Since its discovery and over the past thirty years, extensive research has significantly expanded our understanding of leptin and its diverse roles in human physiology, pathophysiology and therapeutics. A prototypical adipokine initially identified for its critical function in appetite regulation and energy homeostasis, leptin has been revealed to also exert profound effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal, thyroid, adrenal and growth hormone axis, differentially between animals and humans, as well as in regulating immune function. Beyond these roles, leptin plays a pivotal role in significantly affecting bone health by promoting bone formation and regulating bone metabolism both directly and indirectly through its neuroendocrine actions. The diverse actions of leptin are particularly notable in leptin-deficient animal models and in conditions characterized by low circulating leptin levels, such as lipodystrophies and relative energy deficiency. Conversely, the effectiveness of leptin is attenuated in leptin-sufficient states, such as obesity and other high-adiposity conditions associated with hyperleptinemia and leptin tolerance. This review attempts to consolidate 30 years of leptin research with an emphasis on its physiology and pathophysiology in humans, including its promising therapeutic potential. We discuss preclinical and human studies describing the pathophysiology of energy deficiency across organ systems and the significant role of leptin in regulating neuroendocrine, immune, reproductive and bone health. We finally present past proof of concept clinical trials of leptin administration in leptin-deficient subjects that have demonstrated positive neuroendocrine, reproductive, and bone health outcomes, setting the stage for future phase IIb and III randomized clinical trials in these conditions.
自瘦素被发现以来,经过三十多年的广泛研究,我们对瘦素及其在人体生理学、病理生理学和治疗学中的各种作用有了更深入的了解。瘦素是一种典型的脂肪因子,最初因其在食欲调节和能量平衡中的关键功能而被发现,但现在发现它还对下丘脑-垂体-性腺、甲状腺、肾上腺和生长激素轴产生深远影响,在动物和人类之间存在差异,还能调节免疫功能。除了这些作用外,瘦素还通过其神经内分泌作用直接或间接地促进骨形成和调节骨代谢,在显著影响骨骼健康方面发挥着关键作用。瘦素的多种作用在瘦素缺乏的动物模型和循环瘦素水平较低的疾病(如脂肪变性和相对能量缺乏症)中尤为明显。相反,在瘦素充足的状态下,如肥胖和其他与高瘦素血症和瘦素耐受有关的高脂肪状态下,瘦素的作用就会减弱。本综述试图整合 30 年来瘦素研究的成果,重点关注瘦素在人体中的生理和病理生理学作用,包括瘦素的治疗潜力。我们讨论了临床前研究和人体研究,这些研究描述了各器官系统能量缺乏的病理生理学,以及瘦素在调节神经内分泌、免疫、生殖和骨骼健康方面的重要作用。最后,我们介绍了过去在瘦素缺乏的受试者中施用瘦素的概念验证临床试验,这些试验显示了积极的神经内分泌、生殖和骨骼健康结果,为未来在这些条件下进行 IIb 期和 III 期随机临床试验奠定了基础。
{"title":"Leptin physiology and pathophysiology in energy homeostasis, immune function, neuroendocrine regulation and bone health","authors":"Konstantinos Stefanakis , Jagriti Upadhyay , Arantxa Ramirez-Cisneros , Nihar Patel , Akshat Sahai , Christos S. Mantzoros","doi":"10.1016/j.metabol.2024.156056","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.metabol.2024.156056","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Since its discovery and over the past thirty years, extensive research has significantly expanded our understanding of leptin and its diverse roles in human physiology, pathophysiology and therapeutics. A prototypical adipokine initially identified for its critical function in appetite regulation and energy homeostasis, leptin has been revealed to also exert profound effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal, thyroid, adrenal and growth hormone axis, differentially between animals and humans, as well as in regulating immune function. Beyond these roles, leptin plays a pivotal role in significantly affecting bone health by promoting bone formation and regulating bone metabolism both directly and indirectly through its neuroendocrine actions. The diverse actions of leptin are particularly notable in leptin-deficient animal models and in conditions characterized by low circulating leptin levels, such as lipodystrophies and relative energy deficiency. Conversely, the effectiveness of leptin is attenuated in leptin-sufficient states, such as obesity and other high-adiposity conditions associated with hyperleptinemia and leptin tolerance. This review attempts to consolidate 30 years of leptin research with an emphasis on its physiology and pathophysiology in humans, including its promising therapeutic potential. We discuss preclinical and human studies describing the pathophysiology of energy deficiency across organ systems and the significant role of leptin in regulating neuroendocrine, immune, reproductive and bone health. We finally present past proof of concept clinical trials of leptin administration in leptin-deficient subjects that have demonstrated positive neuroendocrine, reproductive, and bone health outcomes, setting the stage for future phase IIb and III randomized clinical trials in these conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18694,"journal":{"name":"Metabolism: clinical and experimental","volume":"161 ","pages":"Article 156056"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142558257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2024.156057
Konstantinos Stefanakis , Michail Kokkorakis , Christos S. Mantzoros
Similar to bariatric surgery, incretin receptor agonists have revolutionized the treatment of obesity, achieving up to 15–25 % weight loss in many patients, i.e., at a rate approaching that achieved with bariatric surgery. However, over 25 % of total weight lost from both surgery and pharmacotherapy typically comes from fat-free mass, including skeletal muscle mass, which is often overlooked and can impair metabolic health and increase the risk of subsequent sarcopenic obesity. Loss of muscle and bone as well as anemia can compromise physical function, metabolic rate, and overall health, especially in older adults. The myostatin-activin-follistatin-inhibin system, originally implicated in reproductive function and subsequently muscle regulation, appears to be crucial for muscle and bone maintenance during weight loss. Activins and myostatin promote muscle degradation, while follistatins inhibit their activity in states of negative energy balance, thereby preserving lean mass. Novel compounds in the pipeline, such as Bimagrumab, Trevogrumab, and Garetosmab—which inhibit activin and myostatin signaling—have demonstrated promise in preventing muscle loss while promoting fat loss. Either alone or combined with incretin receptor agonists, these medications may enhance fat loss while preserving or even increasing muscle and bone mass, offering a potential solution for improving body composition and metabolic health during significant weight loss. Since this dual therapeutic approach could help address the challenges of muscle and bone loss during weight loss, well-designed studies are needed to optimize these strategies and assess long-term benefits. For the time being, considerations like advanced age and prefrailty may affect the choice of suitable candidates in clinical practice for current and emerging anti-obesity medications due to the associated risk of sarcopenia.
{"title":"The impact of weight loss on fat-free mass, muscle, bone and hematopoiesis health: Implications for emerging pharmacotherapies aiming at fat reduction and lean mass preservation","authors":"Konstantinos Stefanakis , Michail Kokkorakis , Christos S. Mantzoros","doi":"10.1016/j.metabol.2024.156057","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.metabol.2024.156057","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Similar to bariatric surgery, incretin receptor agonists have revolutionized the treatment of obesity, achieving up to 15–25 % weight loss in many patients, i.e., at a rate approaching that achieved with bariatric surgery. However, over 25 % of total weight lost from both surgery and pharmacotherapy typically comes from fat-free mass, including skeletal muscle mass, which is often overlooked and can impair metabolic health and increase the risk of subsequent sarcopenic obesity. Loss of muscle and bone as well as anemia can compromise physical function, metabolic rate, and overall health, especially in older adults. The myostatin-activin-follistatin-inhibin system, originally implicated in reproductive function and subsequently muscle regulation, appears to be crucial for muscle and bone maintenance during weight loss. Activins and myostatin promote muscle degradation, while follistatins inhibit their activity in states of negative energy balance, thereby preserving lean mass. Novel compounds in the pipeline, such as Bimagrumab, Trevogrumab, and Garetosmab—which inhibit activin and myostatin signaling—have demonstrated promise in preventing muscle loss while promoting fat loss. Either alone or combined with incretin receptor agonists, these medications may enhance fat loss while preserving or even increasing muscle and bone mass, offering a potential solution for improving body composition and metabolic health during significant weight loss. Since this dual therapeutic approach could help address the challenges of muscle and bone loss during weight loss, well-designed studies are needed to optimize these strategies and assess long-term benefits. For the time being, considerations like advanced age and prefrailty may affect the choice of suitable candidates in clinical practice for current and emerging anti-obesity medications due to the associated risk of sarcopenia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18694,"journal":{"name":"Metabolism: clinical and experimental","volume":"161 ","pages":"Article 156057"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142558258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2024.156053
Nikolaos Perakakis , Christos S. Mantzoros
Leptin has been established as the prototype adipose tissue secreted hormone and as a major regulator of several human physiology functions. Here, we are primarily reviewing the findings from studies in humans involving leptin administration. We are describing the metabolic, endocrine and immunologic effects of leptin replacement in conditions of leptin deficiency, such as short-term fasting in healthy individuals, relative energy deficiency in sports (REDS), congenital leptin deficiency (CLD), generalized (GL) and partial lipodystrophy (PL), HIV-associated lipodystrophy (HIV-L) and of leptin treatment in conditions of leptin excess (common obesity, type 2 diabetes, steatotic liver disease). We are comparing the results with the findings from preclinical models and present the main conclusions regarding the role of leptin in human physiology, pathophysiology and therapeutics. We conclude that, in conditions of energy deficiency, leptin substitution effectively reduces body weight and fat mass through reduction of appetite, it improves hypertriglyceridemia, insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis (especially in GL and PL), it restores neuroendocrine function (especially the gonadotropic axis), it regulates adaptive immune system cell populations and it improves bone health. On the contrary, leptin treatment in conditions of leptin excess, such as common obesity and type 2 diabetes, does not improve any metabolic abnormalities. Strategies to overcome leptin tolerance/resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes have provided promising results in animal studies, which should though be tested in humans in randomized clinical trials.
{"title":"Evidence from clinical studies of leptin: current and future clinical applications in humans","authors":"Nikolaos Perakakis , Christos S. Mantzoros","doi":"10.1016/j.metabol.2024.156053","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.metabol.2024.156053","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Leptin has been established as the prototype adipose tissue secreted hormone and as a major regulator of several human physiology functions. Here, we are primarily reviewing the findings from studies in humans involving leptin administration. We are describing the metabolic, endocrine and immunologic effects of leptin replacement in conditions of leptin deficiency, such as short-term fasting in healthy individuals, relative energy deficiency in sports (RED<img>S), congenital leptin deficiency (CLD), generalized (GL) and partial lipodystrophy (PL), HIV-associated lipodystrophy (HIV-L) and of leptin treatment in conditions of leptin excess (common obesity, type 2 diabetes, steatotic liver disease). We are comparing the results with the findings from preclinical models and present the main conclusions regarding the role of leptin in human physiology, pathophysiology and therapeutics. We conclude that, in conditions of energy deficiency, leptin substitution effectively reduces body weight and fat mass through reduction of appetite, it improves hypertriglyceridemia, insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis (especially in GL and PL), it restores neuroendocrine function (especially the gonadotropic axis), it regulates adaptive immune system cell populations and it improves bone health. On the contrary, leptin treatment in conditions of leptin excess, such as common obesity and type 2 diabetes, does not improve any metabolic abnormalities. Strategies to overcome leptin tolerance/resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes have provided promising results in animal studies, which should though be tested in humans in randomized clinical trials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18694,"journal":{"name":"Metabolism: clinical and experimental","volume":"161 ","pages":"Article 156053"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142554962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is general consensus that an improper diet negatively impacts health and that nutrition is a primary tool for the prevention of non-communicable diseases. Unfortunately, the importance of studying body composition, which can reveal early predictors of gender-related diseases, is still not well understood in this context. Currently, individuals are still classified as obese based solely on their body mass index, without considering the amount of fat, its distribution, and the quantity of muscle and bone mass. In this regard, the body composition phenotype defined as “osteosarcopenic obesity” affects approximately 6–41 % of postmenopausal women, with prevalence increasing with age due to the hormonal and metabolic changes that occur during this period. This particular phenotype arises from the strong relationship between visceral fat, muscle, bone, and gut microbiota and predispose postmenopausal women to frailty. Frailty is a complex clinical phenomenon with significant care and economic implications for our society. Recent studies suggest that women have a higher prevalence of frailty syndrome and its individual components, such as osteoporosis, fractures and sarcopenia, compared to men. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances regarding the impact of gender on body composition and frailty. Furthermore, we reflect on the crucial importance of personalized nutritional interventions, with a focus on reducing visceral fat, increasing protein intake and optimizing vitamin D levels. A review of the scientific literature on this topic highlights the importance of studying body composition for a personalized and gender-specific approach to nutrition and dietetics, in order to identify frailty syndrome early and establish personalized treatments. This new method of researching disease predictors could likely help clarify the controversial results of studies on vitamin D, calcium and proteins, translate into practical wellness promotion across diverse elderly populations.
人们普遍认为,不当的饮食会对健康产生负面影响,营养是预防非传染性疾病的主要工具。遗憾的是,研究身体成分的重要性仍未得到充分认识,而身体成分可以揭示与性别相关疾病的早期预测因素。目前,人们仍然仅仅根据体重指数将人归类为肥胖,而不考虑脂肪的数量、分布以及肌肉和骨骼的数量。在这方面,被定义为 "骨质疏松性肥胖症 "的身体成分表型影响着大约 6%-41% 的绝经后妇女,随着年龄的增长,患病率也在增加,原因是这一时期的荷尔蒙和新陈代谢发生了变化。这种特殊的表型源于内脏脂肪、肌肉、骨骼和肠道微生物群之间的密切关系,并使绝经后妇女易患虚弱症。虚弱是一种复杂的临床现象,对我们社会的护理和经济都有重大影响。最近的研究表明,与男性相比,女性的虚弱综合征及其各个组成部分(如骨质疏松症、骨折和肌肉疏松症)的发病率更高。在此,我们将全面概述有关性别对身体组成和虚弱的影响的最新进展。此外,我们还反思了个性化营养干预的至关重要性,重点是减少内脏脂肪、增加蛋白质摄入量和优化维生素 D 水平。对有关这一主题的科学文献进行的回顾强调了研究身体成分对于营养和饮食学的个性化和性别特异性方法的重要性,以便及早发现虚弱综合症并制定个性化的治疗方法。这种研究疾病预测因素的新方法可能有助于澄清有关维生素 D、钙和蛋白质的研究中存在争议的结果,并将其转化为促进不同老年人群健康的实用方法。
{"title":"Advances in body composition and gender differences in susceptibility to frailty syndrome: Role of osteosarcopenic obesity","authors":"Rosy Conforto , Valeria Rizzo , Raffaella Russo , Elisa Mazza , Samantha Maurotti , Carmelo Pujia , Elena Succurro , Franco Arturi , Yvelise Ferro , Angela Sciacqua , Arturo Pujia , Tiziana Montalcini","doi":"10.1016/j.metabol.2024.156052","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.metabol.2024.156052","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There is general consensus that an improper diet negatively impacts health and that nutrition is a primary tool for the prevention of non-communicable diseases. Unfortunately, the importance of studying body composition, which can reveal early predictors of gender-related diseases, is still not well understood in this context. Currently, individuals are still classified as obese based solely on their body mass index, without considering the amount of fat, its distribution, and the quantity of muscle and bone mass. In this regard, the body composition phenotype defined as “osteosarcopenic obesity” affects approximately 6–41 % of postmenopausal women, with prevalence increasing with age due to the hormonal and metabolic changes that occur during this period. This particular phenotype arises from the strong relationship between visceral fat, muscle, bone, and gut microbiota and predispose postmenopausal women to frailty<del>.</del> Frailty is a complex clinical phenomenon with significant care and economic implications for our society. Recent studies suggest that women have a higher prevalence of frailty syndrome and its individual components, such as osteoporosis, fractures and sarcopenia, compared to men. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances regarding the impact of gender on body composition and frailty. Furthermore, we reflect on the crucial importance of personalized nutritional interventions, with a focus on reducing visceral fat, increasing protein intake and optimizing vitamin D levels. A review of the scientific literature on this topic highlights the importance of studying body composition for a personalized and gender-specific approach to nutrition and dietetics, in order to identify frailty syndrome early and establish personalized treatments. This new method of researching disease predictors could likely help clarify the controversial results of studies on vitamin D, calcium and proteins, translate into practical wellness promotion across diverse elderly populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18694,"journal":{"name":"Metabolism: clinical and experimental","volume":"161 ","pages":"Article 156052"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142561021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-24DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2024.156048
Tong-Tong Yang , Liu-Hua Zhou , Ling-Feng Gu , Ling-Ling Qian , Yu-Lin Bao , Peng Jing , Jia-Teng Sun , Chong Du , Tian-Kai Shan , Si-Bo Wang , Wen-Jing Wang , Jia-Yi Chen , Ze-Mu Wang , Hao Wang , Qi-Ming Wang , Ru-Xing Wang , Lian-Sheng Wang
Background
Mitochondrial dysfunction is linked to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) could facilitate cardiomyocyte proliferation, however, its role on mitochondrial function in I/R injury remains unknown.
Methods
To investigate the role of CHK1 on mitochondrial function following I/R injury, cardiomyocyte-specific knockout/overexpression mouse models were generated. Adult mouse cardiomyocytes (AMCMs) were isolated for in vitro study. Mass spectrometry-proteomics analysis and protein co-immunoprecipitation assays were conducted to dissect the molecular mechanism.
Results
CHK1 was downregulated in myocardium post I/R and AMCMs post oxygen-glucose deprivation/re‑oxygenation (OGD/R). In vivo, CHK1 overexpression protected against I/R induced cardiac dysfunction, while heterogenous CHK1 knockout exacerbated cardiomyopathy. In vitro, CHK1 inhibited OGD/R-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and bolstered cardiomyocyte survival. Mechanistically, CHK1 attenuated oxidative stress and preserved mitochondrial metabolism in cardiomyocytes under I/R. Moreover, disrupted mitochondrial homeostasis in I/R myocardium was restored by CHK1 through the promotion of mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy. Through mass spectrometry analysis following co-immunoprecipitation, SIRT1 was identified as a direct target of CHK1. The 266–390 domain of CHK1 interacted with the 160–583 domain of SIRT1. Importantly, CHK1 phosphorylated SIRT1 at Thr530 residue, thereby inhibiting SMURF2-mediated degradation of SIRT1. The role of CHK1 in maintaining mitochondrial dynamics control and myocardial protection is abolished by SIRT1 inhibition, while inactivated mutation of SIRT1 Thr530 fails to reverse the impaired mitochondrial dynamics following CHK1 knockdown. CHK1 Δ390 amino acids (aa) mutant functioned similarly to full-length CHK1 in scavenging ROS and maintaining mitochondrial dynamics. Consistently, cardiac-specific SIRT1 knockdown attenuated the protective role of CHK1 in I/R injury.
Conclusions
Our findings revealed that CHK1 mitigates I/R injury and restores mitochondrial dynamics in cardiomyocytes through a SIRT1-dependent mechanism.
{"title":"CHK1 attenuates cardiac dysfunction via suppressing SIRT1-ubiquitination","authors":"Tong-Tong Yang , Liu-Hua Zhou , Ling-Feng Gu , Ling-Ling Qian , Yu-Lin Bao , Peng Jing , Jia-Teng Sun , Chong Du , Tian-Kai Shan , Si-Bo Wang , Wen-Jing Wang , Jia-Yi Chen , Ze-Mu Wang , Hao Wang , Qi-Ming Wang , Ru-Xing Wang , Lian-Sheng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.metabol.2024.156048","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.metabol.2024.156048","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Mitochondrial dysfunction is linked to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) could facilitate cardiomyocyte proliferation, however, its role on mitochondrial function in I/R injury remains unknown.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>To investigate the role of CHK1 on mitochondrial function following I/R injury, cardiomyocyte-specific knockout/overexpression mouse models were generated. Adult mouse cardiomyocytes (AMCMs) were isolated for <em>in vitro</em> study. Mass spectrometry-proteomics analysis and protein co-immunoprecipitation assays were conducted to dissect the molecular mechanism.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>CHK1 was downregulated in myocardium post I/R and AMCMs post oxygen-glucose deprivation/re‑oxygenation (OGD/R). <em>In vivo</em>, CHK1 overexpression protected against I/R induced cardiac dysfunction, while heterogenous CHK1 knockout exacerbated cardiomyopathy. <em>In vitro</em>, CHK1 inhibited OGD/R-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and bolstered cardiomyocyte survival. Mechanistically, CHK1 attenuated oxidative stress and preserved mitochondrial metabolism in cardiomyocytes under I/R. Moreover, disrupted mitochondrial homeostasis in I/R myocardium was restored by CHK1 through the promotion of mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy. Through mass spectrometry analysis following co-immunoprecipitation, SIRT1 was identified as a direct target of CHK1. The 266–390 domain of CHK1 interacted with the 160–583 domain of SIRT1. Importantly, CHK1 phosphorylated SIRT1 at Thr530 residue, thereby inhibiting SMURF2-mediated degradation of SIRT1. The role of CHK1 in maintaining mitochondrial dynamics control and myocardial protection is abolished by SIRT1 inhibition, while inactivated mutation of SIRT1 Thr530 fails to reverse the impaired mitochondrial dynamics following CHK1 knockdown. CHK1 Δ390 amino acids (aa) mutant functioned similarly to full-length CHK1 in scavenging ROS and maintaining mitochondrial dynamics. Consistently, cardiac-specific SIRT1 knockdown attenuated the protective role of CHK1 in I/R injury.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our findings revealed that CHK1 mitigates I/R injury and restores mitochondrial dynamics in cardiomyocytes through a SIRT1-dependent mechanism.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18694,"journal":{"name":"Metabolism: clinical and experimental","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 156048"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142504210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-24DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2024.156049
Yuan-yuan Luo , Chang-shun Ruan , Fu-zhen Zhao , Min Yang , Wei Cui , Xi Cheng , Xiao-he Luo , Xian-xiang Zhang , Cheng Zhang
Background
Elevated hepatic glucose production (HGP) is a prominent manifestation of impaired hepatic glucose metabolism in individuals with diabetes. Increased hepatic gluconeogenesis plays a pivotal role in the dysregulation of hepatic glucose metabolism and contributes significantly to fasting hyperglycemia in diabetes. Previous studies have identified zinc-finger BED domain-containing 3 (ZBED3) as a risk gene for type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and its single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) is closely associated with the fasting blood glucose level, suggesting a potential correlation between ZBED3 and the onset of diabetes. This study primarily explores the effect of ZBED3 on hepatic gluconeogenesis and analyzes the relevant signaling pathways that regulate hepatic gluconeogenesis.
Methods
The expression level of ZBED3 was assessed in the liver of insulin-resistant (IR)-related disease. RNA-seq and bioinformatics analyses were employed to examine the ZBED3-related pathway that modulated HGP. To investigate the role of ZBED3 in hepatic gluconeogenesis, the expression of ZBED3 was manipulated by upregulation or silencing using adeno-associated virus (AAV) in mouse primary hepatocytes (MPHs) and HHL-5 cells. In vivo, hepatocyte-specific ZBED3 knockout mice were generated. Moreover, AAV8 was employed to achieve hepatocyte-specific overexpression and knockdown of ZBED3 in C57BL/6 and db/db mice. Immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry (IP-MS) analyses were employed to identify proteins that interacted with ZBED3. Co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP), glutathione S-transferase (GST) - pulldown, and dual-luciferase reporter assays were conducted to further elucidate the underlying mechanism of ZBED3 in regulating hepatic gluconeogenesis.
Results
The expression of ZBED3 in the liver of IR-related disease models was found to be increased. Under the stimulation of glucagon, ZBED3 promoted the expression of hepatic gluconeogenesis-related genes PGC1A, PCK1, G6PC, thereby increasing HGP. Consistently, the rate of hepatic gluconeogenesis was found to be elevated in mice with hepatocyte-specific overexpression of ZBED3 and decreased in those with ZBED3 knockout. Additionally, the knockdown of ZBED3 in the liver of db/db mice resulted in a reduction in hepatic gluconeogenesis. Moreover, the study revealed that ZBED3 facilitated the nuclear translocation of protein arginine methyltransferases 5 (PRMT5) to influence the regulation of PRMT5-mediated symmetrical dimethylation of arginine (s-DMA) of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element binding protein (CREB), which in turn affects the phosphorylation of CREB and ultimately promotes HGP.
Conclusions
This study indicates that ZBED3 promotes hepatic gluconeogenesis and serves as a critical regulator of the progression of diabetes.
{"title":"ZBED3 exacerbates hyperglycemia by promoting hepatic gluconeogenesis through CREB signaling","authors":"Yuan-yuan Luo , Chang-shun Ruan , Fu-zhen Zhao , Min Yang , Wei Cui , Xi Cheng , Xiao-he Luo , Xian-xiang Zhang , Cheng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.metabol.2024.156049","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.metabol.2024.156049","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Elevated hepatic glucose production (HGP) is a prominent manifestation of impaired hepatic glucose metabolism in individuals with diabetes. Increased hepatic gluconeogenesis plays a pivotal role in the dysregulation of hepatic glucose metabolism and contributes significantly to fasting hyperglycemia in diabetes. Previous studies have identified zinc-finger BED domain-containing 3 (<em>ZBED3</em>) as a risk gene for type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and its single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) is closely associated with the fasting blood glucose level, suggesting a potential correlation between ZBED3 and the onset of diabetes. This study primarily explores the effect of ZBED3 on hepatic gluconeogenesis and analyzes the relevant signaling pathways that regulate hepatic gluconeogenesis.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The expression level of ZBED3 was assessed in the liver of insulin-resistant (IR)-related disease. RNA-seq and bioinformatics analyses were employed to examine the ZBED3-related pathway that modulated HGP. To investigate the role of ZBED3 in hepatic gluconeogenesis, the expression of ZBED3 was manipulated by upregulation or silencing using adeno-associated virus (AAV) in mouse primary hepatocytes (MPHs) and HHL-5 cells. In vivo, hepatocyte-specific ZBED3 knockout mice were generated. Moreover, AAV8 was employed to achieve hepatocyte-specific overexpression and knockdown of ZBED3 in C57BL/6 and db/db mice. Immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry (IP-MS) analyses were employed to identify proteins that interacted with ZBED3. Co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP), glutathione S-transferase (GST) - pulldown, and dual-luciferase reporter assays were conducted to further elucidate the underlying mechanism of ZBED3 in regulating hepatic gluconeogenesis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The expression of ZBED3 in the liver of IR-related disease models was found to be increased. Under the stimulation of glucagon, ZBED3 promoted the expression of hepatic gluconeogenesis-related genes <em>PGC1A</em>, <em>PCK1</em>, <em>G6PC</em>, thereby increasing HGP. Consistently, the rate of hepatic gluconeogenesis was found to be elevated in mice with hepatocyte-specific overexpression of ZBED3 and decreased in those with ZBED3 knockout. Additionally, the knockdown of ZBED3 in the liver of db/db mice resulted in a reduction in hepatic gluconeogenesis. Moreover, the study revealed that ZBED3 facilitated the nuclear translocation of protein arginine methyltransferases 5 (PRMT5) to influence the regulation of PRMT5-mediated symmetrical dimethylation of arginine (s-DMA) of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element binding protein (CREB), which in turn affects the phosphorylation of CREB and ultimately promotes HGP.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study indicates that ZBED3 promotes hepatic gluconeogenesis and serves as a critical regulator of the progression of diabetes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18694,"journal":{"name":"Metabolism: clinical and experimental","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 156049"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142504212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-23DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2024.156051
Adrien Vouilloz , Thibaut Bourgeois , Marc Diedisheim , Thomas Pilot , Antoine Jalil , Naig Le Guern , Victoria Bergas , Noéline Rohmer , Florence Castelli , Damien Leleu , Alexis Varin , Jean-Paul Pais de Barros , Pascal Degrace , Mickael Rialland , Camille Blériot , Nicolas Venteclef , Charles Thomas , David Masson
Background and aims
Although qualitative and quantitative alterations in liver Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) are observed in MASH in humans, a causal relationship of PUFAs biosynthetic pathways is yet to be clarified. ELOVL5, an essential enzyme in PUFA elongation regulates hepatic triglyceride metabolism. Nonetheless, the long-term consequences of elongase disruption, particularly in murine models of MASH, have not been evaluated.
Approach & results
In humans, transcriptomic data indicated that PUFAs biosynthesis enzymes and notably ELOVL5 were induced during MASH progression. Moreover, gene module association determination revealed that ELOVL5 expression was associated with mitochondrial function in both humans and mice. WT and Elovl5-deficient mice were fed a high-fat, high-sucrose (HF/HS) diet for four months. Elovl5 deficiency led to limited systemic metabolic alterations but significant hepatic phenotype was observed in Elovl5−/− mice after the HF/HS diet, including hepatomegaly, pronounced macrovesicular and microvesicular steatosis, hepatocyte ballooning, immune cell infiltration, and fibrosis. Lipid analysis confirmed hepatic triglyceride accumulation and a reshaping of FA profile. Transcriptomic analysis indicated significant upregulation of genes involved in immune cell recruitment and fibrosis, and downregulation of genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation in Elovl5−/− mice. Alterations of FA oxidation and energy metabolism were confirmed by non-targeted metabolomic approach. Analysis of mitochondrial function in Elovl5−/− mice showed morphological alterations, qualitative cardiolipin changes with an enrichment in species containing shorter unsaturated FAs, and decreased activity of I and III respiratory chain complexes.
Conclusion
Enhanced susceptibility to diet-induced MASH and fibrosis in Elovl5−/− mice is intricately associated with disruptions in mitochondrial homeostasis, stemming from a profound reshaping of mitochondrial lipids, notably cardiolipins.
{"title":"Impaired unsaturated fatty acid elongation alters mitochondrial function and accelerates metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis progression","authors":"Adrien Vouilloz , Thibaut Bourgeois , Marc Diedisheim , Thomas Pilot , Antoine Jalil , Naig Le Guern , Victoria Bergas , Noéline Rohmer , Florence Castelli , Damien Leleu , Alexis Varin , Jean-Paul Pais de Barros , Pascal Degrace , Mickael Rialland , Camille Blériot , Nicolas Venteclef , Charles Thomas , David Masson","doi":"10.1016/j.metabol.2024.156051","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.metabol.2024.156051","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and aims</h3><div>Although qualitative and quantitative alterations in liver Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) are observed in MASH in humans, a causal relationship of PUFAs biosynthetic pathways is yet to be clarified. ELOVL5, an essential enzyme in PUFA elongation regulates hepatic triglyceride metabolism. Nonetheless, the long-term consequences of elongase disruption, particularly in murine models of MASH, have not been evaluated.</div></div><div><h3>Approach & results</h3><div>In humans, transcriptomic data indicated that PUFAs biosynthesis enzymes and notably ELOVL5 were induced during MASH progression. Moreover, gene module association determination revealed that ELOVL5 expression was associated with mitochondrial function in both humans and mice. WT and <em>Elovl5</em>-deficient mice were fed a high-fat, high-sucrose (HF/HS) diet for four months. <em>Elovl5</em> deficiency led to limited systemic metabolic alterations but significant hepatic phenotype was observed in <em>Elovl5</em>−/− mice after the HF/HS diet, including hepatomegaly, pronounced macrovesicular and microvesicular steatosis, hepatocyte ballooning, immune cell infiltration, and fibrosis. Lipid analysis confirmed hepatic triglyceride accumulation and a reshaping of FA profile. Transcriptomic analysis indicated significant upregulation of genes involved in immune cell recruitment and fibrosis, and downregulation of genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation in <em>Elovl5</em>−/− mice. Alterations of FA oxidation and energy metabolism were confirmed by non-targeted metabolomic approach. Analysis of mitochondrial function in <em>Elovl5</em>−/− mice showed morphological alterations, qualitative cardiolipin changes with an enrichment in species containing shorter unsaturated FAs, and decreased activity of I and III respiratory chain complexes.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Enhanced susceptibility to diet-induced MASH and fibrosis in <em>Elovl5</em>−/− mice is intricately associated with disruptions in mitochondrial homeostasis, stemming from a profound reshaping of mitochondrial lipids, notably cardiolipins.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18694,"journal":{"name":"Metabolism: clinical and experimental","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 156051"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142504211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a prevalent chronic liver condition characterised by dysregulated lipid metabolism. The role of Natriuretic Peptide Receptor C (NPRC), a receptor responsible for clearing natriuretic peptides, in MAFLD remains elusive. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to elucidate the role of NPRC in MAFLD progression.
Approach and results
This study demonstrated that NPRC enhanced lipid metabolism reprogramming and accelerated MAFLD progression. Mechanistic investigations, including proteomic and ubiquitination analyses, revealed that elevated NPRC levels stabilized the C/EBPβ protein, leading to excessive lipid accumulation. The DNA-binding domain (DBD) of C/EBPβ interacted with the deubiquitinase USP30, a key regulator that inhibited K149-specific K48-linked polyubiquitination of C/EBPβ. Importantly, the ANPR region of NPRC bound to USP30, facilitating the deubiquitination of C/EBPβ. Furthermore, virtual screening identified punicalin, a natural compound, as a potential inhibitor of NPRC expression, which may reduce hepatic lipid accumulation, inflammation and fibrosis.
Conclusions
Our findings indicate that NPRC recruits USP30 to mediate the deubiquitination of C/EBPβ, driving lipid metabolism reprogramming. Targeting NPRC could represent a promising therapeutic approach for MAFLD.
{"title":"NPRC promotes hepatic steatosis via USP30-mediated deubiquitination of C/EBPβ","authors":"Feng Jiang, Xinmiao Li, Lifan Lin, Mengyuan Li, Jianjian Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.metabol.2024.156050","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.metabol.2024.156050","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and aims</h3><div>Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a prevalent chronic liver condition characterised by dysregulated lipid metabolism. The role of Natriuretic Peptide Receptor C (NPRC), a receptor responsible for clearing natriuretic peptides, in MAFLD remains elusive. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to elucidate the role of NPRC in MAFLD progression.</div></div><div><h3>Approach and results</h3><div>This study demonstrated that NPRC enhanced lipid metabolism reprogramming and accelerated MAFLD progression. Mechanistic investigations, including proteomic and ubiquitination analyses, revealed that elevated NPRC levels stabilized the C/EBPβ protein, leading to excessive lipid accumulation. The DNA-binding domain (DBD) of C/EBPβ interacted with the deubiquitinase USP30, a key regulator that inhibited K149-specific K48-linked polyubiquitination of C/EBPβ. Importantly, the ANPR region of NPRC bound to USP30, facilitating the deubiquitination of C/EBPβ. Furthermore, virtual screening identified punicalin, a natural compound, as a potential inhibitor of NPRC expression, which may reduce hepatic lipid accumulation, inflammation and fibrosis.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our findings indicate that NPRC recruits USP30 to mediate the deubiquitination of C/EBPβ, driving lipid metabolism reprogramming. Targeting NPRC could represent a promising therapeutic approach for MAFLD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18694,"journal":{"name":"Metabolism: clinical and experimental","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 156050"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142470017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2024.156044
Georgia Anastasiou , Konstantinos Stefanakis , Michael A. Hill , Christos S. Mantzoros
{"title":"Expanding diagnostic and therapeutic horizons for MASH: Comparison of the latest and conventional therapeutic approaches","authors":"Georgia Anastasiou , Konstantinos Stefanakis , Michael A. Hill , Christos S. Mantzoros","doi":"10.1016/j.metabol.2024.156044","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.metabol.2024.156044","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18694,"journal":{"name":"Metabolism: clinical and experimental","volume":"161 ","pages":"Article 156044"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142372340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}