{"title":"Two-stage melt extraction model for the Laiziling rare metal granites related to Sn-Nb–Ta mineralization in the Xianghualing ore district, South China","authors":"Bei-Er Guo, Kui-Dong Zhao, Yi-Qu Xiong, Qian Li, Shao-Yong Jiang","doi":"10.1007/s00126-025-01417-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-025-01417-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18682,"journal":{"name":"Mineralium Deposita","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145752820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1007/s00126-025-01412-5
George N.D. Case
{"title":"A time-space model of graphite mineral systems","authors":"George N.D. Case","doi":"10.1007/s00126-025-01412-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-025-01412-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18682,"journal":{"name":"Mineralium Deposita","volume":"166 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145752821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-10DOI: 10.1007/s00126-025-01413-4
Allen K. Andersen, M. Christopher Jenkins
Exploration continues for contact-style Ni-Cu sulfide and chromitite-associated PGE mineralization in ultramafic rocks of the Stillwater Complex. At the Iron and Chrome Mountain areas, massive sulfides occur along the complex’s footwall contact and anomalous concentrations of PGE+Au are associated with the three lowermost chromitite seams. Southeast of Chrome Mountain, magmatic layering is highly disrupted by the presence of faults, magmatic breccias, serpentinized discordant dunites, pyroxenite pegmatoids, and disaggregated chromitite seams. The bulk rock chemistry, sulfide chemistry, and noble metal mineralogy of samples from this area were examined to determine the deportment of PGE and processes that led to enrichments in PGE, Au, Cu, Co and Ni. Results show that a sulfide liquid was the principal collector of PGE. If sulfide liquid was initially deposited with chromite, it was disaggregated or redistributed by subsequent melt or fluid infiltration, which may have resulted in the offset of peak PGE(+Cu, Ni) from peak Cr 2 O 3 concentrations, and upgraded PGE tenors. Upon cooling, PGE exsolved from sulfides to form discrete bismuth tellurides, arsenides, arsenic sulfides, antimonides, and alloys, commonly along the margins of sulfide globules. Calculated metal tenors are highest in the disseminated sulfides southwest of Chrome Mountain, whereas massive and net-textured sulfides near the Iron Mountain-Camp zone represent monosulfide solid solution cumulates. At progressively shallower levels, higher metal tenors combined with lower S/Se ratios are consistent with increasing R-factors from 100 to 100,000. Serpentinization and talc-tremolite alteration resulted in S loss through partial replacement of sulfides by secondary silicate+carbonate+magnetite+sulfide assemblages, further upgrading Ni-Cu-PGE tenors. The present work shows that processes responsible for the disruption of magmatic layering and post-magmatic fluid alteration along the intrusion’s lower contact led to noble and base metal enrichments.
{"title":"Noble and base metal distribution and processes affecting ore tenors in the disrupted lower stratigraphy of the Stillwater Complex, USA","authors":"Allen K. Andersen, M. Christopher Jenkins","doi":"10.1007/s00126-025-01413-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-025-01413-4","url":null,"abstract":"Exploration continues for contact-style Ni-Cu sulfide and chromitite-associated PGE mineralization in ultramafic rocks of the Stillwater Complex. At the Iron and Chrome Mountain areas, massive sulfides occur along the complex’s footwall contact and anomalous concentrations of PGE+Au are associated with the three lowermost chromitite seams. Southeast of Chrome Mountain, magmatic layering is highly disrupted by the presence of faults, magmatic breccias, serpentinized discordant dunites, pyroxenite pegmatoids, and disaggregated chromitite seams. The bulk rock chemistry, sulfide chemistry, and noble metal mineralogy of samples from this area were examined to determine the deportment of PGE and processes that led to enrichments in PGE, Au, Cu, Co and Ni. Results show that a sulfide liquid was the principal collector of PGE. If sulfide liquid was initially deposited with chromite, it was disaggregated or redistributed by subsequent melt or fluid infiltration, which may have resulted in the offset of peak PGE(+Cu, Ni) from peak Cr <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> O <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> concentrations, and upgraded PGE tenors. Upon cooling, PGE exsolved from sulfides to form discrete bismuth tellurides, arsenides, arsenic sulfides, antimonides, and alloys, commonly along the margins of sulfide globules. Calculated metal tenors are highest in the disseminated sulfides southwest of Chrome Mountain, whereas massive and net-textured sulfides near the Iron Mountain-Camp zone represent monosulfide solid solution cumulates. At progressively shallower levels, higher metal tenors combined with lower S/Se ratios are consistent with increasing R-factors from 100 to 100,000. Serpentinization and talc-tremolite alteration resulted in S loss through partial replacement of sulfides by secondary silicate+carbonate+magnetite+sulfide assemblages, further upgrading Ni-Cu-PGE tenors. The present work shows that processes responsible for the disruption of magmatic layering and post-magmatic fluid alteration along the intrusion’s lower contact led to noble and base metal enrichments.","PeriodicalId":18682,"journal":{"name":"Mineralium Deposita","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145711459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1007/s00126-025-01416-1
Walter King Witt
{"title":"Discussion on “Granite-pegmatite-related gold skarns and associated Li-Cs-Ta pegmatites in the Archean Yilgarn Craton” by Mueller (2025)","authors":"Walter King Witt","doi":"10.1007/s00126-025-01416-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-025-01416-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18682,"journal":{"name":"Mineralium Deposita","volume":"116 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145657718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1007/s00126-025-01410-7
Lan Yang, Yang Li, Yan Yu, Li-Guang Wu, Fang-Yue Wang, Xian-Hua Li
{"title":"A 430 Ma hydrothermal origin for magnetite at Bayan Obo","authors":"Lan Yang, Yang Li, Yan Yu, Li-Guang Wu, Fang-Yue Wang, Xian-Hua Li","doi":"10.1007/s00126-025-01410-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-025-01410-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18682,"journal":{"name":"Mineralium Deposita","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145657719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-28DOI: 10.1007/s00126-025-01407-2
Anna Sorrentino, Saeid Asadzadeh, Giovanni Camanni, Francesco Carotenuto, Sabine Chabrillat, Sarah A. Gleeson, Giuseppina Balassone, Nicola Mondillo
In this study, we investigate Zn mineralization in the Flinders Ranges, South Australia, using hyperspectral data from the Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program (EnMAP) satellite instrument to explore the spatial relationships between ore zones, hydrothermal alteration zones, and fault systems. Zinc mineralization in this area is hosted in Lower Cambrian lithologies and contains significant willemite, fraipontite, and Zn-phosphates, associated with extensive hematite- and dolomite-bearing hydrothermal alteration. Alteration mineral maps, showing relative abundance and compositional variations, were generated by applying a multiple-feature extraction methodology based on polynomial fitting and band ratios. Ground-truthing was conducted through laboratory spectroscopy and mineralogical-petrographic methods. This approach enabled the mapping of Fe oxy-hydroxides (i.e., hematite and goethite), carbonate minerals (i.e., dolomite and calcite), and dioctahedral phyllosilicates (i.e., white micas and kaolinite). It also successfully identified and mapped the ore mineral fraipontite based on its absorption feature at ~ 2260 nm. Multivariate statistical analysis and machine learning of the EnMAP imagery highlighted the co-occurrence of hematite, dolomite, and fraipontite in mineralized zones, making this assemblage a potential indicator for regional exploration of similar deposits. The study also revealed the controlling effects of fault structures on mineralization and the associated alteration haloes, with mineralized zones confined to fault-bounded rock volumes, predominantly located at intersections between interacting faults or in the proximity of lateral fault terminations. Overall, this work provides new insights into the spectral behavior of Zn-bearing minerals and demonstrates the effectiveness of hyperspectral sensing for characterizing oxidized Zn mineralization during regional prospecting programs.
{"title":"Hyperspectral remote sensing study of the structurally-controlled Zn mineralization in the Flinders Ranges, South Australia","authors":"Anna Sorrentino, Saeid Asadzadeh, Giovanni Camanni, Francesco Carotenuto, Sabine Chabrillat, Sarah A. Gleeson, Giuseppina Balassone, Nicola Mondillo","doi":"10.1007/s00126-025-01407-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-025-01407-2","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we investigate Zn mineralization in the Flinders Ranges, South Australia, using hyperspectral data from the Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program (EnMAP) satellite instrument to explore the spatial relationships between ore zones, hydrothermal alteration zones, and fault systems. Zinc mineralization in this area is hosted in Lower Cambrian lithologies and contains significant willemite, fraipontite, and Zn-phosphates, associated with extensive hematite- and dolomite-bearing hydrothermal alteration. Alteration mineral maps, showing relative abundance and compositional variations, were generated by applying a multiple-feature extraction methodology based on polynomial fitting and band ratios. Ground-truthing was conducted through laboratory spectroscopy and mineralogical-petrographic methods. This approach enabled the mapping of Fe oxy-hydroxides (i.e., hematite and goethite), carbonate minerals (i.e., dolomite and calcite), and dioctahedral phyllosilicates (i.e., white micas and kaolinite). It also successfully identified and mapped the ore mineral fraipontite based on its absorption feature at ~ 2260 nm. Multivariate statistical analysis and machine learning of the EnMAP imagery highlighted the co-occurrence of hematite, dolomite, and fraipontite in mineralized zones, making this assemblage a potential indicator for regional exploration of similar deposits. The study also revealed the controlling effects of fault structures on mineralization and the associated alteration haloes, with mineralized zones confined to fault-bounded rock volumes, predominantly located at intersections between interacting faults or in the proximity of lateral fault terminations. Overall, this work provides new insights into the spectral behavior of Zn-bearing minerals and demonstrates the effectiveness of hyperspectral sensing for characterizing oxidized Zn mineralization during regional prospecting programs.","PeriodicalId":18682,"journal":{"name":"Mineralium Deposita","volume":"145 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145610879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-26DOI: 10.1007/s00126-025-01408-1
Petr L. Tikhomirov, Nailya G. Rizvanova, Gennady O. Polzunenkov, Vyacheslav V. Akinin
{"title":"Cassiterite U-Pb (ID-TIMS) age constraints on the timing of tin mineralization in the Okhotsk-Chukotka volcanic belt, Chukotka area, Russian Far East","authors":"Petr L. Tikhomirov, Nailya G. Rizvanova, Gennady O. Polzunenkov, Vyacheslav V. Akinin","doi":"10.1007/s00126-025-01408-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-025-01408-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18682,"journal":{"name":"Mineralium Deposita","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145599018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-24DOI: 10.1007/s00126-025-01409-0
Paul Duuring, Stephen M. Rowins, Bradley S. M. McKinley, Jenni M. Dickinson, Larry J. Diakow, Young-Seog Kim, Robert A. Creaser
{"title":"Correction to: Examining potential genetic links between Jurassic porphyry Cu–Au ± Mo and epithermal Au ± Ag mineralization in the Toodoggone district of North-Central British Columbia, Canada","authors":"Paul Duuring, Stephen M. Rowins, Bradley S. M. McKinley, Jenni M. Dickinson, Larry J. Diakow, Young-Seog Kim, Robert A. Creaser","doi":"10.1007/s00126-025-01409-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-025-01409-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18682,"journal":{"name":"Mineralium Deposita","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145583039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-08DOI: 10.1007/s00126-025-01395-3
Hartwig E. Frimmel, Wyatt E.L. Minter, Anton P. le Roex, Jason Kirk
The predominantly siliciclastic, up to 2.8 km thick Palaeoproterozoic Roraima Supergroup in the Guiana Shield, cropping out in the border region of Guyana, Venezuela and Brazil, bears many sedimentological similarities to the 2.90–2.79 Ga Central Rand Group in the Witwatersrand Basin of South Africa, world-famous for hosting the largest known concentration of gold. Many decades of artisanal mining of gold (and diamonds) derived from the Roraima Supergroup underscore its economic potential. To assess this, an extensive exploration programme was conducted, involving 61 boreholes, some of which have reached the pre-Roraima basement. Detailed sedimentological, stratigraphic, petrological, geochemical and geochronological analyses of the drill cores led to a new informal lithostratigraphic scheme for this supergroup. Its lower part (1958 ± 19 to 1901 ± 1 Ma), for which a continental foreland basin is suggested as depositional setting, contains numerous sequence boundaries in the form of erosion surfaces, several of which with gold palaeoplacer potential (Au grades and contents of up to 3.8 g/t and 135 cm.g/t). The source of detrital gold (micro-)nuggets in alluvial fan and braided fluvial conglomerates within that succession can be traced back to eroded orogenic-type gold deposits in the 2.21–2.06 Ga Transamazonian granitoid-greenstone belt to the northeast. Overall, our results attest a significant potential for discovery of Witwatersrand-type gold deposits. Their expected Au endowment would be smaller, however, because of the younger age and inferred gold source - comparable with the Palaeoproterozoic Tarkwa deposits in Ghana.
{"title":"Gold potential of the Roraima Supergroup in Guyana","authors":"Hartwig E. Frimmel, Wyatt E.L. Minter, Anton P. le Roex, Jason Kirk","doi":"10.1007/s00126-025-01395-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-025-01395-3","url":null,"abstract":"The predominantly siliciclastic, up to 2.8 km thick Palaeoproterozoic Roraima Supergroup in the Guiana Shield, cropping out in the border region of Guyana, Venezuela and Brazil, bears many sedimentological similarities to the 2.90–2.79 Ga Central Rand Group in the Witwatersrand Basin of South Africa, world-famous for hosting the largest known concentration of gold. Many decades of artisanal mining of gold (and diamonds) derived from the Roraima Supergroup underscore its economic potential. To assess this, an extensive exploration programme was conducted, involving 61 boreholes, some of which have reached the pre-Roraima basement. Detailed sedimentological, stratigraphic, petrological, geochemical and geochronological analyses of the drill cores led to a new informal lithostratigraphic scheme for this supergroup. Its lower part (1958 ± 19 to 1901 ± 1 Ma), for which a continental foreland basin is suggested as depositional setting, contains numerous sequence boundaries in the form of erosion surfaces, several of which with gold palaeoplacer potential (Au grades and contents of up to 3.8 g/t and 135 cm.g/t). The source of detrital gold (micro-)nuggets in alluvial fan and braided fluvial conglomerates within that succession can be traced back to eroded orogenic-type gold deposits in the 2.21–2.06 Ga Transamazonian granitoid-greenstone belt to the northeast. Overall, our results attest a significant potential for discovery of Witwatersrand-type gold deposits. Their expected Au endowment would be smaller, however, because of the younger age and inferred gold source - comparable with the Palaeoproterozoic Tarkwa deposits in Ghana.","PeriodicalId":18682,"journal":{"name":"Mineralium Deposita","volume":"216 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145461410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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