B. Erko, Y. Ye-ebiyo, A. Seyoum, H. Desta, A. Teklehaymanot
ABSTRACT: This review presents an overview of the neglected tropical diseases, the magnitude of the problem and the status of intervention in Ethiopia. Furthermore, the review attempts to identify gaps in information and the way forward. Thirteen poverty-promoting diseases have recently been designated as neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). These diseases include visceral leishmaniasis (VL), human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), Chagas disease, hookworm infection, ascariasis, trichuriasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, drancunculiasis, schistosomiasis, trachoma, leprosy (Hansen's disease), and Buruli ulcer. Except for Chaga's disease, all other officially designated NTDs occur in Ethiopia, with varying magnitude. Soiltransmitted helminthiasis (STHs) and schistosomiasis, the profiles of which have superficially been considered elsewhere, are the most prevalent and yet neglected diseases in Ethiopia. Leprosy, trachoma, onchocerciasis and dracunculiasis have drawn attention from the Ministry of Health and its partners, as well as their control is also on track. The Malaria and Other Vector-Borne Diseases Prevention and Control Team, in collaboration with other partners, has developed diagnosis and treatment guideline for VL to establish the control program. The distribution of Bancroftian filariasis is also being mapped to move towards institution of intervention. Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) which used to be endemic in the southwestern parts of the country has not recently been reported from the same foci, perhaps due to dramatic ecological changes. Buruli ulcer is the other neglected tropical disease, only two cases of which have recently been reported in Ethiopia. Pediculosis, tungiasis and non-parasitic conditions such as podoconiosis and goiter are also presented as neglected diseases of public and socioeconomic importance in Ethiopi.
{"title":"An overview of neglected tropical diseases in Ethiopia","authors":"B. Erko, Y. Ye-ebiyo, A. Seyoum, H. Desta, A. Teklehaymanot","doi":"10.4314/EJBS.V6I2.45462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJBS.V6I2.45462","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: This review presents an overview of the neglected tropical diseases, the magnitude of the problem and the status of intervention in Ethiopia. Furthermore, the review attempts to identify gaps in information and the way forward. Thirteen poverty-promoting diseases have recently been designated as neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). These diseases include visceral leishmaniasis (VL), human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), Chagas disease, hookworm infection, ascariasis, trichuriasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, drancunculiasis, schistosomiasis, trachoma, leprosy (Hansen's disease), and Buruli ulcer. Except for Chaga's disease, all other officially designated NTDs occur in Ethiopia, with varying magnitude. Soiltransmitted helminthiasis (STHs) and schistosomiasis, the profiles of which have superficially been considered elsewhere, are the most prevalent and yet neglected diseases in Ethiopia. Leprosy, trachoma, onchocerciasis and dracunculiasis have drawn attention from the Ministry of Health and its partners, as well as their control is also on track. The Malaria and Other Vector-Borne Diseases Prevention and Control Team, in collaboration with other partners, has developed diagnosis and treatment guideline for VL to establish the control program. The distribution of Bancroftian filariasis is also being mapped to move towards institution of intervention. Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) which used to be endemic in the southwestern parts of the country has not recently been reported from the same foci, perhaps due to dramatic ecological changes. Buruli ulcer is the other neglected tropical disease, only two cases of which have recently been reported in Ethiopia. Pediculosis, tungiasis and non-parasitic conditions such as podoconiosis and goiter are also presented as neglected diseases of public and socioeconomic importance in Ethiopi.","PeriodicalId":187522,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128946906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT: In vivo experiments were conducted to determine the antagonistic effect, efficacy, and disease reduction capacity of nine Trichoderma species as biological control agents against the Botrytis corm rot ( Botrytis gladiolorum ) of gladiolus. The corm application of T richoderma species on gladiolus pathogen, B. gladiolorum isolate BG-4 was found to increase the number and weight of corms and cormels by percentages ranging from 0-305% and disease control by 55-90%. All parameters taken together, T. piluliferum and T. pseudokoningii were found to be the most effective biocontrol agents, whereas T. lignorum and T. hamatum were the least effective. Likewise, the inoculation of the three selected Trichoderma biocontrol agents on the two isolates (BG-1 and BG-4) of B. gladiolorum showed that the treated plants achieved 19-140 % increase in corm and cormel numbers and 54-89% in disease control. The biocontrol agents showed variations on the test isolates in that T. reesei was effective on isolate BG-4 (89%), whereas T. viride was effective on BG-1 isolate (70%). The T harzianum antagonist was found to be mildly active on both isolates. Generally, the data showed that the biocontrol agents showed diverse antagonism on the test isolates indicating for a need to screen different antagonists against different test pathogens for the successful control of B. gladiolorum isolates.
{"title":"In vivo evaluation of Trichoderma and Gliocladium species against Botrytis Corm Rot/ Blight of Gladiolus","authors":"T. Alemu, I. Kapoor","doi":"10.4314/EJBS.V6I2.45461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJBS.V6I2.45461","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: In vivo experiments were conducted to determine the antagonistic effect, efficacy, and disease reduction capacity of nine Trichoderma species as biological control agents against the Botrytis corm rot ( Botrytis gladiolorum ) of gladiolus. The corm application of T richoderma species on gladiolus pathogen, B. gladiolorum isolate BG-4 was found to increase the number and weight of corms and cormels by percentages ranging from 0-305% and disease control by 55-90%. All parameters taken together, T. piluliferum and T. pseudokoningii were found to be the most effective biocontrol agents, whereas T. lignorum and T. hamatum were the least effective. Likewise, the inoculation of the three selected Trichoderma biocontrol agents on the two isolates (BG-1 and BG-4) of B. gladiolorum showed that the treated plants achieved 19-140 % increase in corm and cormel numbers and 54-89% in disease control. The biocontrol agents showed variations on the test isolates in that T. reesei was effective on isolate BG-4 (89%), whereas T. viride was effective on BG-1 isolate (70%). The T harzianum antagonist was found to be mildly active on both isolates. Generally, the data showed that the biocontrol agents showed diverse antagonism on the test isolates indicating for a need to screen different antagonists against different test pathogens for the successful control of B. gladiolorum isolates.","PeriodicalId":187522,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130590393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT: Studies on species composition and abundance of birds in Addis Ababa Abattoirs Enterprise compound were carried out from March 2006 to February 2007. Point count method was employed to record the abundance of individual bird species. Twenty one species of birds, including the endemic Wattled Ibis, White-collared Pigeon and Thick-billed Raven were recorded. Of the total species, 12 (57.14%) were regular, 4 (19.05%) were resident and 5 (23.81%) were irregular. The species composition decreased during the wet season due to the departure of migratory birds. But, the abundance of birds during the wet season was greater than during the dry season. The most abundant species were hooded and African white-backed vultures. The activity time was from 06: 00 - 18:00 h during the dry season. The fresh dumping site was intensively disturbed by human activities, affecting the normal feeding behaviour of birds.
{"title":"Species composition, abundance and activity pattern of birds in Addis Ababa Abattoirs Enterprise area","authors":"H. Hibste, A. Bekele","doi":"10.4314/EJBS.V6I2.45458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJBS.V6I2.45458","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: Studies on species composition and abundance of birds in Addis Ababa Abattoirs Enterprise compound were carried out from March 2006 to February 2007. Point count method was employed to record the abundance of individual bird species. Twenty one species of birds, including the endemic Wattled Ibis, White-collared Pigeon and Thick-billed Raven were recorded. Of the total species, 12 (57.14%) were regular, 4 (19.05%) were resident and 5 (23.81%) were irregular. The species composition decreased during the wet season due to the departure of migratory birds. But, the abundance of birds during the wet season was greater than during the dry season. The most abundant species were hooded and African white-backed vultures. The activity time was from 06: 00 - 18:00 h during the dry season. The fresh dumping site was intensively disturbed by human activities, affecting the normal feeding behaviour of birds.","PeriodicalId":187522,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"127 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133635207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Guta, K. Urga, A. Assefa, Hirut Lemma, G. Addis, N. Gemeda, Kidist Yirsaw, K. Mudi, D. Melaku
Methanol crude extract and chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous fractions of the methanolic extract of fruits and stem bark of Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Del. (Fabaceae) were screened for antibacterial activity of diarrhoea-causing bacterial species (Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae and Salmonella typhi) in Ethiopia using standard agar dilution method. Oral acute toxicity studies were also carried out on mice with the ethyl acetate fruit fraction of A. nilotica . Compared with standard antibiotic (chloramphenicol and tetracycline) extracts and fractions, A. nilotica had low activity (P A. nilotica . showed lower activity (P Keywords : Acacia nilotica ; Antibacterial activity; Crude extract; Traditional medicine. Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences Vol. 6 (1) 2007: pp. 4349
尼罗刺槐果实和茎皮甲醇粗提物和氯仿、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇及甲醇萃取物的水组分Willd。德尔。采用标准琼脂稀释法对埃塞俄比亚腹泻致病菌(大肠杆菌、痢疾志贺氏菌和伤寒沙门氏菌)的抑菌活性进行了筛选。此外，还对小白鼠进行了醋酸乙酯果提取物的急性毒性实验。与标准抗生素(氯霉素和四环素)提取物和组分相比，nilotica的活性较低(P . A. nilotica)。关键词:金合欢;抗菌活性;粗提物;传统医学。埃塞俄比亚生物科学杂志Vol. 6 (1) 2007: pp. 4349
{"title":"Antibacterial Activity and Acute Toxicity Study of Acacia nilotica","authors":"M. Guta, K. Urga, A. Assefa, Hirut Lemma, G. Addis, N. Gemeda, Kidist Yirsaw, K. Mudi, D. Melaku","doi":"10.4314/EJBS.V6I1.39039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJBS.V6I1.39039","url":null,"abstract":"Methanol crude extract and chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous fractions of the methanolic extract of fruits and stem bark of Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Del. (Fabaceae) were screened for antibacterial activity of diarrhoea-causing bacterial species (Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae and Salmonella typhi) in Ethiopia using standard agar dilution method. Oral acute toxicity studies were also carried out on mice with the ethyl acetate fruit fraction of A. nilotica . Compared with standard antibiotic (chloramphenicol and tetracycline) extracts and fractions, A. nilotica had low activity (P A. nilotica . showed lower activity (P Keywords : Acacia nilotica ; Antibacterial activity; Crude extract; Traditional medicine. Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences Vol. 6 (1) 2007: pp. 4349","PeriodicalId":187522,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130869758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The survival or inhibition of foodborne pathogens in different fermented products are well documented. This prompted the study to evaluate survival of Esherichia coli O157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri and Salmonella spp. in two Ethiopian traditional fermented low-alcohol beverages, Shamita and Borde. The pH of ready-to-consume Shamita and Borde was 4.0 and 3.8, respectively. Samples were separately inoculated with 103 cfu/ml of the test strains for Borde and 106 cfu/ml for Shamita and these were maintained at 32oC. In Shamita, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella survived until 24 h, but were not detectable at 48 h. Esherichia coli O157:H7 could survive until 48 h but was undetectable at 72 h. In Borde, Staphylococcus aureus, and Shigella flexneri survived only until 16 h, whereas Salmonella was eliminated within 12 hours. Esherichia coli O157:H7 survived longer in Borde and was eliminated only at 24 h. The presence of the test strains in the fermented products resulted in decrease of pH by an average of 0.35 units within 48 hours in Shamita and 0.16 units within 24 hours in Borde. The fermented products are low-alcohol beverages and are consumed in large amounts as meal replacements. As they are supposed to be consumed within a few hours after production and pathogens can survive in the product for over 10 hours, contamination of the products with pathogens should be avoided. Keywords : E. coli O157:H7; Salmonella; Shigella flexneri; Staphylococcus aureus; Traditional fermented beverages. Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences Vol. 6 (1) 2007: pp. 1-10
食源性致病菌在不同发酵产品中的存活或抑制情况有很好的文献记载。这促使该研究评估了大肠杆菌O157:H7、金黄色葡萄球菌、福氏志贺氏菌和沙门氏菌在埃塞俄比亚两种传统发酵低酒精饮料Shamita和Borde中的存活情况。即食沙米塔和博德的pH值分别为4.0和3.8。分别接种103 cfu/ml的Borde菌株和106 cfu/ml的Shamita菌株，保持在32℃。在沙米塔，金黄色葡萄球菌、福氏志贺氏菌和沙门氏菌存活到24小时，但在48小时内无法检测到。大肠杆菌O157:H7可以存活到48小时，但在72小时内无法检测到。在博尔德，金黄色葡萄球菌和福氏志贺氏菌仅存活到16小时，而沙门氏菌在12小时内被消灭。大肠杆菌O157:H7在Borde中的存活时间更长，仅在24小时内被清除。在发酵产品中存在试验菌株导致Shamita在48小时内平均降低0.35个单位，Borde在24小时内平均降低0.16个单位。发酵产品是低酒精饮料，被大量消费作为代餐。由于产品应在生产后几小时内食用，病原体可在产品中存活10小时以上，应避免病原体污染产品。关键词:大肠杆菌O157:H7;沙门氏菌;弗氏志贺菌;金黄色葡萄球菌;传统发酵饮料。埃塞俄比亚生物科学杂志Vol. 6 (1) 2007: pp. 1-10
{"title":"Survival of Esherichia coli 0157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri and Salmonella spp . in Borde and Shamita: Traditional Ethiopian Fermented Beverages","authors":"G. Tadesse, E. Ephraim, M. Ashenafi","doi":"10.4314/EJBS.V6I1.39037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJBS.V6I1.39037","url":null,"abstract":"The survival or inhibition of foodborne pathogens in different fermented products are well documented. This prompted the study to evaluate survival of Esherichia coli O157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri and Salmonella spp. in two Ethiopian traditional fermented low-alcohol beverages, Shamita and Borde. The pH of ready-to-consume Shamita and Borde was 4.0 and 3.8, respectively. Samples were separately inoculated with 103 cfu/ml of the test strains for Borde and 106 cfu/ml for Shamita and these were maintained at 32oC. In Shamita, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella survived until 24 h, but were not detectable at 48 h. Esherichia coli O157:H7 could survive until 48 h but was undetectable at 72 h. In Borde, Staphylococcus aureus, and Shigella flexneri survived only until 16 h, whereas Salmonella was eliminated within 12 hours. Esherichia coli O157:H7 survived longer in Borde and was eliminated only at 24 h. The presence of the test strains in the fermented products resulted in decrease of pH by an average of 0.35 units within 48 hours in Shamita and 0.16 units within 24 hours in Borde. The fermented products are low-alcohol beverages and are consumed in large amounts as meal replacements. As they are supposed to be consumed within a few hours after production and pathogens can survive in the product for over 10 hours, contamination of the products with pathogens should be avoided. Keywords : E. coli O157:H7; Salmonella; Shigella flexneri; Staphylococcus aureus; Traditional fermented beverages. Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences Vol. 6 (1) 2007: pp. 1-10","PeriodicalId":187522,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120949679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nitrogen is one of the most limiting nutrients to plant growth. It has to be fixed in the form of NH4 through chemical (fertilizer production) and biological (bacterial) processes (BNF) in the soil. The endosymbiotic associations of root nodule bacteria (rhizobia) with leguminous plants fix 200-500kg N ha-1 yr-1. Consequently, the legumes are integrated into different agro-ecosystems for plant production and soil protection. In view of the ever-increasing demand for food and feed for the burgeoning population in the country, the search for cheaper ways of enhancing soil fertility is very important. To that end, many research activities have been undertaken for the last 20 years to realize the full potential of the legume-rhizobia symbiosis in crop production and agro forestry systems. Although the pioneer research works were focused on the agronomic relationship of resident rhizobia with food legumes, recent studies encompassed rhizobial diversity and effectiveness on different pulse crops and other woody shrub and tree legumes. Some of the polyphasic studies on the rhizobia from Southern Ethiopia revealed that Ethiopian soils harbour diverse groups of rhizobia that are very distinct (more than 80%) from the hitherto known taxa of the Family Rhizobiaceae. This suggests that the country has enormous rhizobial resources for more phylogenetic studies and for the selection of elite strains to enhance effective Rhizobium-legume symbiosis in its agro ecosystems. In this review, the challenges and prospects associated with the exploitation of BNF in the country, in general, and the potential to develop and promote broad-host range inoculants to small-scale farmers, in particular, will be discussed. Keywords : Genetic diversity; Indigenous rhizobia; Legume-Rhizobium symbiosis; Nitrogen fixation Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences Vol. 6 (1) 2007: pp.77-95
氮是最限制植物生长的营养物质之一。它必须通过土壤中的化学(肥料生产)和生物(细菌)过程(BNF)以NH4的形式固定。根瘤菌(根瘤菌)与豆科植物的内共生关系固定在200-500kg N / ha-1年-1。因此，豆科植物被整合到不同的农业生态系统中，用于植物生产和土壤保护。鉴于该国迅速增长的人口对粮食和饲料的需求不断增加，寻找提高土壤肥力的廉价方法是非常重要的。为此目的，过去20年来进行了许多研究活动，以充分发挥豆类-根瘤菌共生在作物生产和农林系统中的潜力。虽然早期的研究工作主要集中在常驻根瘤菌与食用豆类的农艺关系上，但最近的研究包括根瘤菌在不同豆类作物和其他木本灌木和乔木豆类上的多样性和有效性。对埃塞俄比亚南部根瘤菌的多相研究表明，埃塞俄比亚土壤中有不同的根瘤菌群，这些根瘤菌群与迄今为止已知的根瘤菌科分类群非常不同(超过80%)。这表明中国拥有巨大的根瘤菌资源，可以进行更多的系统发育研究和选择优良菌株，以增强其农业生态系统中根瘤菌-豆科植物的有效共生。在这篇综述中，将讨论与在该国开发生物燃料有关的挑战和前景，以及特别是向小农开发和推广广泛宿主接种剂的潜力。关键词:遗传多样性;土著根瘤菌;Legume-Rhizobium共生;生物学报，Vol. 6 (1)， 2007: pp.77-95
{"title":"Genetic Diversity of Rhizobia in Ethiopian Soils: Their Potential to Enhance Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) and Soil Fertility for Sustainable Agriculture","authors":"E. Wolde-meskel","doi":"10.4314/EJBS.V6I1.39042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJBS.V6I1.39042","url":null,"abstract":"Nitrogen is one of the most limiting nutrients to plant growth. It has to be fixed in the form of NH4 through chemical (fertilizer production) and biological (bacterial) processes (BNF) in the soil. The endosymbiotic associations of root nodule bacteria (rhizobia) with leguminous plants fix 200-500kg N ha-1 yr-1. Consequently, the legumes are integrated into different agro-ecosystems for plant production and soil protection. In view of the ever-increasing demand for food and feed for the burgeoning population in the country, the search for cheaper ways of enhancing soil fertility is very important. To that end, many research activities have been undertaken for the last 20 years to realize the full potential of the legume-rhizobia symbiosis in crop production and agro forestry systems. Although the pioneer research works were focused on the agronomic relationship of resident rhizobia with food legumes, recent studies encompassed rhizobial diversity and effectiveness on different pulse crops and other woody shrub and tree legumes. Some of the polyphasic studies on the rhizobia from Southern Ethiopia revealed that Ethiopian soils harbour diverse groups of rhizobia that are very distinct (more than 80%) from the hitherto known taxa of the Family Rhizobiaceae. This suggests that the country has enormous rhizobial resources for more phylogenetic studies and for the selection of elite strains to enhance effective Rhizobium-legume symbiosis in its agro ecosystems. In this review, the challenges and prospects associated with the exploitation of BNF in the country, in general, and the potential to develop and promote broad-host range inoculants to small-scale farmers, in particular, will be discussed. Keywords : Genetic diversity; Indigenous rhizobia; Legume-Rhizobium symbiosis; Nitrogen fixation Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences Vol. 6 (1) 2007: pp.77-95","PeriodicalId":187522,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129315629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gibberella xylarioides Heim & Saccas, the teleomorphic state of Fusarium xylarioides Steyaert, is a fungal pathogen causing a vascular wilt disease of coffee known as tracheomycosis. Coffee wilt disease has been one of the endemic diseases of Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) with increasing outbreaks and prevalence in Ethiopia. In the present study, in vitro production of fertile perithecia was assessed by crossing eight randomly selected monoconidial isolates of G. xylarioides (F. xylarioides) collected from C. arabica, including few strains from C. canephora and C. excelsa. Five media types and two temperature levels were compared for inducing the sexual structures in the fungus. In vivo development of perithecia on coffee trees in the field and on inoculated young seedlings in the greenhouse was also examined. More than 30% of the crosses formed perithecia in vitro including those pairings of isolates recovered from the different Coffea spp. Isolate Gx1 (BBA 71975) showed high intra- and inter-fertility with most of the strains indicating that this isolate was most probably ‘female fertile' mating type. This interfertility was successfully achieved only on carrot agar and V-8 juice medium at 20oC and 12-hr photoperiod 10 – 12 wks after plating. The fungus often produced abundant perithecia containing enormous ascospores in the barks of dead coffee trees in the field and in the artificially infected young seedlings. The in vitro and in vivo perithecial developments were most likely favoured by cool and moist (wet) conditions. Abundant production of ascospores in the field is an integral part of survival and dispersal mechanisms along with genetic exchange system. The in vitro formation of fertile perithecia enables to study inheritance of traits such as pathogenicity (virulence) and gene flow and genetic diversity in populations of G. xylarioides. Keywords : Coffee wilt disease; Coffea arabica; Ethiopia; Gibberella xylarioides; Mating test; Perithecia Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences Vol. 6 (1) 2007: pp. 63-75
木耳赤霉病(giberella xylarioides Heim & sacas)是木耳赤霉病(Fusarium xylarioides Steyaert)的远形状态，是一种真菌病原体，导致咖啡的血管枯萎病，即气管霉菌病。咖啡枯萎病是阿拉比卡咖啡(Coffea Arabica)的地方病之一，在埃塞俄比亚的暴发和流行率不断上升。在本研究中，通过随机选择从阿拉比卡咖啡(c.c canephora)和c.c excelsa中收集的8株单分生菌株进行杂交，评估了其体外可育周皮的产量。比较了5种培养基和2种温度对真菌性结构的诱导作用。还研究了田间咖啡树和温室中接种幼苗上周虫虫的体内发育情况。超过30%的杂交在体外形成了包皮，包括从不同的咖啡种中分离出来的分离物。分离物Gx1 (BBA 71975)与大多数菌株表现出较高的内育性和间育性，表明该分离物很可能是“雌性可育”的交配型。这种杂交仅在胡萝卜琼脂和V-8果汁培养基上成功实现，在20℃和12小时光周期下，镀后10 - 12周。这种真菌在田间死咖啡树的树皮和人工感染的幼苗中经常产生大量含有巨大子囊孢子的荚膜。体外和体内的周周发育最有可能在凉爽和潮湿的条件下进行。田间子囊孢子的大量产生是遗传交换系统中生存和传播机制的重要组成部分。可育包皮的体外形成可以研究木木香群体中致病性(毒力)、基因流和遗传多样性等性状的遗传。关键词:咖啡枯萎病;Coffea阿拉比卡;埃塞俄比亚;赤霉菌属xylarioides;交配试验;生物科学杂志Vol. 6 (1) 2007: pp. 63-75
{"title":"Mating Test and In Vitro Production of Perithecia by the Coffee Wilt Pathogen , Gibberella xylarioides ( Fusarium xylarioides )","authors":"G. Adugna, H. Hindorf, U. Steiner, H. Dehne","doi":"10.4314/EJBS.V6I1.39041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJBS.V6I1.39041","url":null,"abstract":"Gibberella xylarioides Heim & Saccas, the teleomorphic state of Fusarium xylarioides Steyaert, is a fungal pathogen causing a vascular wilt disease of coffee known as tracheomycosis. Coffee wilt disease has been one of the endemic diseases of Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) with increasing outbreaks and prevalence in Ethiopia. In the present study, in vitro production of fertile perithecia was assessed by crossing eight randomly selected monoconidial isolates of G. xylarioides (F. xylarioides) collected from C. arabica, including few strains from C. canephora and C. excelsa. Five media types and two temperature levels were compared for inducing the sexual structures in the fungus. In vivo development of perithecia on coffee trees in the field and on inoculated young seedlings in the greenhouse was also examined. More than 30% of the crosses formed perithecia in vitro including those pairings of isolates recovered from the different Coffea spp. Isolate Gx1 (BBA 71975) showed high intra- and inter-fertility with most of the strains indicating that this isolate was most probably ‘female fertile' mating type. This interfertility was successfully achieved only on carrot agar and V-8 juice medium at 20oC and 12-hr photoperiod 10 – 12 wks after plating. The fungus often produced abundant perithecia containing enormous ascospores in the barks of dead coffee trees in the field and in the artificially infected young seedlings. The in vitro and in vivo perithecial developments were most likely favoured by cool and moist (wet) conditions. Abundant production of ascospores in the field is an integral part of survival and dispersal mechanisms along with genetic exchange system. The in vitro formation of fertile perithecia enables to study inheritance of traits such as pathogenicity (virulence) and gene flow and genetic diversity in populations of G. xylarioides. Keywords : Coffee wilt disease; Coffea arabica; Ethiopia; Gibberella xylarioides; Mating test; Perithecia Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences Vol. 6 (1) 2007: pp. 63-75","PeriodicalId":187522,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121608564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Feyera Senbeta, T. Woldemariam, S. Demissew, M. Denich
This study presents an analysis of floristic composition, diversity and structure of Sheko forest, southwest Ethiopia. Quadrats of 20 m x 20 m were laid down along line transects in Sheko forest to collect vegetation data. A total of 374 plant species, representing 256 genera and 91 families were recorded. The mean species richness was 45 species per 400 m2, and the highest number of species recorded per plot was 74. The forest had the Shannon diversity index of 2.83 and evenness of 0.54. The family Orchidaceae (28) had the highest number of species followed by Rubiaceae (26), Euphorbiaceae (19), Moraceae (18) and Acanthaceae (16). A total of 24,321 individuals of woody plants (16,433 individuals per ha) were counted in the sampled plots. Twenty plant species alone constituted more than 80% of the absolute density of the forest, of which three species had importance values of greater than 20%. The population distribution patterns of six economically important timber tree species reveals three types of diameter class distribution pattern: inverted J-shaped, J-shaped and bell-shaped. Three plant communities were recognized using hierarchical cluster analysis: Baphia abyssinica-Argomuellera macrophylla, Coffea arabica-Mimusops kummel and Rungia grandis-Croton macrostachyus. A floristic comparison of Sheko forest with other related forests in Ethiopia revealed low floristic similarity. A high diversity associated with the complex and diverse landscape in Sheko forest emphasizes both the botanical uniqueness and conservation value of this remnant forest. Keywords : Biodiversity; Classification; Conservation; Environmental gradient; Ordination; Vegetation structure Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences Vol. 6 (1) 2007: pp. 11-42
本文对埃塞俄比亚西南部Sheko森林的区系组成、多样性和结构进行了分析。在Sheko森林中沿样线放置20 m × 20 m的样方，收集植被数据。共记录到91科256属374种植物。平均物种丰富度为45种/ 400 m2，最高可达74种/样地。森林的Shannon多样性指数为2.83，均匀度为0.54。植物种类最多的是兰科(28种)，其次是茜草科(26种)、大戟科(19种)、桑科(18种)和棘科(16种)。样地共有木本植物24321株(每公顷16433株)。仅20种植物就占森林绝对密度的80%以上，其中3种植物的重要性值大于20%。6种重要经济用材树种的种群分布格局呈现倒j型、j型和钟型三种径级分布格局。通过层次聚类分析可识别出3个植物群落:阿比西尼亚-大叶豆、阿拉比卡咖啡-大叶豆和大叶豆-大叶豆。Sheko森林与埃塞俄比亚其他相关森林的区系相似性较低。Sheko森林的高度多样性与复杂多样的景观相关联，强调了这片残余森林的植物独特性和保护价值。关键词:生物多样性;分类;节约用水;环境梯度;神职授任;生物科学学报Vol. 6 (1) 2007: pp. 11-42
{"title":"Floristic Diversity and Composition of Sheko Forest, Southwest Ethiopia","authors":"Feyera Senbeta, T. Woldemariam, S. Demissew, M. Denich","doi":"10.4314/EJBS.V6I1.39038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJBS.V6I1.39038","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents an analysis of floristic composition, diversity and structure of Sheko forest, southwest Ethiopia. Quadrats of 20 m x 20 m were laid down along line transects in Sheko forest to collect vegetation data. A total of 374 plant species, representing 256 genera and 91 families were recorded. The mean species richness was 45 species per 400 m2, and the highest number of species recorded per plot was 74. The forest had the Shannon diversity index of 2.83 and evenness of 0.54. The family Orchidaceae (28) had the highest number of species followed by Rubiaceae (26), Euphorbiaceae (19), Moraceae (18) and Acanthaceae (16). A total of 24,321 individuals of woody plants (16,433 individuals per ha) were counted in the sampled plots. Twenty plant species alone constituted more than 80% of the absolute density of the forest, of which three species had importance values of greater than 20%. The population distribution patterns of six economically important timber tree species reveals three types of diameter class distribution pattern: inverted J-shaped, J-shaped and bell-shaped. Three plant communities were recognized using hierarchical cluster analysis: Baphia abyssinica-Argomuellera macrophylla, Coffea arabica-Mimusops kummel and Rungia grandis-Croton macrostachyus. A floristic comparison of Sheko forest with other related forests in Ethiopia revealed low floristic similarity. A high diversity associated with the complex and diverse landscape in Sheko forest emphasizes both the botanical uniqueness and conservation value of this remnant forest. Keywords : Biodiversity; Classification; Conservation; Environmental gradient; Ordination; Vegetation structure Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences Vol. 6 (1) 2007: pp. 11-42","PeriodicalId":187522,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"216 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114828157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Millettia ferruginea (Hochst.) Baker (Abaca: Papilionoideae) is endemic to Ethiopia and is a multipurpose tree which is known locally as birbira. Although it was confirmed effective particularly on the bean bruchids, Chalosobruchus chinensis L., its potential as a botanical for the control of insect pests has received little attention. Different workers had done extraction and characterization of the allelochemicals present in birbira. However, none looked into the possible usages of what they extracted such as insecticidal potency. In order to achieve applied meaning and significance, natural product chemistry must incorporate bioassays. Based on this, extracts from birbira with water or chloroform were assayed on three aphid species. Substance extracted both by water and chloroform caused significantly higher mortality on the three aphid species than the residue in chloroform and the untreated control. The LC50 amounts of water and chloroform extracts, for the respective aphid species, were verified under field conditions and similar toxicity was observed for the pea aphid and the brassica aphid whereas reduced mortality was noted for the barley aphid, which was apparently due to the leaf rolling habit of the aphid, which prevented contact between the aphids in the enrolled leaves and the extracts. Therefore, it can be concluded that birbira is an effective aphicide with contact activity and hence could be developed for practical use by small scale farmers. Keywords : Allelochemical; Birbira; Bioassay; Chloroform; Extracts; Residue; Water. Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences Vol. 6 (1) 2007: pp. 51-62
铁粟(Hochst.)贝克(Abaca:凤蝶科)是埃塞俄比亚特有的一种多用途树，在当地被称为birbira。虽然已证实其对黄豆蛾(Chalosobruchus chinensis L.)特别有效，但其作为植物防治害虫的潜力却很少受到关注。不同的研究者对birbira中的化感物质进行了提取和鉴定。然而，没有人研究他们提取的东西的可能用途，比如杀虫效力。为了实现应用意义和意义，天然产物化学必须纳入生物测定。在此基础上，用水或氯仿提取birbira提取物对3种蚜虫进行了测定。水和氯仿提取的物质对三种蚜虫的死亡率均显著高于氯仿残留和未处理的对照。在田间条件下验证了水和氯仿提取物对不同蚜虫种类的LC50量，并观察到豌豆蚜虫和油菜蚜虫的毒性相似，而大麦蚜虫的死亡率则有所降低，这显然是由于蚜虫的叶片滚动习惯，这防止了登记叶片中的蚜虫与提取物接触。因此，birbira是一种有效的杀蚜剂，具有接触活性，可在小农中推广应用。关键词:化感化学;Birbira;生物测定;氯仿;提取;残留;水。埃塞俄比亚生物科学杂志Vol. 6 (1) 2007: pp. 51-62
{"title":"Contact Bioassay of an Endemic Plant to Ethiopia on Three Aphid Species","authors":"B. Mulatu","doi":"10.4314/EJBS.V6I1.39040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJBS.V6I1.39040","url":null,"abstract":"Millettia ferruginea (Hochst.) Baker (Abaca: Papilionoideae) is endemic to Ethiopia and is a multipurpose tree which is known locally as birbira. Although it was confirmed effective particularly on the bean bruchids, Chalosobruchus chinensis L., its potential as a botanical for the control of insect pests has received little attention. Different workers had done extraction and characterization of the allelochemicals present in birbira. However, none looked into the possible usages of what they extracted such as insecticidal potency. In order to achieve applied meaning and significance, natural product chemistry must incorporate bioassays. Based on this, extracts from birbira with water or chloroform were assayed on three aphid species. Substance extracted both by water and chloroform caused significantly higher mortality on the three aphid species than the residue in chloroform and the untreated control. The LC50 amounts of water and chloroform extracts, for the respective aphid species, were verified under field conditions and similar toxicity was observed for the pea aphid and the brassica aphid whereas reduced mortality was noted for the barley aphid, which was apparently due to the leaf rolling habit of the aphid, which prevented contact between the aphids in the enrolled leaves and the extracts. Therefore, it can be concluded that birbira is an effective aphicide with contact activity and hence could be developed for practical use by small scale farmers. Keywords : Allelochemical; Birbira; Bioassay; Chloroform; Extracts; Residue; Water. Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences Vol. 6 (1) 2007: pp. 51-62","PeriodicalId":187522,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131121204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A pot experiment was conducted on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) to evaluate the responses of tomato to inoculation of mycorrhiza (AMF) under different levels of soil phosphorus (P) concentrations in a greenhouse study. The results showed different responses on dry matter yield, shoot phosphorus concentration, mycorrhizal colonization and mycorrhizal dependency of the tomato plant. No evidence of AM fungal colonization was noted in the uninoculated soil. L. esculentum responded positively to AM fungus inoculation except at the two levels of soil P concentration (0.32 ppm and 0.92 ppm). Shoot dry matter, stem diameter and P concentration of the plant increased significantly in response to inoculation at the lowest three levels of soil P concentration (0.02, 0.04 and 0.12 ppm) as compared to the negative controls. The best response in all parameters was observed at the soil P concentration levels of 0.02 and 0.04 ppm. Levels of P concentration greater than 0.12 ppm suppressed AM fungi colonization. Soil P concentration levels of 0.32 and 0.92 ppm caused negative mycorrhizal dependencies (MD). The P level 0.32 ppm was found to be the cut-off value for positive response to inoculation of AM fungi in most of the tested parameters. Keywords : Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF); Lycopersicon esculentum; Mycorrhizal colonization; Mycorrhizal dependency; P concentration levels. Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences Vol. 5 (2) 2006: pp. 147-159
{"title":"Mycorrhizal Dependency and Response of Tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) to Inoculation by Indigenous Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi as Influenced by Available Soil Phosphorus Levels","authors":"T. Chanie, F. Assefa","doi":"10.4314/EJBS.V5I2.39033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJBS.V5I2.39033","url":null,"abstract":"A pot experiment was conducted on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) to evaluate the responses of tomato to inoculation of mycorrhiza (AMF) under different levels of soil phosphorus (P) concentrations in a greenhouse study. The results showed different responses on dry matter yield, shoot phosphorus concentration, mycorrhizal colonization and mycorrhizal dependency of the tomato plant. No evidence of AM fungal colonization was noted in the uninoculated soil. L. esculentum responded positively to AM fungus inoculation except at the two levels of soil P concentration (0.32 ppm and 0.92 ppm). Shoot dry matter, stem diameter and P concentration of the plant increased significantly in response to inoculation at the lowest three levels of soil P concentration (0.02, 0.04 and 0.12 ppm) as compared to the negative controls. The best response in all parameters was observed at the soil P concentration levels of 0.02 and 0.04 ppm. Levels of P concentration greater than 0.12 ppm suppressed AM fungi colonization. Soil P concentration levels of 0.32 and 0.92 ppm caused negative mycorrhizal dependencies (MD). The P level 0.32 ppm was found to be the cut-off value for positive response to inoculation of AM fungi in most of the tested parameters. Keywords : Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF); Lycopersicon esculentum; Mycorrhizal colonization; Mycorrhizal dependency; P concentration levels. Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences Vol. 5 (2) 2006: pp. 147-159","PeriodicalId":187522,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130332741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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