High susceptibility of the bamboo stems (culms) to biodeteriorating agents are among the major challenges in processing, value addition, marketing and rational utilization of the bamboo resource in Ethiopia. A study was conducted to investigate culms’ natural durability, treatability of bamboo culms with and effectiveness of damage control measures in controlling the biodeteriorating agents’ damage. Samples of Arundinaria alpina culms were collected from Hagere Selam, Injibara, Tikur Inchini and Masha sites. Oxytenanthera abyssinica samples were obtained from Asossa, Dedessa and Pawe. Tanalith preservative, borax-boric acid solution, used motor oil, kerosene and common table salt were used to treat the bamboo stakes. Graveyard studies were conducted for five years at Pawe, Bako, Adami Tulu and Addis Ababa research stations. The non-ground contact test was conducted in Addis Ababa station under shade without direct contact with soil, moisture, rain and sunlight. The results indicated that bamboo culms were non-durable, having high treatability potential with the control measures used in this study. Significant difference (P<0.01) was found on damage caused by subterranean termites on the bamboo species stakes obtained from different localities, control measures and field (graveyard) stations. Mean damage on controls and treated stakes with control measures caused by subterranean termites for all stations varied from 24 to 80%, while damage caused by fungi varied from 11 to 66%. This indicated that termites caused the highest damage at all stations both on the controls and treated stakes. The non-ground contact stakes were intact against aboveground dwelling termites, beetles and fungi. Tanalith and used motor oil treatments were found to be the most effective alternative control measures in resisting biodegrading agents attack and prolonged bamboo culms service life to more than five times compared with controls. Keywords: Arundinaria alpina , Control measures, Culms, Graveyard stations, Oxytenanthera abyssinica , Stakes
{"title":"Durability of Ethiopian bamboo culms and alternative damage control measures against biodeteriorating agents","authors":"G. Desalegn","doi":"10.4314/EJBS.V14I2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJBS.V14I2","url":null,"abstract":"High susceptibility of the bamboo stems (culms) to biodeteriorating agents are among the major challenges in processing, value addition, marketing and rational utilization of the bamboo resource in Ethiopia. A study was conducted to investigate culms’ natural durability, treatability of bamboo culms with and effectiveness of damage control measures in controlling the biodeteriorating agents’ damage. Samples of Arundinaria alpina culms were collected from Hagere Selam, Injibara, Tikur Inchini and Masha sites. Oxytenanthera abyssinica samples were obtained from Asossa, Dedessa and Pawe. Tanalith preservative, borax-boric acid solution, used motor oil, kerosene and common table salt were used to treat the bamboo stakes. Graveyard studies were conducted for five years at Pawe, Bako, Adami Tulu and Addis Ababa research stations. The non-ground contact test was conducted in Addis Ababa station under shade without direct contact with soil, moisture, rain and sunlight. The results indicated that bamboo culms were non-durable, having high treatability potential with the control measures used in this study. Significant difference (P<0.01) was found on damage caused by subterranean termites on the bamboo species stakes obtained from different localities, control measures and field (graveyard) stations. Mean damage on controls and treated stakes with control measures caused by subterranean termites for all stations varied from 24 to 80%, while damage caused by fungi varied from 11 to 66%. This indicated that termites caused the highest damage at all stations both on the controls and treated stakes. The non-ground contact stakes were intact against aboveground dwelling termites, beetles and fungi. Tanalith and used motor oil treatments were found to be the most effective alternative control measures in resisting biodegrading agents attack and prolonged bamboo culms service life to more than five times compared with controls. Keywords: Arundinaria alpina , Control measures, Culms, Graveyard stations, Oxytenanthera abyssinica , Stakes","PeriodicalId":187522,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133535952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prior to the initiation of the Ethiopian Flora Project (EFP), there were a number of attempts over the years to write the flora for a particular region/s or areas of Ethiopia and Eritrea. The modern Ethiopian Flora Project was initiated in 1980 as a bilateral agreement between the Ethiopian and Swedish governments through the then Ethiopian Science and Technology Commission (ESTC) (now the Ministry of Science and Technology) and the Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation with Developing Countries (SAREC) (now Sida-SAREC). The project was carried out with shared responsibilities between Addis Ababa University and Uppsala University, Sweden. The objectives of the project were: 1) to write up a Flora of Ethiopia (FE), which later became the Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea (FEE) with the separation of Eritrea from Ethiopia in 1991; 2) build-up of the National Herbarium and a related library; and 3) promotion of scientific activities in other fields of botany. By the end of the project in 2009, the writing of the FEE was completed with the publication of 8 volumes in 10 books including information on the description, ecology and distribution of 6,027 vascular plants taxa. Of these taxa, 10% are endemic to Ethiopia and Eritrea (Ensermu Kelbessa and Sebsebe Demissew, 2014 in this volume). Due to this project, the number of plant specimen in the Herbarium grew from 14,000 in 1980 to 80,000 at present. The project has also trained 11 Ethiopian nationals at PhD level, who later become the nucleus for the advancement of Botanical Sciences in Ethiopia. The early conception of the complementary value of a Botanical Garden to the National Herbarium for research and education by these young academicians led to the initiation of its establishment. They had worked tirelessly over the years. This effort finally led to the establishment of the Gulelle Botanic Gardens on the outskirts of Addis Ababa in 2005 in collaboration with the Addis Ababa City Administration. Key words/phrases: Botany, Ethiopian Flora Project, Gulelle Botanical Garden, National Herbarium
{"title":"Overview of the flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea: The long road to a completion","authors":"S. Demissew","doi":"10.4314/EJBS.V13I1S","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJBS.V13I1S","url":null,"abstract":"Prior to the initiation of the Ethiopian Flora Project (EFP), there were a number of attempts over the years to write the flora for a particular region/s or areas of Ethiopia and Eritrea. The modern Ethiopian Flora Project was initiated in 1980 as a bilateral agreement between the Ethiopian and Swedish governments through the then Ethiopian Science and Technology Commission (ESTC) (now the Ministry of Science and Technology) and the Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation with Developing Countries (SAREC) (now Sida-SAREC). The project was carried out with shared responsibilities between Addis Ababa University and Uppsala University, Sweden. The objectives of the project were: 1) to write up a Flora of Ethiopia (FE), which later became the Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea (FEE) with the separation of Eritrea from Ethiopia in 1991; 2) build-up of the National Herbarium and a related library; and 3) promotion of scientific activities in other fields of botany. By the end of the project in 2009, the writing of the FEE was completed with the publication of 8 volumes in 10 books including information on the description, ecology and distribution of 6,027 vascular plants taxa. Of these taxa, 10% are endemic to Ethiopia and Eritrea (Ensermu Kelbessa and Sebsebe Demissew, 2014 in this volume). Due to this project, the number of plant specimen in the Herbarium grew from 14,000 in 1980 to 80,000 at present. The project has also trained 11 Ethiopian nationals at PhD level, who later become the nucleus for the advancement of Botanical Sciences in Ethiopia. The early conception of the complementary value of a Botanical Garden to the National Herbarium for research and education by these young academicians led to the initiation of its establishment. They had worked tirelessly over the years. This effort finally led to the establishment of the Gulelle Botanic Gardens on the outskirts of Addis Ababa in 2005 in collaboration with the Addis Ababa City Administration. Key words/phrases: Botany, Ethiopian Flora Project, Gulelle Botanical Garden, National Herbarium","PeriodicalId":187522,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121480581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gillnet selectivity parameters and its impacts on the population of the Lake Tana Labeobarbus megastoma , were estimated from fishery-independent catches in multi-panel gillnets with stretched mesh sizes ranging from 60 to 140 mm. Selectivity on L. megastoma was assessed using the PASGEAR software. Five different functional models; normal location, normal scale, gamma, log-normal and bi-modal were used to fit the selectivity curves to the catch data. It was shown that the bi-modal function was the best fit to the data. For the bi-modal selectivity curves, the optimum lengths (100% retention probability) for the 60, 80, 100, 120 and 140 mm mesh sizes were 24.18 cm, 32.24 cm, 40.3 cm, 48.36 cm and 56.42 cm, respectively. Considering the size at first maturity (L 50 %), 100 mm mesh size was found to be the most adequate mesh for exploiting the minimum allowable landing size (35 cm). Key words/phrases: Bi-modal, Labeobarbus , Lake Tana, Selectivity
{"title":"Gillnet selectivity of Lake Tana piscivorous fish: Labeobarbus megastoma","authors":"B. Abdissa","doi":"10.4314/EJBS.V13I1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJBS.V13I1","url":null,"abstract":"Gillnet selectivity parameters and its impacts on the population of the Lake Tana Labeobarbus megastoma , were estimated from fishery-independent catches in multi-panel gillnets with stretched mesh sizes ranging from 60 to 140 mm. Selectivity on L. megastoma was assessed using the PASGEAR software. Five different functional models; normal location, normal scale, gamma, log-normal and bi-modal were used to fit the selectivity curves to the catch data. It was shown that the bi-modal function was the best fit to the data. For the bi-modal selectivity curves, the optimum lengths (100% retention probability) for the 60, 80, 100, 120 and 140 mm mesh sizes were 24.18 cm, 32.24 cm, 40.3 cm, 48.36 cm and 56.42 cm, respectively. Considering the size at first maturity (L 50 %), 100 mm mesh size was found to be the most adequate mesh for exploiting the minimum allowable landing size (35 cm). Key words/phrases: Bi-modal, Labeobarbus , Lake Tana, Selectivity","PeriodicalId":187522,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129285350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Induced spawning of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) was successfully carried out using natural hormone (homoplastic hormone-pituitary extract from Clarias gariepinus). The study which was carried out at Bahir Dar Fisheries and Other Aquatic Life Research Centre lasted 78 days (June to October). Three gravid females and three mature males of C. gariepinus (weight range of 305 to 1035 g) were used for the study. In all, three trials were carried out in glass aquaria with 50 litre volume. The spawning fecundity of the three C. gariepinus injected with catfish pituitary extract varied from 43,456 to 75,460 with mean fecundity value 54,572. The mean percentage fertilization, hatching rate and survival rate of the eggs were 81.5 ± 2.36, 87.13 ± 0.13 and 87.04 ± 5.98, respectively. This study has shown that C. gariepinus can be successfully bred using pituitary of C. gariepinus with simple low cost technique using glass aquaria.Key words/phrases: Aquaria, Catfish, Fecundity, Induced spawning, Survival rate.
{"title":"Artificial propagation of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) in aquaria","authors":"Adane Tsegaye Tegegne, A. Bekele, M. Balakrishnan","doi":"10.4314/EJBS.V14I1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJBS.V14I1","url":null,"abstract":"Induced spawning of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) was successfully carried out using natural hormone (homoplastic hormone-pituitary extract from Clarias gariepinus). The study which was carried out at Bahir Dar Fisheries and Other Aquatic Life Research Centre lasted 78 days (June to October). Three gravid females and three mature males of C. gariepinus (weight range of 305 to 1035 g) were used for the study. In all, three trials were carried out in glass aquaria with 50 litre volume. The spawning fecundity of the three C. gariepinus injected with catfish pituitary extract varied from 43,456 to 75,460 with mean fecundity value 54,572. The mean percentage fertilization, hatching rate and survival rate of the eggs were 81.5 ± 2.36, 87.13 ± 0.13 and 87.04 ± 5.98, respectively. This study has shown that C. gariepinus can be successfully bred using pituitary of C. gariepinus with simple low cost technique using glass aquaria.Key words/phrases: Aquaria, Catfish, Fecundity, Induced spawning, Survival rate.","PeriodicalId":187522,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"57 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116516063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We studied phyto- and zooplankton communities of Lake Hawassa (or Awassa) between November 2003 and August 2004, and compared findings with historical data since the 1980s to assess potential inter-decadal changes. The lake is located in the Ethiopian Rift Valley in the vicinity of the growing city Hawassa which receives adverse effluents from textile and ceramics industry and municipal sewage apparently with little treatment. In 2003/04, phytoplankton abundance comprised 54% Chlorophyta, 26% cyanoprokaryotes, 18% diatoms and 2% others, a proportion similar to previous records. However, the mean phytoplankton biomass in terms of chlorophyll a (19 μg L -1 ) was lower than reported from previous studies but similar to a report in 2010. In contrary, areal rate of gross photosynthesis had increased in the last two decades with higher values recorded in 2003-04 (0.35 to 2.21 g O 2 m -2 h -1 ). Even though zooplankton community composition remained the same, the abundance and dominance of taxa had changed in the last decades. In 2003/04, the mean abundance of cyclopoid-copepods was 58 000 ± 9200 (SE) Indl m -3 whereas cladocera abundance (2 600 ± 640 SE Indl m -3 ) was very low in the lake. Rotifers outnumbered other zooplankton with a maximum value of 264 000 Indl m -3 ,which was about five times greater than previous reports. Adult cyclopoid to nauplii ratio of 0.27 in 2003-04 study was indicative that cannibalism had diminished, probably due to increased rotifers as prey, which contradicted a previous hypothesis. Despite its closed nature, the plankton of Lake Hawassachanged erratically during a decade, probably due to intense biological interactions in the system.
我们研究了2003年11月至2004年8月期间哈瓦萨湖(或阿瓦萨湖)的植物和浮游动物群落，并将研究结果与20世纪80年代以来的历史数据进行了比较，以评估潜在的年代际变化。该湖位于埃塞俄比亚大裂谷，靠近不断发展的城市哈瓦萨，该城市接收来自纺织和陶瓷工业的有害废水以及显然未经处理的城市污水。在2003/04年度，浮游植物丰度包括54%的绿藻，26%的蓝藻原核生物，18%的硅藻和2%的其他，这一比例与以前的记录相似。然而，以叶绿素a为单位的浮游植物平均生物量(19 μg L -1)低于以往的研究报告，但与2010年的报告相似。相反，总光合作用的面积速率在过去20年中有所增加，2003-04年录得较高的数值(0.35 ~ 2.21 g O 2 m -2 h -1)。尽管浮游动物群落组成保持不变，但在过去几十年中，分类群的丰度和优势度发生了变化。2003/04年，环足类-桡足类平均丰度为58 000±9200 (SE) inl m -3，枝足类平均丰度为2 600±640 (SE) inl m -3，丰度极低。轮虫的数量超过其他浮游动物，最高值为264 000 Indl m -3，约为以前报告的5倍。2003-04年的研究表明，成虫的同类相食行为减少了，这可能是由于作为猎物的轮虫增加了，这与之前的假设相矛盾。尽管它是封闭的，但哈瓦萨湖的浮游生物在十年内发生了不规律的变化，这可能是由于该系统中强烈的生物相互作用。
{"title":"Long-term changes in phyto- and zooplankton communities of Lake Hawassa, Ethiopia","authors":"T. Fetahi, S. Mengistou","doi":"10.4314/EJBS.V13I2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJBS.V13I2","url":null,"abstract":"We studied phyto- and zooplankton communities of Lake Hawassa (or Awassa) between November 2003 and August 2004, and compared findings with historical data since the 1980s to assess potential inter-decadal changes. The lake is located in the Ethiopian Rift Valley in the vicinity of the growing city Hawassa which receives adverse effluents from textile and ceramics industry and municipal sewage apparently with little treatment. In 2003/04, phytoplankton abundance comprised 54% Chlorophyta, 26% cyanoprokaryotes, 18% diatoms and 2% others, a proportion similar to previous records. However, the mean phytoplankton biomass in terms of chlorophyll a (19 μg L -1 ) was lower than reported from previous studies but similar to a report in 2010. In contrary, areal rate of gross photosynthesis had increased in the last two decades with higher values recorded in 2003-04 (0.35 to 2.21 g O 2 m -2 h -1 ). Even though zooplankton community composition remained the same, the abundance and dominance of taxa had changed in the last decades. In 2003/04, the mean abundance of cyclopoid-copepods was 58 000 ± 9200 (SE) Indl m -3 whereas cladocera abundance (2 600 ± 640 SE Indl m -3 ) was very low in the lake. Rotifers outnumbered other zooplankton with a maximum value of 264 000 Indl m -3 ,which was about five times greater than previous reports. Adult cyclopoid to nauplii ratio of 0.27 in 2003-04 study was indicative that cannibalism had diminished, probably due to increased rotifers as prey, which contradicted a previous hypothesis. Despite its closed nature, the plankton of Lake Hawassachanged erratically during a decade, probably due to intense biological interactions in the system.","PeriodicalId":187522,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114710501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The feeding habits of the straightfin barb Barbus paludinosus was studied in Lake Ziway, Ethiopia, from 504 gut samples collected from April to May (dry months) and July to August (wet months) of the year 2011. Gut contents were analyzed using the frequency of occurrence and volumetric analysis methods. Insects and detritus were the dominant food items and they occurred in 86.3% and 93.5%, and constituted 47.3% and 38.0%, of the total volume of food items, respectively. Macrophytes, phytoplankton, zooplankton and ostracods occurred in 36.1%, 40.3%, 32.7% and 15.5% of fish guts and volumetrically they constituted 4.8%, 4.7%, 3.9% and 1.3% of the food items, respectively. Insects, detritus and zooplankton were important food categories in the dry season while detritus, insects and phytoplankton dominated in the wet season. Insects were the dominant food items in all size classes followed by detritus. The proportion of macrophytes increased with size of fish while the importance of detritus and zooplankton declined with fish size. Based on these results, it was concluded that B. paludinosus in Lake Ziway has an omnivorous habit. Keywords: B. paludinosus , Diet composition, Fish feeding habit, Lake Ziway, Ontogenetic diet shifts.
{"title":"FOOD AND FEEDING HABITS OF THE STRAIGHTFIN BARB BARBUS PALUDINOSUS (PETERS, 1852) (PISCES: CYPRINIDAE) IN LAKE ZIWAY, ETHIOPIA","authors":"E. Dadebo, A. Mohammed, S. Sorsa","doi":"10.4314/EJBS.V12I2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJBS.V12I2","url":null,"abstract":"The feeding habits of the straightfin barb Barbus paludinosus was studied in Lake Ziway, Ethiopia, from 504 gut samples collected from April to May (dry months) and July to August (wet months) of the year 2011. Gut contents were analyzed using the frequency of occurrence and volumetric analysis methods. Insects and detritus were the dominant food items and they occurred in 86.3% and 93.5%, and constituted 47.3% and 38.0%, of the total volume of food items, respectively. Macrophytes, phytoplankton, zooplankton and ostracods occurred in 36.1%, 40.3%, 32.7% and 15.5% of fish guts and volumetrically they constituted 4.8%, 4.7%, 3.9% and 1.3% of the food items, respectively. Insects, detritus and zooplankton were important food categories in the dry season while detritus, insects and phytoplankton dominated in the wet season. Insects were the dominant food items in all size classes followed by detritus. The proportion of macrophytes increased with size of fish while the importance of detritus and zooplankton declined with fish size. Based on these results, it was concluded that B. paludinosus in Lake Ziway has an omnivorous habit. Keywords: B. paludinosus , Diet composition, Fish feeding habit, Lake Ziway, Ontogenetic diet shifts.","PeriodicalId":187522,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115661133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Coffee is vital to the economy of East and Central Africa,providing a major source of foreign exchange earnings and as a cash crop,supporting the livelihood of millions of people who are involved in cultivation, processing, marketing, and export. Coffee is attacked by variousdisease-causing organisms such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, insects and weeds. One of the limiting factors for coffee production in Central and East African countries is tracheomycosis/vascular wilt disease caused by Fusarium xylarioides Steyaert imperfect stage (Gibberella xylarioides Heim and Saccas perfect stage). Coffee production and development is now threatened by coffee wilt disease (CWD). The major difference between tracheomycosis and many other coffee diseases is that it kills all affected trees at all stages of growth. Coffee wilt disease was first observed in 1927 in a plantation of Coffea excelsa, in the Central African Republic. Since then, CWD has re-emerged on C. canephora/excelsa in portions of the Democratic Republic of Congo in the mid-1980s, it affected up to 90% of plantations in 1993 in Uganda. The fungus lives in the soil, on infected debris, in alternative hosts or as resistant propagules of species, and enters the coffee tree through wounds at the base of the tree or on the roots. The outbreak of the pathogen has been reported throughout the major coffee-growing woredas in the south and south western parts of Ethiopia. The disease infestation incidence varied between 14.9 and 34.0%. The estimated annual coffee yield losses caused by CWD are about 7.4%, 1.6% and 2.6% in Uganda, Ethiopia and Tanzania, respectively. CWD is distributed, and caused coffee yield losses in major coffee-growing areas of western, southern and eastern parts of Ethiopia. The mean disease incidence ranged from 45% at Gera to 69% at Bebeka, with certain variations between coffee fields at each locality. The pathogen survives in the soil. It is difficult to control the pathogen by fungicides. However, the pathogen may be controlled by antagonistic biological control agents. In vitro evaluation of Trichoderma species has revealed up to 71% reduction of the mycelial growth of coffee wilt pathogen (F. xylarioides).
{"title":"A review of coffee wilt disease, Gibberella xylarioides (Fusarium xylarioides) in Africa with special reference to Ethiopia","authors":"T. Alemu","doi":"10.4314/EJBS.V11I1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJBS.V11I1","url":null,"abstract":"Coffee is vital to the economy of East and Central Africa,providing a major source of foreign exchange earnings and as a cash crop,supporting the livelihood of millions of people who are involved in cultivation, processing, marketing, and export. Coffee is attacked by variousdisease-causing organisms such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, insects and weeds. One of the limiting factors for coffee production in Central and East African countries is tracheomycosis/vascular wilt disease caused by Fusarium xylarioides Steyaert imperfect stage (Gibberella xylarioides Heim and Saccas perfect stage). Coffee production and development is now threatened by coffee wilt disease (CWD). The major difference between tracheomycosis and many other coffee diseases is that it kills all affected trees at all stages of growth. Coffee wilt disease was first observed in 1927 in a plantation of Coffea excelsa, in the Central African Republic. Since then, CWD has re-emerged on C. canephora/excelsa in portions of the Democratic Republic of Congo in the mid-1980s, it affected up to 90% of plantations in 1993 in Uganda. The fungus lives in the soil, on infected debris, in alternative hosts or as resistant propagules of species, and enters the coffee tree through wounds at the base of the tree or on the roots. The outbreak of the pathogen has been reported throughout the major coffee-growing woredas in the south and south western parts of Ethiopia. The disease infestation incidence varied between 14.9 and 34.0%. The estimated annual coffee yield losses caused by CWD are about 7.4%, 1.6% and 2.6% in Uganda, Ethiopia and Tanzania, respectively. CWD is distributed, and caused coffee yield losses in major coffee-growing areas of western, southern and eastern parts of Ethiopia. The mean disease incidence ranged from 45% at Gera to 69% at Bebeka, with certain variations between coffee fields at each locality. The pathogen survives in the soil. It is difficult to control the pathogen by fungicides. However, the pathogen may be controlled by antagonistic biological control agents. In vitro evaluation of Trichoderma species has revealed up to 71% reduction of the mycelial growth of coffee wilt pathogen (F. xylarioides).","PeriodicalId":187522,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"134 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116584663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT: Wakalim is a traditional Ethiopian fermented beef sausage prepared and consumed commonly in Harar, Eastern Ethiopia. It has good keeping quality and the traditional processing technique is applicable at the household level. In this study, detailed information pertaining to the preparation processes and the raw materials used for its preparation was documented. Moreover, the safety quality of the ready-to-eat product was evaluated through microbiological analysis of the product as it was availed to the local consumers. The raw materials required for preparation of wakalim consist of lean meat (70%), fat (5%), salt (2%), garlic (1%), onion (17%) and other spices (5%). Wakalim samples were found to be dominated by aerobic mesophilic bacteria (AMB), mainly aerobic spore formers (ASF), followed by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and staphylococci, with mean counts (log cfu/g) of 6.02, 4.70, and 4.59, respectively. Species of LAB isolated from wakalim samples mainly consisted of Pediococcus pentosaceus 1 (29%), Lactobacillus plantarum 1 (19%), Ped. pentosaceus 2 (17%), Lb. brevis 1 (16%), Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis (6%), Lb. pentosus (4%), Lb. brevis 3 (3%), and other Lactobacillus and Pediococcus species (6%). The average pH and titratable acidity of wakalim samples were 5.35 and 6.4%, respectively.
{"title":"Microbiological study of Wakalim, a traditional Ethiopian fermented sausage","authors":"K. Bacha, T. Mehari, M. Ashenafi","doi":"10.4314/EJBS.V6I2.45457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJBS.V6I2.45457","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: Wakalim is a traditional Ethiopian fermented beef sausage prepared and consumed commonly in Harar, Eastern Ethiopia. It has good keeping quality and the traditional processing technique is applicable at the household level. In this study, detailed information pertaining to the preparation processes and the raw materials used for its preparation was documented. Moreover, the safety quality of the ready-to-eat product was evaluated through microbiological analysis of the product as it was availed to the local consumers. The raw materials required for preparation of wakalim consist of lean meat (70%), fat (5%), salt (2%), garlic (1%), onion (17%) and other spices (5%). Wakalim samples were found to be dominated by aerobic mesophilic bacteria (AMB), mainly aerobic spore formers (ASF), followed by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and staphylococci, with mean counts (log cfu/g) of 6.02, 4.70, and 4.59, respectively. Species of LAB isolated from wakalim samples mainly consisted of Pediococcus pentosaceus 1 (29%), Lactobacillus plantarum 1 (19%), Ped. pentosaceus 2 (17%), Lb. brevis 1 (16%), Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis (6%), Lb. pentosus (4%), Lb. brevis 3 (3%), and other Lactobacillus and Pediococcus species (6%). The average pH and titratable acidity of wakalim samples were 5.35 and 6.4%, respectively.","PeriodicalId":187522,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133437307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT: Eighteen strains of common bean rhizobia from Konso (GI), Arbaminch (GII), Sodo (GIII) and Ziway-Awassa-Dilla (GIV) areas in southern Ethiopia were isolated. The strains were characterized by sixty-four phenotypic traits. These traits were tested for cluster analysis using unweighted pair group method with average (UPGMA) with NTSYS version 2.1. pH tolerance/sensitivity, antibiotic tolerance/sensitivity together with the numerical analysis results clearly showed diversity among the strains. The cluster analysis grouped the strains into two clusters that included 78% of the strains at 85% similarity level, except four strains which were not clustered. These strains were less related to the clustered strains and to each other. The clustered stains were with the presumed similar characters of Rhizobium leguminosarun/Rhizoium etli group except AUPR10. Two isolates, AUPR9 (unclustered) and AUPR10 (cluster I), exhibited rough colony appearance on Peptone Yeast Extract Agar medium (PY) that resemble the characteristics of Rhizobium gallicum . Strain AUPR8 (from unclustered strains) displayed creamy colony appearance on PY, tolerance to extreme pH, salt, and temperature and inability to utilize dulcitol and utilization of glycine that resembled with characters of Rhizobium tropici . This result, therefore, indicates the possibility of obtaining inoculant strains with tolerance to environmental conditions of common bean-producing areas of Ethiopia.
{"title":"Phenotypic characteristics of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)-nodulating rhizobia from some parts of southern Ethiopia","authors":"A. Workalemahu, F. Assefa","doi":"10.4314/EJBS.V6I2.45454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJBS.V6I2.45454","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: Eighteen strains of common bean rhizobia from Konso (GI), Arbaminch (GII), Sodo (GIII) and Ziway-Awassa-Dilla (GIV) areas in southern Ethiopia were isolated. The strains were characterized by sixty-four phenotypic traits. These traits were tested for cluster analysis using unweighted pair group method with average (UPGMA) with NTSYS version 2.1. pH tolerance/sensitivity, antibiotic tolerance/sensitivity together with the numerical analysis results clearly showed diversity among the strains. The cluster analysis grouped the strains into two clusters that included 78% of the strains at 85% similarity level, except four strains which were not clustered. These strains were less related to the clustered strains and to each other. The clustered stains were with the presumed similar characters of Rhizobium leguminosarun/Rhizoium etli group except AUPR10. Two isolates, AUPR9 (unclustered) and AUPR10 (cluster I), exhibited rough colony appearance on Peptone Yeast Extract Agar medium (PY) that resemble the characteristics of Rhizobium gallicum . Strain AUPR8 (from unclustered strains) displayed creamy colony appearance on PY, tolerance to extreme pH, salt, and temperature and inability to utilize dulcitol and utilization of glycine that resembled with characters of Rhizobium tropici . This result, therefore, indicates the possibility of obtaining inoculant strains with tolerance to environmental conditions of common bean-producing areas of Ethiopia.","PeriodicalId":187522,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116188058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abraham Ali, A. Mesfin, E. Yimer, A. Deressa, T. Girmay
ABSTRACT: A cross sectional study was carried out from December 2005 to June 2006 to investigate seroprevalence of caprine brucellosis in Afar Regional State of Chifra Woreda, Ethiopia. Of 294 serum samples screened by RBPT, 62 (21%) were positive. When the RBPT positive (n=62) sera were retested with Complement Fixation Test (CFT), only 54 (18.4%) became positive. There was significant difference in seroprevalence among the three age groups (P difference (P>0.05) in seroprevalence between the two sexes, high prevalence (19.6%) was observed in male goats. The present study also demonstrates a statistically significant association between abortion (P seropositivity. The results found in this study appear to be related with management system practiced in the area.
{"title":"Seroprevalence of caprine brucellosis in Chifra Woreda, Afar Regional State, Ethiopia","authors":"Abraham Ali, A. Mesfin, E. Yimer, A. Deressa, T. Girmay","doi":"10.4314/EJBS.V6I2.45459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJBS.V6I2.45459","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: A cross sectional study was carried out from December 2005 to June 2006 to investigate seroprevalence of caprine brucellosis in Afar Regional State of Chifra Woreda, Ethiopia. Of 294 serum samples screened by RBPT, 62 (21%) were positive. When the RBPT positive (n=62) sera were retested with Complement Fixation Test (CFT), only 54 (18.4%) became positive. There was significant difference in seroprevalence among the three age groups (P difference (P>0.05) in seroprevalence between the two sexes, high prevalence (19.6%) was observed in male goats. The present study also demonstrates a statistically significant association between abortion (P seropositivity. The results found in this study appear to be related with management system practiced in the area.","PeriodicalId":187522,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114923246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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