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Life Dissatisfaction and Anxiety in COVID-19 pandemic 新冠肺炎大流行中的生活不满与焦虑
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.2760/755327
P. Pedraza, M. Guzi, K. Tijdens
The rising numbers of COVID-19 cases and deaths, prolonged lockdowns, substantial restrictions on public life and an economic downturn negatively affect personal well-being. In this paper, we explore COVID-19-related determinants of life dissatisfaction and feelings of anxiety using data collected from March 23 to April 30 2020 in 25 advanced and developing countries from four continents. We find that persons with better general health, with a paid job, living with a partner, daily exercising and those avoiding loneliness report less dissatisfaction and less anxiety. The presence of children and a pet in the household has no effect. Women report anxiety feelings more often than men. Older people report lower dissatisfaction and anxiety, remarkable given that the older population is among the most vulnerable in the current pandemic. Job-related changes due to COVID-19 such as income reduction and increase or decrease of workload are associated with more dissatisfaction and more anxiety. In reaction to the pandemic governments have adopted a range of measures. We show that restrictions on mobility and requirements to wear protective gear in public increase dissatisfaction and that the state-imposed emergency increase feelings of anxiety. We find that a growing number of confirmed COVID-19 cases increases dissatisfaction and anxiety but that this effect levels off with a higher number of cases. Our findings support targeted government policies to preserve economic security, and increase stability of employment.
COVID-19病例和死亡人数不断上升、长期封锁、对公共生活的大量限制以及经济衰退对个人福祉产生了负面影响。在本文中,我们利用从2020年3月23日至4月30日在四大洲25个发达国家和发展中国家收集的数据,探讨了与covid -19相关的生活不满和焦虑感的决定因素。我们发现,总体健康状况较好的人、有有偿工作的人、与伴侣同住的人、每天锻炼的人以及避免孤独的人报告的不满和焦虑程度较低。家里有孩子和宠物是没有影响的。女性比男性更容易感到焦虑。老年人报告的不满和焦虑情绪较低,这一点值得注意,因为老年人是当前大流行中最脆弱的人群之一。新冠肺炎导致的工作相关变化,如收入减少、工作量增加或减少,与更多的不满和焦虑相关。为应对疫情,各国政府采取了一系列措施。我们表明,对行动的限制和在公共场合佩戴防护装备的要求增加了不满情绪,而国家强加的紧急情况增加了焦虑情绪。我们发现,越来越多的新冠肺炎确诊病例增加了不满和焦虑,但这种影响随着病例数量的增加而趋于平稳。我们的研究结果支持有针对性的政府政策,以维护经济安全和增加就业稳定。
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引用次数: 85
Consumption feedback and water saving: An experiment in the metropolitan area of Milan 消费反馈与节水:在米兰大都市区的实验
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5817/wp_muni_econ_2023-02
Clò Stefano, Regiani Tommaso, Ruberto Sabrina
This paper questions whether informative feedback on consumption can nudge water saving behavioral change. For this purpose, we launched a five-month online information campaign which involved equipping around 1,000 households located in the province of Milan (Italy) with a smart meter. Treated households received monthly reports via email on their per capita daily average water consumption, which included a social comparison component (consumption class size). The difference-in-differences analysis showed that, compared to the control group, treated units reduced their daily per capita water consumption by more than 10 % (22 liters or 5.8 gallons). This additional water saving increased with the number of monthly reports, though it did not persist two months after the campaign expired. The impact of the campaign was heterogeneous across consumption classes, while a Regression Discontinuity Design analysis showed that different feedback on consumption class size differentially affected water saving at the margin. Finally, being able to observe the email opening rate, we complemented the ITT analysis by developing a Per Protocol (PP) analysis, where non-adherent units were excluded from the treated group. Both ITT and PP provide consistent conclusions, thus augmenting the level of confidence in the study results.
本文质疑消费信息反馈是否能推动节水行为的改变。为此,我们发起了一项为期五个月的在线信息运动,其中包括为位于意大利米兰省的约1000户家庭配备智能电表。接受治疗的家庭每月通过电子邮件收到人均每日平均用水量的报告,其中包括社会比较成分(消费阶层规模)。差异中的差异分析显示,与对照组相比,经过处理的单位每天人均用水量减少了10%以上(22升或5.8加仑)。随着每月报告的数量增加,这种额外的节水效果也在增加,但在活动结束后的两个月里,这种效果并没有持续下去。该运动的影响在不同的消费阶层之间是异质的,而回归不连续设计分析表明,不同的消费阶层规模反馈对边际节水的影响是不同的。最后,为了能够观察电子邮件打开率,我们通过开发Per Protocol (PP)分析来补充ITT分析,其中非粘附单位被排除在治疗组之外。ITT和PP都提供了一致的结论,从而增加了研究结果的置信度。
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引用次数: 6
Media Bias and Tax Compliance: Experimental Evidence 媒体偏见与税收遵从:实验证据
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5817/wp_muni_econ_2020-01
Fišar Miloš, Reggiani Tommaso, Sabatini Fabio, Špalek Jiří
We study the impact of media bias on tax compliance. Through a framed laboratory experiment, we assess how the exposure to biased news about government action affects compliance in a repeated taxation game. Subjects treated with positive news are significantly more compliant than the control group. The exposure to negative news, instead, does not prompt any significant reaction in respect to the neutral condition, suggesting that participants perceive the media negativity bias in the selection and tonality of news as the norm rather than the exception. Overall, our results suggest that biased news act as a constant source of psychological priming and play a vital role in taxpayers’ compliance decisions.
我们研究了媒体偏见对税收合规的影响。通过一个有框架的实验室实验,我们评估了在重复的税收博弈中,暴露于有关政府行为的有偏见的新闻是如何影响合规的。接受积极消息治疗的受试者明显比对照组更顺从。相反,负面新闻的曝光并没有在中性条件下引起任何显著的反应,这表明参与者认为媒体在新闻选择和语气方面的负面偏见是常态,而不是例外。总体而言,我们的研究结果表明,有偏见的新闻作为一种持续的心理启动源,在纳税人的合规决策中起着至关重要的作用。
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引用次数: 1
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MUNI ECON Working Papers
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