Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-9029-4.ch034
S. Sezer
In this chapter, the effects of military expenditure (MEXP) on high-tech exports (HTX) and GDP per capita (GDPPC) of G7 and new industrialized countries (NIC) are analyzed for period 1988-2015 by panel data analysis. The causality relationships between the series are examined by Dumitrescu and Hurlin test. In G7 countries, one-way causality relationship from HTX to MEXP and two-way causality relationship between MEXP and GDPPC have been identified. Also, in NIC countries, two-way causality relationship between HTX and MEXP and one-way causality relationship from GDPPC to MEXP have been determined. Cointegration relations are tested by Pedroni test and the series are found to be cointegrated. It is seen that in the G7 countries, 1% increase in MEXP during the period of 1988-2015 increased HTX by 0.71% and GDPPC by 0.98%. In NIC countries, the 1% increase in MEXP increased HTX by 1.7% and GDPPC by 0.96%. The effect of MEXP on HTX is found much higher in NIC countries.
{"title":"The Relationship Among Military Expenditure, High Technological Product Exports, and Economic Growth","authors":"S. Sezer","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-9029-4.ch034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9029-4.ch034","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter, the effects of military expenditure (MEXP) on high-tech exports (HTX) and GDP per capita (GDPPC) of G7 and new industrialized countries (NIC) are analyzed for period 1988-2015 by panel data analysis. The causality relationships between the series are examined by Dumitrescu and Hurlin test. In G7 countries, one-way causality relationship from HTX to MEXP and two-way causality relationship between MEXP and GDPPC have been identified. Also, in NIC countries, two-way causality relationship between HTX and MEXP and one-way causality relationship from GDPPC to MEXP have been determined. Cointegration relations are tested by Pedroni test and the series are found to be cointegrated. It is seen that in the G7 countries, 1% increase in MEXP during the period of 1988-2015 increased HTX by 0.71% and GDPPC by 0.98%. In NIC countries, the 1% increase in MEXP increased HTX by 1.7% and GDPPC by 0.96%. The effect of MEXP on HTX is found much higher in NIC countries.","PeriodicalId":187292,"journal":{"name":"Research Anthology on Military and Defense Applications, Utilization, Education, and Ethics","volume":"486 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131419856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-01DOI: 10.4018/ijrcm.2020070104
R. Simplício, J. Gomes, M. Romão
In the times of major technological changes with ever-shorter production cycles, subject to strong global competition, it is vital for organizations to optimize resources and benefit from their investments in order to achieve the expected successes. One of the main difficulties that organizations face is the high number of projects in their portfolio. Selecting and prioritizing projects is essential to ensure the maximum return on investment and the sustainability of the organization. The selection and prioritization of projects depends to a great extent on the profile of the managers, organizational culture and frameworks best suited to the organization's environment. This study intends to confront the pilot model of selection and prioritization developed by the Portuguese Navy and establish a bridge with the academic literature. The project was carried out with the purpose of improving the process of allocating the necessary resources for the accomplishment of the missions of the Navy in the context of the Portuguese National Defence.
{"title":"Pilot Portfolio Model","authors":"R. Simplício, J. Gomes, M. Romão","doi":"10.4018/ijrcm.2020070104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijrcm.2020070104","url":null,"abstract":"In the times of major technological changes with ever-shorter production cycles, subject to strong global competition, it is vital for organizations to optimize resources and benefit from their investments in order to achieve the expected successes. One of the main difficulties that organizations face is the high number of projects in their portfolio. Selecting and prioritizing projects is essential to ensure the maximum return on investment and the sustainability of the organization. The selection and prioritization of projects depends to a great extent on the profile of the managers, organizational culture and frameworks best suited to the organization's environment. This study intends to confront the pilot model of selection and prioritization developed by the Portuguese Navy and establish a bridge with the academic literature. The project was carried out with the purpose of improving the process of allocating the necessary resources for the accomplishment of the missions of the Navy in the context of the Portuguese National Defence.","PeriodicalId":187292,"journal":{"name":"Research Anthology on Military and Defense Applications, Utilization, Education, and Ethics","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116638835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.4018/ijcre.2020010103
Quinn E. Lanzendorfer
Cyber-attacks happen faster and more spontaneously than traditional warfare. This cyber landscape offers new challenges to organizations due to its unique nature. Building organizations to defend against cyber terrorism and innovating offensive solutions calls for strong information sharing amongst government and military organizations, as well as industry partners. Using an innovative electronic method to collect quantitative and qualitative data from experts, this study seeks to explore the effectiveness and establishment of information sharing practices and procedures in U.S. government cybersecurity organizations. This study also considers the impact of media leaks and terrorism on information sharing practices and procedures.
{"title":"Information Sharing Challenges in Government Cybersecurity Organizations","authors":"Quinn E. Lanzendorfer","doi":"10.4018/ijcre.2020010103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijcre.2020010103","url":null,"abstract":"Cyber-attacks happen faster and more spontaneously than traditional warfare. This cyber landscape offers new challenges to organizations due to its unique nature. Building organizations to defend against cyber terrorism and innovating offensive solutions calls for strong information sharing amongst government and military organizations, as well as industry partners. Using an innovative electronic method to collect quantitative and qualitative data from experts, this study seeks to explore the effectiveness and establishment of information sharing practices and procedures in U.S. government cybersecurity organizations. This study also considers the impact of media leaks and terrorism on information sharing practices and procedures.","PeriodicalId":187292,"journal":{"name":"Research Anthology on Military and Defense Applications, Utilization, Education, and Ethics","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114985365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4018/IJRLEDM.2019010103
Matthew C. Ledwith, R. Jackson, Amanda M. Reboulet, T. P. Talafuse
Education is a frequent area of concern when attempting to improve organizational performance. In this paper, absorbing Markov chains were used to assess education levels of civil servants within Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC). The results suggest that AFMC will have 47% of its workforce with an advanced, college degree by the year 2030. Given an increasingly educated workforce within AFMC, ethical implications for management strategy were explored. Specifically, the authors examined the ethics of managing a highly-educated workforce in ways which are procedurally similar to those used for a workforce which was historically less educated. Through a thematic bifurcation, ethical solutions were presented which will either provide more autonomy for the highly-educated workforce or attempt to change the internal credentialing process so that the current management strategies are aligned to a more appropriately-educated workforce.
{"title":"Ethics and Education","authors":"Matthew C. Ledwith, R. Jackson, Amanda M. Reboulet, T. P. Talafuse","doi":"10.4018/IJRLEDM.2019010103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/IJRLEDM.2019010103","url":null,"abstract":"Education is a frequent area of concern when attempting to improve organizational performance. In this paper, absorbing Markov chains were used to assess education levels of civil servants within Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC). The results suggest that AFMC will have 47% of its workforce with an advanced, college degree by the year 2030. Given an increasingly educated workforce within AFMC, ethical implications for management strategy were explored. Specifically, the authors examined the ethics of managing a highly-educated workforce in ways which are procedurally similar to those used for a workforce which was historically less educated. Through a thematic bifurcation, ethical solutions were presented which will either provide more autonomy for the highly-educated workforce or attempt to change the internal credentialing process so that the current management strategies are aligned to a more appropriately-educated workforce.","PeriodicalId":187292,"journal":{"name":"Research Anthology on Military and Defense Applications, Utilization, Education, and Ethics","volume":" 26","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120834154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-5513-1.CH001
M. Karatas, Ertan Yakıcı, N. Razi
In the past decades, facility location problems have attracted much attention among researchers and practitioners from different disciplines. Among those problems, location models observed in military organizations have significant impact to the performance of the military organization since they require large amounts of money, resource, and people. Moreover, an efficient planning of military resources often leads to a good direction to victories. In this chapter, considering a number of selected papers, the authors give a brief survey of facility location models and solution techniques employed for military organizations. After providing the features of core location models, they analyze the military facility location models with respect to the context they are handled. After categorizing the articles with respect to the formulations and solution approaches employed, the authors highlight potential issues for further research.
{"title":"Military Facility Location Problems","authors":"M. Karatas, Ertan Yakıcı, N. Razi","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-5513-1.CH001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5513-1.CH001","url":null,"abstract":"In the past decades, facility location problems have attracted much attention among researchers and practitioners from different disciplines. Among those problems, location models observed in military organizations have significant impact to the performance of the military organization since they require large amounts of money, resource, and people. Moreover, an efficient planning of military resources often leads to a good direction to victories. In this chapter, considering a number of selected papers, the authors give a brief survey of facility location models and solution techniques employed for military organizations. After providing the features of core location models, they analyze the military facility location models with respect to the context they are handled. After categorizing the articles with respect to the formulations and solution approaches employed, the authors highlight potential issues for further research.","PeriodicalId":187292,"journal":{"name":"Research Anthology on Military and Defense Applications, Utilization, Education, and Ethics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126982828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-9029-4.ch023
Aurora Ruiz Mezcua, María del Carmen Valverde Ferrera
As a communicative link among cultures, interpreters have played a very important role throughout history. The main objective of this chapter is to analyze the language interpreter's role within warlike conflicts, paying special attention to their skills to bridge language, cultural, and power gaps. It has been observed that interpreting in conflicts is usually underestimated despite being extremely difficult and risky, and frequently, the support provided is quickly forgotten by all parts after the service is finished. This lack of consideration leaves many interpreters in danger in hostile countries. Due to the increase of displaced people and refugees in recent years, a brief historical review of the 20th and 21st century's wars has been carried out. This will be later referred to by the different interpreters and correspondents who work for diverse media and have been interviewed for the empiric study that we have carried out. Interpreters' work and ethical dilemmas they have to face are highlighted in this research. This study does not pursue, in any case, any political aims.
{"title":"Interpreting to Bridge the Gaps in War Conflicts","authors":"Aurora Ruiz Mezcua, María del Carmen Valverde Ferrera","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-9029-4.ch023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9029-4.ch023","url":null,"abstract":"As a communicative link among cultures, interpreters have played a very important role throughout history. The main objective of this chapter is to analyze the language interpreter's role within warlike conflicts, paying special attention to their skills to bridge language, cultural, and power gaps. It has been observed that interpreting in conflicts is usually underestimated despite being extremely difficult and risky, and frequently, the support provided is quickly forgotten by all parts after the service is finished. This lack of consideration leaves many interpreters in danger in hostile countries. Due to the increase of displaced people and refugees in recent years, a brief historical review of the 20th and 21st century's wars has been carried out. This will be later referred to by the different interpreters and correspondents who work for diverse media and have been interviewed for the empiric study that we have carried out. Interpreters' work and ethical dilemmas they have to face are highlighted in this research. This study does not pursue, in any case, any political aims.","PeriodicalId":187292,"journal":{"name":"Research Anthology on Military and Defense Applications, Utilization, Education, and Ethics","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116724209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-5513-1.CH010
B. Özkan, Serol Bulkan
As more and more Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS) parts are being used in sustainment-dominated systems where average product lifecycle is above 25 years, obsolescence management becomes a greater concern for program managers. The lack of management and poor planning for obsolescence cause companies, governments, and military organizations to spend progressively more to deal with aging systems. For a successful obsolescence management, program managers should consider both the cost-effectiveness and system availability issues simultaneously and should implement appropriate solution approaches. In this chapter, the authors first define the obsolescence management in sustainment-dominated systems and then give a brief summary of the related literature. They finally discuss and propose multiple criteria decision-making methodologies and evolutionary algorithms to tackle the management problem.
{"title":"Obsolescence Management for Sustainment-Dominated Military Systems","authors":"B. Özkan, Serol Bulkan","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-5513-1.CH010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5513-1.CH010","url":null,"abstract":"As more and more Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS) parts are being used in sustainment-dominated systems where average product lifecycle is above 25 years, obsolescence management becomes a greater concern for program managers. The lack of management and poor planning for obsolescence cause companies, governments, and military organizations to spend progressively more to deal with aging systems. For a successful obsolescence management, program managers should consider both the cost-effectiveness and system availability issues simultaneously and should implement appropriate solution approaches. In this chapter, the authors first define the obsolescence management in sustainment-dominated systems and then give a brief summary of the related literature. They finally discuss and propose multiple criteria decision-making methodologies and evolutionary algorithms to tackle the management problem.","PeriodicalId":187292,"journal":{"name":"Research Anthology on Military and Defense Applications, Utilization, Education, and Ethics","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116077458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-9029-4.ch028
Christine Boshuijzen-van Burken
Modern military operations are characterized by ubiquitous use of technology, in particular the use of information and communication technologies for real-time information sharing. The use of technology on the battlefield is assumed to improve decision making in military practice. By making use of a friendly fire incident in Afghanistan, namely the Sangin incident in 2011, the author highlights why moral decision making could be hampered by technology. This is partly due to the fact that information and communication technologies subtly connect sub-practices that exist within the broader military practice, thus potentially blurring normative structures. Blurring of normative structures can cause problems for moral decision making on the battlefield, because it is suddenly not clear who is responsible for the course of action.
{"title":"Modern Military Operations","authors":"Christine Boshuijzen-van Burken","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-9029-4.ch028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9029-4.ch028","url":null,"abstract":"Modern military operations are characterized by ubiquitous use of technology, in particular the use of information and communication technologies for real-time information sharing. The use of technology on the battlefield is assumed to improve decision making in military practice. By making use of a friendly fire incident in Afghanistan, namely the Sangin incident in 2011, the author highlights why moral decision making could be hampered by technology. This is partly due to the fact that information and communication technologies subtly connect sub-practices that exist within the broader military practice, thus potentially blurring normative structures. Blurring of normative structures can cause problems for moral decision making on the battlefield, because it is suddenly not clear who is responsible for the course of action.","PeriodicalId":187292,"journal":{"name":"Research Anthology on Military and Defense Applications, Utilization, Education, and Ethics","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115244868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-7591-7.CH014
Lynette M. B. Arnhart, M. L. King
The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the operations research techniques employed across the Department of Defense, focusing on how the operations research officers and government civilians contribute to senior leader decisions. There are four general areas that the Department of Defense conducts operations research: assessing strategic goals through a gap determination process; assessing the effectiveness of operations and exercises, wargaming, modeling, and simulation of combat for strategic analysis and acquisition; and personnel analysis across the Joint Force. The authors will describe the management processes and components of military only so far as needed to provide the context and background required to adequately describe the operations research techniques. This chapter will contribute to the overall mission of this book by generalizing the techniques used by the military to demonstrate how analysts can better evaluate proposed and existing programs throughout the government and the public sector.
{"title":"Analytics, Operations Research, and Strategic Decision Making in the Military","authors":"Lynette M. B. Arnhart, M. L. King","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-7591-7.CH014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7591-7.CH014","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the operations research techniques employed across the Department of Defense, focusing on how the operations research officers and government civilians contribute to senior leader decisions. There are four general areas that the Department of Defense conducts operations research: assessing strategic goals through a gap determination process; assessing the effectiveness of operations and exercises, wargaming, modeling, and simulation of combat for strategic analysis and acquisition; and personnel analysis across the Joint Force. The authors will describe the management processes and components of military only so far as needed to provide the context and background required to adequately describe the operations research techniques. This chapter will contribute to the overall mission of this book by generalizing the techniques used by the military to demonstrate how analysts can better evaluate proposed and existing programs throughout the government and the public sector.","PeriodicalId":187292,"journal":{"name":"Research Anthology on Military and Defense Applications, Utilization, Education, and Ethics","volume":"68 8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130055984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-9029-4.ch012
M. Malamud
Environmental security can be framed in environmental risks towards security, such as extreme climatic events that incite new conflicts in local populations, and the security impact on the environment as a result of human-induced damage to the ecosystem. As a result, the fact that climatic-related events can pose a threat to security and the environmental footprint can undermine peace has thus raised a concern in many militaries of democratic nations. This research article introduces the mainstream environmental security literature through the geopolitical, human security and biocentric perspectives and main social trends to analyze ethical issues in the relationship between ecology and the armed forces. It is argued that there are two major ethical challenges for the military: the securitization of the development agenda that can lead to a militarized conservation in conflict areas; and the search for a corporate sense of responsibility in terms of efficient and still ecologically sustainable operational systems that comply with international environmental agreements.
{"title":"Environmental Ethics in the Military","authors":"M. Malamud","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-9029-4.ch012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9029-4.ch012","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental security can be framed in environmental risks towards security, such as extreme climatic events that incite new conflicts in local populations, and the security impact on the environment as a result of human-induced damage to the ecosystem. As a result, the fact that climatic-related events can pose a threat to security and the environmental footprint can undermine peace has thus raised a concern in many militaries of democratic nations. This research article introduces the mainstream environmental security literature through the geopolitical, human security and biocentric perspectives and main social trends to analyze ethical issues in the relationship between ecology and the armed forces. It is argued that there are two major ethical challenges for the military: the securitization of the development agenda that can lead to a militarized conservation in conflict areas; and the search for a corporate sense of responsibility in terms of efficient and still ecologically sustainable operational systems that comply with international environmental agreements.","PeriodicalId":187292,"journal":{"name":"Research Anthology on Military and Defense Applications, Utilization, Education, and Ethics","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114912631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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