Bakri Abdul Karim, Norlina Kadri, Kelvin Lee Yong Min
This paper examines the relationship between credit risk and profitability of Malaysian local commercial banks which consist of eight banks they are Maybank, CIMB Bank, Hong Leong Bank, Public Bank, RHB Bank, AmBank, Alliance Bank, and Affin Bank. For the purpose of analysis this study covers a period of eight years from 2005 to 2012. The empirical tests employed in this study are Pooled Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and Panel regression. Based on the findings of this study its shows that the non-performing loan to total loan ratio (NPL/LA) and the ratio of loan loss provision to total loan (LLP/LA) have a negative effect on profitability meanwhile the total loan to total deposit ratio (LA/TD) found to have a positive effect on the return on asset (ROA). Overall the results of this study concluded that to some degree, Malaysia’s commercial banks have a very good credit risk policy.
{"title":"Credit Risk and Banks’ Profitability in Malaysia","authors":"Bakri Abdul Karim, Norlina Kadri, Kelvin Lee Yong Min","doi":"10.33736/URAF.1213.2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33736/URAF.1213.2018","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the relationship between credit risk and profitability of Malaysian local commercial banks which consist of eight banks they are Maybank, CIMB Bank, Hong Leong Bank, Public Bank, RHB Bank, AmBank, Alliance Bank, and Affin Bank. For the purpose of analysis this study covers a period of eight years from 2005 to 2012. The empirical tests employed in this study are Pooled Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and Panel regression. Based on the findings of this study its shows that the non-performing loan to total loan ratio (NPL/LA) and the ratio of loan loss provision to total loan (LLP/LA) have a negative effect on profitability meanwhile the total loan to total deposit ratio (LA/TD) found to have a positive effect on the return on asset (ROA). Overall the results of this study concluded that to some degree, Malaysia’s commercial banks have a very good credit risk policy.","PeriodicalId":187805,"journal":{"name":"UNIMAS Review of Accounting and Finance","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128539427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bin Mohd Razali Mohd Waliuddin, Binti Abdul Aziz Nursyuhada, Anak Lunyai Janifer
The large firms like Enron, WorldCom and Freddie Mac were involved in the crisis and the bankruptcy of corporate frauds and accounting scandals which were lack of effectiveness of their board of directors in those firms. Great board diversity will affect the firm performances in term of return on asset (ROA) and return of equity (ROE). This research used data of 385 samples of annual reports listed companies in Bursa Malaysia for the period of 2014 to 2016 were obtained and examined. The independent variables of board diversities are women in the board, board size, boards’ educational level and the boards’ experiences and control variables; firm size and firm leverage. After controlling the variables, the research shows only female has negatively significant towards ROE. It is because the number of female in board is very small. It also can be concluded that women have no power in board which the needed of them in making decision is low. For the control variables, firm size has positively significant towards ROA and ROE. Then, the firm financial leverage has a negatively significant towards ROA and ROE. For the future research, researchers are recommended for use other variables for board diversity such as board age and board independent and also use a long period of research such as for 5 to 10 years.
{"title":"The Board Diversity and Firm Performance: Malaysia Context","authors":"Bin Mohd Razali Mohd Waliuddin, Binti Abdul Aziz Nursyuhada, Anak Lunyai Janifer","doi":"10.33736/URAF.1207.2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33736/URAF.1207.2018","url":null,"abstract":"The large firms like Enron, WorldCom and Freddie Mac were involved in the crisis and the bankruptcy of corporate frauds and accounting scandals which were lack of effectiveness of their board of directors in those firms. Great board diversity will affect the firm performances in term of return on asset (ROA) and return of equity (ROE). This research used data of 385 samples of annual reports listed companies in Bursa Malaysia for the period of 2014 to 2016 were obtained and examined. The independent variables of board diversities are women in the board, board size, boards’ educational level and the boards’ experiences and control variables; firm size and firm leverage. After controlling the variables, the research shows only female has negatively significant towards ROE. It is because the number of female in board is very small. It also can be concluded that women have no power in board which the needed of them in making decision is low. For the control variables, firm size has positively significant towards ROA and ROE. Then, the firm financial leverage has a negatively significant towards ROA and ROE. For the future research, researchers are recommended for use other variables for board diversity such as board age and board independent and also use a long period of research such as for 5 to 10 years.","PeriodicalId":187805,"journal":{"name":"UNIMAS Review of Accounting and Finance","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115301427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shaharudin Jakpar, Michael Tinggi, Akmal Hisham Tak, Wen Yi Chong
This study is conducted to analyse the credibility of the fundamental analysis and technical analysis on predicting the stock return and compare both models to determine which model is more credible to be used as a good trading strategy by investors. The study is based on 80 companies selected from Bursa Malaysia in the food manufacturing industry in the main market from the year of 2012 to 2016. The stock return is used to measure whether both analyses are able to forecast and generate the positive return. Net profit margin, price earnings ratio and total asset turnover are used as fundamental indicators while moving average convergence divergence is used as technical analysis indicators. In order to test the significance of both model on stock return, panel regression models are applied in this study. The result shows that although both model can be used to generate positive return, technical analysis did not outperform fundamental analysis in the food manufacturing industry in Bursa Malaysia.
{"title":"Fundamental Analysis VS Technical analysis: The Comparison of Two Analysis in Malaysia Stock Market","authors":"Shaharudin Jakpar, Michael Tinggi, Akmal Hisham Tak, Wen Yi Chong","doi":"10.33736/URAF.1208.2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33736/URAF.1208.2018","url":null,"abstract":"This study is conducted to analyse the credibility of the fundamental analysis and technical analysis on predicting the stock return and compare both models to determine which model is more credible to be used as a good trading strategy by investors. The study is based on 80 companies selected from Bursa Malaysia in the food manufacturing industry in the main market from the year of 2012 to 2016. The stock return is used to measure whether both analyses are able to forecast and generate the positive return. Net profit margin, price earnings ratio and total asset turnover are used as fundamental indicators while moving average convergence divergence is used as technical analysis indicators. In order to test the significance of both model on stock return, panel regression models are applied in this study. The result shows that although both model can be used to generate positive return, technical analysis did not outperform fundamental analysis in the food manufacturing industry in Bursa Malaysia.","PeriodicalId":187805,"journal":{"name":"UNIMAS Review of Accounting and Finance","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122820635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shaharudin Jakpar, Michael Tinggi, Akmal Hisham Tak, Nur Amanina Ruzlan
The performance of Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) can be literarily explained in terms of its operational success which is revealed in its profitability to the investors (Grupe & DiRocco, 1999). A company’s success in investments is usually measured by its profitability. The objective of this study is to examine the role of determinant factors towards the profitability of M-REITs. This research was conducted using procedures of panel data for a total sample of 8 Malaysia’s Real Estate Investment Trusts (M-REITs) for a period of 8 years, starting from 2008 until 2015. The profitability of M-REITs was measured by the return on equity (ROE) as the dependent variable, whereas the determinant factors for M-REITs’ profitability are dividend yield (DY), net asset value (NAV) and price earnings ratio (PER) as the independent variables. The outcome from the research revealed that only dividend yield (DY) has a positive significant relationship with M-REITs profitability, and no significant relationship was found between both net asset value (NAV) and price earnings ratio (PER) towards M-REITs profitability.
{"title":"Determinant Factors of Profitability in Malaysia’s Real Estate Investment Trusts (M-REITS)","authors":"Shaharudin Jakpar, Michael Tinggi, Akmal Hisham Tak, Nur Amanina Ruzlan","doi":"10.33736/URAF.1209.2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33736/URAF.1209.2018","url":null,"abstract":"The performance of Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) can be literarily explained in terms of its operational success which is revealed in its profitability to the investors (Grupe & DiRocco, 1999). A company’s success in investments is usually measured by its profitability. The objective of this study is to examine the role of determinant factors towards the profitability of M-REITs. This research was conducted using procedures of panel data for a total sample of 8 Malaysia’s Real Estate Investment Trusts (M-REITs) for a period of 8 years, starting from 2008 until 2015. The profitability of M-REITs was measured by the return on equity (ROE) as the dependent variable, whereas the determinant factors for M-REITs’ profitability are dividend yield (DY), net asset value (NAV) and price earnings ratio (PER) as the independent variables. The outcome from the research revealed that only dividend yield (DY) has a positive significant relationship with M-REITs profitability, and no significant relationship was found between both net asset value (NAV) and price earnings ratio (PER) towards M-REITs profitability.","PeriodicalId":187805,"journal":{"name":"UNIMAS Review of Accounting and Finance","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134141710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper aims to discuss what happen during the 2008 financial crisis and the reason behind it. This paper also aims to analyze the impact of the financial crisis to insurance sector and how they react. This paper also discussed the Solvency II (applied by the European Commission) as well as the Malaysian Risk-Based Capital. Lastly, this paper also provides some observation and suggestion on how similar crisis can be avoided in the future as well as ways to improve the regulations.
{"title":"The Impact of Financial Crisis on Insurance Sector and the Regulatory Response","authors":"Nurul Syuhada Binti Zaidi, Nazaria Md. Aris, Suzila Mohamed Yusof","doi":"10.33736/URAF.1214.2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33736/URAF.1214.2018","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to discuss what happen during the 2008 financial crisis and the reason behind it. This paper also aims to analyze the impact of the financial crisis to insurance sector and how they react. This paper also discussed the Solvency II (applied by the European Commission) as well as the Malaysian Risk-Based Capital. Lastly, this paper also provides some observation and suggestion on how similar crisis can be avoided in the future as well as ways to improve the regulations.","PeriodicalId":187805,"journal":{"name":"UNIMAS Review of Accounting and Finance","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122115617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abdul Karim Bakri, J. Yau, Kadri Norlina, Husaini Dzul Hadzwan
The paper examines the relationship between stock prices and exchange rates for the case of Indonesia. The study uses daily and weekly data for the period January 1998 to December 2007. We employed Toda and Yamamoto (1995) Granger non-causality test in both bivariate and multivariate setting to examine the relationship between stock prices and exchange rates. The results of this study suggest a strong evidence of bi-directional causality between these two financial variables. The results have implications for investors, practitioners and policy makers.
{"title":"Stock Prices and Exchange Rates in Indonesia: Further Evidence","authors":"Abdul Karim Bakri, J. Yau, Kadri Norlina, Husaini Dzul Hadzwan","doi":"10.33736/URAF.1212.2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33736/URAF.1212.2018","url":null,"abstract":"The paper examines the relationship between stock prices and exchange rates for the case of Indonesia. The study uses daily and weekly data for the period January 1998 to December 2007. We employed Toda and Yamamoto (1995) Granger non-causality test in both bivariate and multivariate setting to examine the relationship between stock prices and exchange rates. The results of this study suggest a strong evidence of bi-directional causality between these two financial variables. The results have implications for investors, practitioners and policy makers.","PeriodicalId":187805,"journal":{"name":"UNIMAS Review of Accounting and Finance","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122575016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Internal governance structure plays a role in improving quality of financial reporting, thus determining external audit fee is very important. The objective of this study is to examine the association between external audit fees and internal governance structure (boards and audit committee characteristics). The methodology used based on the sample of 115 companies listed on the Bursa Malaysia Main Market in 2015. It is hypothesized that external audit fees will be positively associated with board of director and audit committee’s independence, expertise and meeting frequency. As a result, the findings reveal that no variable found to be significant to external audit fee except for audit committee expertise (audit committees who being accounting professional members). Audit committee expertise indicate negative and significant relationship with external audit fee which implies that the existence more audit committee member who possess accounting professional certification tend to provide complementary effect towards audit effort in the process of negotiating audit fee, thus lower audit fee will be paid. The study suggests there are opportunities to include other variables such as director’s remuneration, ownership structure or /and audit tenure for future research. Keywords: Corporate Governance, Boards of Directors, Audit Committees, External Audit Fee, Malaysia
{"title":"Internal Governance Structure and External Audit Fee: Malaysia Evidence","authors":"M. A. Rahim","doi":"10.33736/URAF.1041.2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33736/URAF.1041.2018","url":null,"abstract":"Internal governance structure plays a role in improving quality of financial reporting, thus determining external audit fee is very important. The objective of this study is to examine the association between external audit fees and internal governance structure (boards and audit committee characteristics). The methodology used based on the sample of 115 companies listed on the Bursa Malaysia Main Market in 2015. It is hypothesized that external audit fees will be positively associated with board of director and audit committee’s independence, expertise and meeting frequency. As a result, the findings reveal that no variable found to be significant to external audit fee except for audit committee expertise (audit committees who being accounting professional members). Audit committee expertise indicate negative and significant relationship with external audit fee which implies that the existence more audit committee member who possess accounting professional certification tend to provide complementary effect towards audit effort in the process of negotiating audit fee, thus lower audit fee will be paid. The study suggests there are opportunities to include other variables such as director’s remuneration, ownership structure or /and audit tenure for future research. \u0000 \u0000Keywords: Corporate Governance, Boards of Directors, Audit Committees, External Audit Fee, Malaysia \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":187805,"journal":{"name":"UNIMAS Review of Accounting and Finance","volume":"308 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120877992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Purpose – This study aims to examine the contemporary timeliness of financial reporting in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and the impact of audit committee effectiveness on this timeliness. Design/Methodology/Approach – Timeliness of financial reporting in this study is measured by audit report lag (ARL), which is the number of days between the date of the financial year end and the date of the audit report. The data from listed companies on the UAE capital markets; Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange (ADX) and Dubai Financial Market (DFM), for three years from 2011 to 2013 resulted in 298 observations. The main statistical techniques of the study are means and multiple regressions. Findings – The findings show that generally all companies meet the submission deadlines imposed by the two UAE markets. Furthermore, ARL is influenced by audit committee size and profitability, while no evidence is found to support the effect of audit committee expertise, audit committee meetings and firm size on ARL. Practical Implications – The results of the study show that only audit committee size has a significant influence in reducing ARL. This may be attributed to having minimal variation in the implementation of the Code of Corporate Governance (CCG), particularly audit committee attributes, in the UAE. The results suggest that the current governance by audit committees is adequate to ensure that the financial reports of companies in the UAE are timely. However, except for audit committee size, the other audit committee attributes are unable to further shorten ARL. Originality/Value –The capital markets in the UAE and its CCG are relatively new. Hence, regulatory requirements may be less stringently implemented by companies in this country. Consequently, timely audited financial reports are demanded by local and international investors to make decisions and alleviate speculation. Thus, determining audit committee attributes that reduce ARL is beneficial to the UAE markets, the listed companies and investors. Keywords Audit report lag (ARL), Financial reporting timeliness, Audit committee, UAE Paper Type: Research paper
{"title":"Timeliness of financial reporting and audit committee effectiveness: evidence from UAE","authors":"Mohammed Ali Almuzaiqer","doi":"10.33736/URAF.931.2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33736/URAF.931.2018","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT \u0000Purpose – This study aims to examine the contemporary timeliness of financial reporting in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and the impact of audit committee effectiveness on this timeliness. \u0000Design/Methodology/Approach – Timeliness of financial reporting in this study is measured by audit report lag (ARL), which is the number of days between the date of the financial year end and the date of the audit report. The data from listed companies on the UAE capital markets; Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange (ADX) and Dubai Financial Market (DFM), for three years from 2011 to 2013 resulted in 298 observations. The main statistical techniques of the study are means and multiple regressions. \u0000Findings – The findings show that generally all companies meet the submission deadlines imposed by the two UAE markets. Furthermore, ARL is influenced by audit committee size and profitability, while no evidence is found to support the effect of audit committee expertise, audit committee meetings and firm size on ARL. \u0000Practical Implications – The results of the study show that only audit committee size has a significant influence in reducing ARL. This may be attributed to having minimal variation in the implementation of the Code of Corporate Governance (CCG), particularly audit committee attributes, in the UAE. The results suggest that the current governance by audit committees is adequate to ensure that the financial reports of companies in the UAE are timely. However, except for audit committee size, the other audit committee attributes are unable to further shorten ARL. \u0000 \u0000Originality/Value –The capital markets in the UAE and its CCG are relatively new. Hence, regulatory requirements may be less stringently implemented by companies in this country. Consequently, timely audited financial reports are demanded by local and international investors to make decisions and alleviate speculation. Thus, determining audit committee attributes that reduce ARL is beneficial to the UAE markets, the listed companies and investors. \u0000 \u0000Keywords Audit report lag (ARL), Financial reporting timeliness, Audit committee, UAE \u0000Paper Type: Research paper","PeriodicalId":187805,"journal":{"name":"UNIMAS Review of Accounting and Finance","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124324610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael Tinggi, Shaharudin Jakpar, Amy Chin Ee Ling, Akmal Hisham Tak, D. Hla
With the exit of Bretton Woods System and Gold Standard, the floating rate was adopted by most countries among ASEAN region. Floating exchange rate has been a major debacle issue for the volatility of world gold price in relation to national currency value including that of the ASEAN region. The motivation behind this empirical study is to examine the relationship between gold price and exchange rate of ASEAN major currencies such as Malaysian Ringgit (MYR/USD), Singapore Dollar (SGD/USD), and Thai Bath (THB/USB) against the US dollar. Gold price is primarily dominated in US dollar, and any variation in US dollar may influence the value of other currencies. The monthly meta-analysis involves the study of a span of 30-year data, effective from 1981 to 2010. While the findings report no short term relationship, a Johansen Co-integration test finds evidence of a long term relationship between gold price vis-a-vis the exchange rate of major ASEAN currencies, such as MYR/USD, SGD/USD and THB/USD. Further evidence from OLS shows that gold price has a positive relationship with MYR/USD but reports perverse relationship against SGD/USD and THB/USD.
{"title":"Meta-Analysis of Gold Price and Major ASEAN Currency (Malaysian Ringgit, Singapore Dollar, Thai Baht) Against US Dollar","authors":"Michael Tinggi, Shaharudin Jakpar, Amy Chin Ee Ling, Akmal Hisham Tak, D. Hla","doi":"10.33736/uraf.1148.2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33736/uraf.1148.2018","url":null,"abstract":"With the exit of Bretton Woods System and Gold Standard, the floating rate was adopted by most countries among ASEAN region. Floating exchange rate has been a major debacle issue for the volatility of world gold price in relation to national currency value including that of the ASEAN region. The motivation behind this empirical study is to examine the relationship between gold price and exchange rate of ASEAN major currencies such as Malaysian Ringgit (MYR/USD), Singapore Dollar (SGD/USD), and Thai Bath (THB/USB) against the US dollar. Gold price is primarily dominated in US dollar, and any variation in US dollar may influence the value of other currencies. The monthly meta-analysis involves the study of a span of 30-year data, effective from 1981 to 2010. While the findings report no short term relationship, a Johansen Co-integration test finds evidence of a long term relationship between gold price vis-a-vis the exchange rate of major ASEAN currencies, such as MYR/USD, SGD/USD and THB/USD. Further evidence from OLS shows that gold price has a positive relationship with MYR/USD but reports perverse relationship against SGD/USD and THB/USD.","PeriodicalId":187805,"journal":{"name":"UNIMAS Review of Accounting and Finance","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126063484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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