株有关，产品成分对双歧杆菌细胞及其剂量具有保护作用。结论双歧杆菌细胞作为食物成分引入人体胃肠道后，由于食物成分的保护特性以及食物的菌株和成分的不同，双歧杆菌细胞在肠道运输过程中有很好的存活机会并到达大肠。

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引用次数: 21

The effect of polydextrose and probiotic lactobacilli in a Clostridium difficile-infected human colonic model. 聚葡萄糖和益生菌对艰难梭菌感染人体结肠模型的影响

Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease

Pub Date : 2015-10-13 eCollection Date: 2015-01-01 DOI: 10.3402/mehd.v26.27988

Sofia D Forssten, Henna Röytiö, Ashley A Hibberd, Arthur C Ouwehand

Background: Clostridium difficile is a natural resident of the intestinal microbiota; however, it becomes harmful when the normal intestinal microbiota is disrupted, and overgrowth and toxin production occurs. The toxins can cause bloating and diarrhoea, which may cause severe disease and have the potential to cause outbreaks in hospitals and other healthcare settings. Normally, antibiotic agents are used for treatment, although for some of the patients, these treatments provide only a temporary relief with a recurrence of C. difficile-associated diarrhoea.

Objective: The effects of polydextrose (PDX), Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM, and L. paracasei Lpc-37 on the growth of C. difficile were investigated in an in vitro model of infected human large intestine.

Design: The semi-continuous colonic model is composed of four connected vessels inoculated with human faecal microbes and spiked with pathogenic C. difficile (DSM 1296). PDX in two concentrations (2 and 4%), NCFM, and Lpc-37 were fed to the system during the 2-day simulation, and the growth of C. difficile and several other microbial groups were monitored using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and 16S rDNA sequencing.

Results: The microbial community structure of the simulation samples was closely grouped according to treatment, and the largest shifts in the microbial composition were seen with PDX. The microbial diversity decreased significantly with 4% PDX, and the OTU containing C. difficile was significantly (p<0.01) decreased when compared to control and lactobacilli treatments. The mean numbers of C. difficile also decreased as detected by qPCR, although the reduction did not reach statistical significance.

Conclusions: The treatments influenced the colonic microbiota, and a trend for reduced numbers of C. difficile as well as alterations of several microbial groups could be detected. This suggests that PDX may be able to modulate the composition and/or function of the colonic microbiota in such manner that it affects the pathogenic C. difficile.

背景：艰难梭菌是肠道微生物群的自然居民；然而，当正常的肠道微生物群遭到破坏、过度生长并产生毒素时，艰难梭菌就会变得有害。毒素会引起腹胀和腹泻，可能导致严重疾病，并有可能在医院和其他医疗机构爆发。通常情况下，抗生素可用于治疗，但对一些患者来说，这些治疗只能暂时缓解症状，难辨梭状芽孢杆菌相关性腹泻还会复发：在受感染人体大肠的体外模型中研究了聚葡萄糖（PDX）、嗜酸乳杆菌 NCFM 和副干酪乳杆菌 Lpc-37 对艰难梭菌生长的影响：设计：半连续性结肠模型由接种了人类粪便微生物并添加了致病性艰难梭菌（DSM 1296）的四个相连血管组成。在为期两天的模拟过程中，向该系统输入了两种浓度（2% 和 4%）的 PDX、NCFM 和 Lpc-37，并使用定量聚合酶链式反应（qPCR）和 16S rDNA 测序监测艰难梭菌和其他几种微生物群的生长情况：结果：模拟样本的微生物群落结构根据处理方法进行了紧密分组，其中 PDX 微生物组成的变化最大。微生物多样性随着 4% PDX 的添加而显著减少，含有艰难梭菌的 OTU 显著减少（p 结论：处理方法对结肠微生物群落有影响：处理方法影响了结肠微生物群，发现艰难梭菌数量有减少的趋势，多个微生物群也发生了变化。这表明，PDX 可以调节结肠微生物群的组成和/或功能，从而影响致病性艰难梭菌。

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引用次数: 0

Changes in vaginal microbiota following antimicrobial and probiotic therapy. 抗菌和益生菌治疗后阴道微生物群的变化。

Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease

Pub Date : 2015-08-14 eCollection Date: 2015-01-01 DOI: 10.3402/mehd.v26.27799

Jean M Macklaim, Jose C Clemente, Rob Knight, Gregory B Gloor, Gregor Reid

Background: The composition of the vaginal microbiota is known to be important for health. When infections occur, antimicrobial therapy is often poorly efficacious.

Objective and design: We used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to characterize changes in the bacterial microbiota following oral antimicrobial and probiotic interventions.

Results: While the bacterial vaginal profiles of women with vulvovaginal candidiasis were dominated by lactobacilli as in healthy women, and unchanged by therapy, Gardnerella vaginalis, Prevotella, Atopobium, Sneathia, and Megasphaera dominated the vagina of women with bacterial vaginosis (BV), and treatment with tinidazole plus Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14+L. rhamnosus GR-1 resulted in an increased relative abundance of indigenous L. iners or L. crispatus.

Conclusions: The ability to restore homeostasis provides a rationale for conjoint use of probiotics with antibiotic treatment of BV.

背景:众所周知，阴道微生物群的组成对健康很重要。当感染发生时，抗菌治疗往往效果不佳。目的和设计:我们使用16S rRNA基因测序来表征口服抗菌和益生菌干预后细菌微生物群的变化。结果:外阴阴道念珠菌病女性阴道细菌分布与健康女性相同，以乳酸菌为主，经治疗无变化;细菌性阴道病(BV)女性阴道细菌分布以阴道加德纳菌、普雷沃氏菌、阿托波菌、Sneathia和Megasphaera为主，经替硝唑联合罗伊氏乳杆菌crc -14+L治疗。鼠李糖GR-1导致本地L. iners或L. crispatus的相对丰度增加。结论:恢复体内平衡的能力为联合使用益生菌和抗生素治疗细菌性肠胃炎提供了理论依据。

引用次数: 110

Indole - the scent of a healthy 'inner soil'. 吲哚——健康的“内在土壤”的气味。

Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease

Pub Date : 2015-08-14 eCollection Date: 2015-01-01 DOI: 10.3402/mehd.v26.27997

Arnold Berstad, Jan Raa, Jørgen Valeur

Tryptophan is an essential amino acid with an indole nucleus. Humans cannot produce this amino acid themselves, but must obtain it through their diet. Much attention is currently paid to the wide physiological and clinical implications of the tryptophan-derived substances, serotonin and kynurenines, generated by human enzymes following the intestinal absorption of tryptophan. However, even before being absorbed, several microbial metabolites of tryptophan are formed, mainly from ‘malabsorbed’ (incompletely digested) proteins within the colon. The normal smell of human faeces is largely due to indole, one of the major metabolites. Recent studies indicate that this foul-smelling substance is also of utmost importance for our health.

色氨酸是一种具有吲哚核的必需氨基酸。人类自身不能产生这种氨基酸，必须从饮食中获取。目前人们非常关注色氨酸衍生物质血清素和犬尿氨酸的广泛生理和临床意义，它们是在肠道吸收色氨酸后由人体酶产生的。然而，即使在被吸收之前，色氨酸的几种微生物代谢物也会形成，主要是由结肠内“吸收不良”(未完全消化)的蛋白质形成的。人类粪便的正常气味很大程度上是由于吲哚，一种主要的代谢物。最近的研究表明，这种恶臭的物质对我们的健康也至关重要。

引用次数: 27

High nutrient availability reduces the diversity and stability of the equine caecal microbiota. 高养分利用率降低了马盲肠微生物群的多样性和稳定性。

Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease

Pub Date : 2015-08-04 eCollection Date: 2015-01-01 DOI: 10.3402/mehd.v26.27216

Naja C K Hansen, Ekaterina Avershina, Liv T Mydland, Jon A Næsset, Dag Austbø, Birgitte Moen, Ingrid Måge, Knut Rudi

Background: It is well known that nutrient availability can alter the gut microbiota composition, while the effect on diversity and temporal stability remains largely unknown.

Methods: Here we address the equine caecal microbiota temporal stability, diversity, and functionality in response to diets with different levels of nutrient availability. Hay (low and slower nutrient availability) versus a mixture of hay and whole oats (high and more rapid nutrient availability) were used as experimental diets.

Results: We found major effects on the microbiota despite that the caecal pH was far from sub-clinical acidosis. We found that the low nutrient availability diet was associated with a higher level of both diversity and temporal stability of the caecal microbiota than the high nutrient availability diet. These observations concur with general ecological theories, suggesting a stabilising effect of biological diversity and that high nutrient availability has a destabilising effect through reduced diversity.

Conclusion: Nutrient availability does not only change the composition but also the ecology of the caecal microbiota.

背景:众所周知，营养物质的可用性可以改变肠道微生物群的组成，而对多样性和时间稳定性的影响在很大程度上仍然未知。方法:在这里，我们研究了马盲肠微生物群的时间稳定性、多样性和功能对不同营养水平的饮食的反应。干草(营养利用率低且较慢)与干草和全燕麦(营养利用率高且较快)的混合物被用作试验饲粮。结果:尽管盲肠pH值与亚临床酸中毒相差甚远，但我们发现对微生物群的主要影响。我们发现，与高营养有效度饲粮相比，低营养有效度饲粮具有更高水平的盲肠微生物群多样性和时间稳定性。这些观察结果与一般生态学理论相一致，表明生物多样性具有稳定作用，而高营养可利用性通过减少多样性具有不稳定作用。结论:养分有效性不仅改变盲肠菌群的组成，而且改变其生态。

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引用次数: 33

Experience with cultivated microbiota transplant: ongoing treatment of Clostridium difficile patients in Sweden. 培养菌群移植的经验:瑞典艰难梭菌患者的持续治疗。

Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease

Pub Date : 2015-05-29 eCollection Date: 2015-01-01 DOI: 10.3402/mehd.v26.27638

Elisabeth Norin

No abstract available. (Published: 29 May 2015) Citation: Microbial Ecology in Health & Disease 2015, 26: 27638 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/mehd.v26.27638

引用次数: 4