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International congress on transposable elements (ICTE 2024) in Saint Malo: breaking down transposon waves and their impact. 在圣马洛举行的转座子国际大会(ICTE 2024):破解转座子浪潮及其影响。
IF 4.7 2区 生物学 Q1 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2024-10-26 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-024-00334-9
Pascale Lesage, Emilie Brasset, Gael Cristofari, Clément Gilbert, Didier Mazel, Rita Rebollo, Clémentine Vitte

From April 20 to 23, 2024, three hundred ten researchers from around the world gathered in Saint-Malo, France, at the fourth International Congress on Transposable Elements (ICTE 2024), to present their most recent discoveries on transposable elements (TEs) and exchange ideas and methodologies. ICTE has been held every four years since 2008 (except in 2020, when it was exceptionally transformed into a seminar series due to the Covid-19 pandemic) and is organized by the French network on Mobile Genetic Elements (CNRS GDR 3546). This fourth edition offered two keynote presentations and four sessions presenting the latest findings and encouraging discussions on the following topics: (1) TEs, genome evolution and adaptation; (2) TEs in health and diseases; (3) TE control and epigenetics; (4) Transposition mechanisms and applications. The 2024 edition also included a half-day satellite workshop on new challenges in TE annotation, organized in collaboration with the TE Hub. The meeting gathered long-term TE enthusiasts, as well as newcomers to the field, with 77% of the participants attending ICTE for the first time.

2024年4月20日至23日,来自世界各地的110名研究人员齐聚法国圣马洛(Saint-Malo),参加第四届可转座元件国际大会(ICTE 2024),展示他们在可转座元件(TEs)方面的最新发现,并交流思想和方法。国际可转座元件大会自2008年起每四年举办一次(2020年除外,该年因Covid-19大流行而破例改为系列研讨会),由法国移动遗传元件网络(CNRS GDR 3546)主办。第四届会议提供了两个主旨报告和四个分会场,介绍最新研究成果,并鼓励就以下主题展开讨论:(1) TE、基因组进化和适应;(2) TE 在健康和疾病中的作用;(3) TE 控制和表观遗传学;(4) 转座机制和应用。2024 年会议还包括与 TE Hub 合作举办的为期半天的关于 TE 注释新挑战的卫星研讨会。会议聚集了 TE 领域的长期爱好者和新手,77% 的与会者是首次参加 ICTE。
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引用次数: 0
Association of hyperactivated transposon expression with exacerbated immune activation in systemic lupus erythematosus. 过度激活的转座子表达与系统性红斑狼疮加重的免疫激活有关。
IF 4.7 2区 生物学 Q1 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-024-00335-8
Frank Qingyun Wang, Xiao Dang, Huidong Su, Yao Lei, Chun Hing She, Caicai Zhang, Xinxin Chen, Xingtian Yang, Jing Yang, Hong Feng, Wanling Yang

Background: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disorder, and transposable elements (TEs) have been hypothesized to play a significant role in its development. However, limited research has explored this connection. Our study aimed to examine the relationship between TE expression and SLE pathogenesis.

Methods: We analyzed whole blood RNA-seq datasets from 198 SLE patients and 84 healthy controls. The REdiscoverTE pipeline was employed to quantify TE and other gene expressions, identifying differentially expressed TEs. A TE score was calculated to measure overall TE expression for each sample. Gene ontology and gene set enrichment analyses were conducted to explore the functional implications of TE upregulation. Independent datasets were utilized to replicate the results and investigate cell type-specific TE expression.

Results: Our analysis identified two distinct patient groups: one with high TE expression and another with TE expression comparable to controls. Patients with high TE expression exhibited upregulation of pathways involving nucleic acid sensors, and TE expression was strongly correlated with interferon (IFN) signatures. Furthermore, these patients displayed deregulated cell composition, including increased neutrophils and decreased regulatory T cells. Neutrophils were suggested as the primary source of TE expression, contributing to IFN production.

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that TE expression may serve as a crucial mediator in maintaining the activation of interferon pathways, acting as an endogenous source of nucleic acid stimulators in SLE patients.

背景:系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)是一种复杂的自身免疫性疾病:系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)是一种复杂的自身免疫性疾病,转座元件(TE)被认为在其发病过程中起着重要作用。然而,对这一关系的研究还很有限。我们的研究旨在探讨TE表达与系统性红斑狼疮发病机制之间的关系:我们分析了 198 名系统性红斑狼疮患者和 84 名健康对照者的全血 RNA-seq 数据集。采用 REdiscoverTE 管道量化 TE 和其他基因的表达,识别差异表达的 TE。通过计算 TE 分数来衡量每个样本的整体 TE 表达。进行了基因本体和基因组富集分析,以探索 TE 上调的功能意义。利用独立数据集来复制结果并研究细胞类型特异性 TE 表达:我们的分析确定了两个不同的患者组:一个是高 TE 表达组,另一个是 TE 表达与对照组相当的患者组。高TE表达的患者表现出涉及核酸传感器的通路上调,TE表达与干扰素(IFN)特征密切相关。此外,这些患者还表现出细胞组成失调,包括中性粒细胞增加和调节性T细胞减少。中性粒细胞被认为是 TE 表达的主要来源,有助于 IFN 的产生:我们的研究结果表明,TE表达可能是维持干扰素通路激活的关键介质,是系统性红斑狼疮患者核酸刺激物的内源性来源。
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引用次数: 0
Accelerating de novo SINE annotation in plant and animal genomes. 加速植物和动物基因组中从头开始的 SINE 注释。
IF 4.7 2区 生物学 Q1 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-024-00331-y
Herui Liao, Yanni Sun, Shujun Ou

Genome annotation is an important but challenging task. Accurate identification of short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) is particularly difficult due to their lack of highly conserved sequences. AnnoSINE is state-of-the-art software for annotating SINEs in plant genomes, but it is computationally inefficient for large genomes. Moreover, its applicability to animals is limited due to the absence of animal pHMMs in its HMM library. Therefore, we propose AnnoSINE_v2, which extends accurate SINE annotation for animal genomes with greatly optimized computational efficiency. Our results show that AnnoSINE_v2's annotation of SINEs has over 20% higher F1-score compared to the existing tools on animal genomes and enables the processing of complicated genomes, like human and zebrafish, which were beyond the capabilities of AnnoSINE_v1. AnnoSINE_v2 is freely available on Conda and GitHub: https://github.com/liaoherui/AnnoSINE_v2 .

基因组注释是一项重要但极具挑战性的任务。由于缺乏高度保守的序列,准确识别短穿插核元素(SINEs)尤其困难。AnnoSINE 是注释植物基因组中 SINEs 的最先进软件,但它对大型基因组的计算效率较低。此外,由于其 HMM 库中没有动物 pHMMs,它对动物的适用性也很有限。因此,我们提出了 AnnoSINE_v2,它将精确的 SINE 注释扩展到动物基因组,并大大优化了计算效率。我们的研究结果表明,与现有的动物基因组工具相比,AnnoSINE_v2 的 SINE 注释 F1 分数提高了 20% 以上,而且还能处理人类和斑马鱼等复杂基因组,而这些都是 AnnoSINE_v1 所无法胜任的。AnnoSINE_v2 可在 Conda 和 GitHub 上免费获取:https://github.com/liaoherui/AnnoSINE_v2 。
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引用次数: 0
Widespread HCD-tRNA derived SINEs in bivalves rely on multiple LINE partners and accumulate in genic regions. 双壳类动物中广泛存在的 HCD-tRNA 衍生 SINE 依赖于多个 LINE 伙伴,并在基因区域中积累。
IF 4.7 2区 生物学 Q1 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-024-00332-x
Jacopo Martelossi, Mariangela Iannello, Fabrizio Ghiselli, Andrea Luchetti

Background: Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) are non-autonomous non-LTR retrotransposons widespread across eukaryotes. They exist both as lineage-specific, fast-evolving elements and as ubiquitous superfamilies characterized by highly conserved domains (HCD). Several of these superfamilies have been described in bivalves, however their overall distribution and impact on host genome evolution are still unknown due to the extreme scarcity of transposon libraries for the clade. In this study, we examined more than 40 bivalve genomes to uncover the distribution of HCD-tRNA-related SINEs, discover novel SINE-LINE partnerships, and understand their possible role in shaping bivalve genome evolution.

Results: We found that bivalve HCD SINEs have an ancient origin, and they can rely on at least four different LINE clades. According to a "mosaic" evolutionary scenario, multiple LINE partner can promote the amplification of the same HCD SINE superfamilies while homologues LINE-derived tails are present between different superfamilies. Multiple SINEs were found to be highly similar between phylogenetically related species but separated by extremely long evolutionary timescales, up to ~ 400 million years. Studying their genomic distribution in a subset of five species, we observed different patterns of SINE enrichment in various genomic compartments as well as differences in the tendency of SINEs to form tandem-like and palindromic structures also within intronic sequences. Despite these differences, we observed that SINEs, especially older ones, tend to accumulate preferentially within genes, or in their close proximity, consistently with a model of survival bias for less harmful, short non-coding transposons in euchromatic genomic regions.

Conclusion: Here we conducted a wide characterization of tRNA-related SINEs in bivalves revealing their taxonomic distribution and LINE partnerships across the clade. Moreover, through the study of their genomic distribution in five species, we highlighted commonalities and differences with other previously studied eukaryotes, thus extending our understanding of SINE evolution across the tree of life.

背景:短间隔核元素(SINEs)是广泛存在于真核生物中的非自主性非LTR逆转录转座子。它们既可以作为种系特异的快速进化元件而存在,也可以作为以高度保守结构域(HCD)为特征的无处不在的超家族而存在。这些超家族中有几个已经在双壳类动物中得到了描述,但由于双壳类动物的转座子文库极其稀少,它们的总体分布及其对宿主基因组进化的影响仍然未知。在这项研究中,我们研究了 40 多个双壳类基因组,以揭示 HCD-tRNA 相关 SINE 的分布,发现新的 SINE-LINE 伙伴关系,并了解它们在塑造双壳类基因组进化过程中可能扮演的角色:结果:我们发现双壳类动物的HCD SINEs起源古老,它们至少依赖于四个不同的LINE支系。根据 "马赛克 "进化设想,多个 LINE 伙伴可促进相同 HCD SINE 超家族的扩增,而同源 LINE 衍生的尾部则存在于不同超家族之间。研究发现,多个 SINEs 在系统发育相关的物种之间高度相似,但它们之间的进化时间尺度却极长,最长可达 4 亿年。通过研究它们在五个物种亚群中的基因组分布,我们观察到 SINE 在不同基因组区块中的富集模式不同,而且 SINE 在内含子序列中形成串联结构和回文结构的趋势也不同。尽管存在这些差异,但我们观察到,SINEs,尤其是较老的 SINEs,倾向于优先在基因内或基因附近积累,这与有害性较低的短非编码转座子在染色体外基因组区域的生存偏倚模型是一致的:在这里,我们对双壳类动物中与 tRNA 相关的 SINEs 进行了广泛的特征描述,揭示了它们在分类学上的分布以及整个类群中的 LINE 伙伴关系。此外,通过研究它们在五个物种中的基因组分布,我们强调了它们与之前研究过的其他真核生物的共同点和不同点,从而扩展了我们对整个生命树中 SINE 演化的了解。
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引用次数: 0
Correction: Transposon-derived introns as an element shaping the structure of eukaryotic genomes. 更正:转座子衍生的内含子是塑造真核生物基因组结构的要素。
IF 4.7 2区 生物学 Q1 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2024-10-12 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-024-00329-6
Weronika Mikina, Paweł Hałakuc, Rafał Milanowski
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引用次数: 0
Transposable Element (TE) insertion predictions from RNAseq inputs and TE impact on RNA splicing and gene expression in Drosophila brain transcriptomes. 从 RNAseq 输入中预测可转座元件 (TE) 插入以及 TE 对果蝇大脑转录组中 RNA 剪接和基因表达的影响。
IF 4.7 2区 生物学 Q1 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-024-00330-z
Md Fakhrul Azad, Tong Tong, Nelson C Lau

Recent studies have suggested that Transposable Elements (TEs) residing in introns frequently splice into and alter primary gene-coding transcripts. To re-examine the exonization frequency of TEs into protein-coding gene transcripts, we re-analyzed a Drosophila neuron circadian rhythm RNAseq dataset and a deep long RNA fly midbrain RNAseq dataset using our Transposon Insertion and Depletion Analyzer (TIDAL) program. Our TIDAL results were able to predict several TE insertions from RNAseq data that were consistent with previous published studies. However, we also uncovered many discrepancies in TE-exonization calls, such as reads that mainly support intron retention of the TE and little support for chimeric mRNA spliced to the TE. We then deployed rigorous genomic DNA-PCR (gDNA-PCR) and RT-PCR procedures on TE-mRNA fusion candidates to see how many of bioinformatics predictions could be validated. By testing a w1118 strain from which the deeper long RNAseq data was derived and comparing to an OreR strain, only 9 of 23 TIDAL candidates (< 40%) could be validated as a novel TE insertion by gDNA-PCR, indicating that deeper study is needed when using RNAseq data as inputs into current TE-insertion prediction programs. Of these validated calls, our RT-PCR results only supported TE-intron retention. Lastly, in the Dscam2 and Bx genes of the w1118 strain that contained intronic TEs, gene expression was 23 times higher than the OreR genes lacking the TEs. This study's validation approach indicates that chimeric TE-mRNAs are infrequent and cautions that more optimization is required in bioinformatics programs to call TE insertions using RNAseq datasets.

最近的研究表明,内含子中的可转座元件(Transposable Elements,TEs)经常剪接到主基因编码转录本中并改变其编码。为了重新研究TE插入蛋白编码基因转录本的频率,我们使用转座子插入和删除分析器(TIDAL)程序重新分析了果蝇神经元昼夜节律RNAseq数据集和长RNA蝇中脑RNAseq数据集。我们的 TIDAL 结果能够从 RNAseq 数据中预测出几个 TE 插入,这与之前发表的研究结果一致。但是,我们也发现了许多 TE 缺失调用中的差异,如主要支持 TE 内含子保留的读数,以及很少支持与 TE 剪接的嵌合 mRNA。然后,我们对TE-mRNA融合候选基因采用了严格的基因组DNA-PCR(gDNA-PCR)和RT-PCR程序,以了解有多少生物信息学预测可以得到验证。通过测试w1118菌株(其深层长RNAseq数据来源于该菌株)并与OreR菌株进行比较,23个TIDAL候选者中只有9个(
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引用次数: 0
A T cell receptor specific for an HLA-A*03:01-restricted epitope in the endogenous retrovirus ERV-K-Env exhibits limited recognition of its cognate epitope. 特异于内源性逆转录病毒 ERV-K-Env 中 HLA-A*03:01 限制性表位的 T 细胞受体对其同源表位的识别能力有限。
IF 4.7 2区 生物学 Q1 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-024-00333-w
Erin E Grundy, Lauren C Shaw, Loretta Wang, Abigail V Lee, James Castro Argueta, Daniel J Powell, Mario Ostrowski, R Brad Jones, C Russell Y Cruz, Heather Gordish-Dressman, Nicole P Chappell, Catherine M Bollard, Katherine B Chiappinelli

Transposable elements (TEs) are often expressed at higher levels in tumor cells than normal cells, implicating these genomic regions as an untapped pool of tumor-associated antigens. In ovarian cancer (OC), protein from the TE ERV-K is frequently expressed by tumor cells. Here we determined whether the targeting of previously identified epitope in the envelope gene (env) of ERV-K resulted in target antigen specificity against cancer cells. We found that transducing healthy donor T cells with an ERV-K-Env-specific T cell receptor construct resulted in antigen specificity only when co-cultured with HLA-A*03:01 B lymphoblastoid cells. Furthermore, in vitro priming of several healthy donors with this epitope of ERV-K-Env did not result in target antigen specificity. These data suggest that the T cell receptor is a poor candidate for targeting this specific ERV-K-Env epitope and has limited potential as a T cell therapy for OC.

可转座元件(TE)在肿瘤细胞中的表达水平往往高于正常细胞,这意味着这些基因组区域是一个尚未开发的肿瘤相关抗原库。在卵巢癌(OC)中,肿瘤细胞经常表达来自TE ERV-K的蛋白。在这里,我们确定了先前确定的 ERV-K 包膜基因(env)表位是否会导致针对癌细胞的靶抗原特异性。我们发现,用ERV-K-Env特异性T细胞受体构建体转导健康供体T细胞,只有在与HLA-A*03:01 B淋巴母细胞共培养时才会产生抗原特异性。此外,用ERV-K-Env的这一表位对几名健康供体进行体外引物诱导,也没有产生目标抗原特异性。这些数据表明,T细胞受体在靶向这一特异性ERV-K-Env表位方面并不理想,作为治疗OC的T细胞疗法的潜力有限。
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引用次数: 0
Transposable elements in Drosophila montana from harsh cold environments. 严寒环境中蒙氏果蝇的可转座元件
IF 4.7 2区 生物学 Q1 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-024-00328-7
Mohadeseh S Tahami, Carlos Vargas-Chavez, Noora Poikela, Marta Coronado-Zamora, Josefa González, Maaria Kankare

Background: Substantial discoveries during the past century have revealed that transposable elements (TEs) can play a crucial role in genome evolution by affecting gene expression and inducing genetic rearrangements, among other molecular and structural effects. Yet, our knowledge on the role of TEs in adaptation to extreme climates is still at its infancy. The availability of long-read sequencing has opened up the possibility to identify and study potential functional effects of TEs with higher precision. In this work, we used Drosophila montana as a model for cold-adapted organisms to study the association between TEs and adaptation to harsh climates.

Results: Using the PacBio long-read sequencing technique, we de novo identified and manually curated TE sequences in five Drosophila montana genomes from eco-geographically distinct populations. We identified 489 new TE consensus sequences which represented 92% of the total TE consensus in D. montana. Overall, 11-13% of the D. montana genome is occupied by TEs, which as expected are non-randomly distributed across the genome. We identified five potentially active TE families, most of them from the retrotransposon class of TEs. Additionally, we found TEs present in the five analyzed genomes that were located nearby previously identified cold tolerant genes. Some of these TEs contain promoter elements and transcription binding sites. Finally, we detected TEs nearby fixed and polymorphic inversion breakpoints.

Conclusions: Our research revealed a significant number of newly identified TE consensus sequences in the genome of D. montana, suggesting that non-model species should be studied to get a comprehensive view of the TE repertoire in Drosophila species and beyond. Genome annotations with the new D. montana library allowed us to identify TEs located nearby cold tolerant genes, and present at high population frequencies, that contain regulatory regions and are thus good candidates to play a role in D. montana cold stress response. Finally, our annotations also allow us to identify for the first time TEs present in the breakpoints of three D. montana inversions.

背景:上个世纪的重大发现揭示了转座元件(TEs)可通过影响基因表达和诱导基因重排等分子和结构效应在基因组进化中发挥关键作用。然而,我们对转座元件在适应极端气候方面所起作用的了解仍处于起步阶段。长线程测序技术的出现为更精确地识别和研究 TEs 的潜在功能效应提供了可能。在这项工作中,我们以果蝇作为寒冷适应生物的模型,研究了TEs与恶劣气候适应之间的关联:结果:利用 PacBio 长序列测序技术,我们从五个不同生态地理种群的果蝇基因组中重新鉴定并人工编辑了 TE 序列。我们鉴定出了 489 个新的 TE 共识序列,占蒙大拿果蝇总 TE 共识序列的 92%。总体而言,11%-13%的D. montana基因组被TE占据,正如预期的那样,TE在基因组中的分布是非随机的。我们发现了五个潜在的活性 TE 家族,其中大部分属于逆转录转座子类 TE。此外,我们还在五个分析的基因组中发现了位于先前发现的耐寒基因附近的TE。其中一些TE含有启动子元件和转录结合位点。最后,我们在固定和多态反转断点附近检测到了TE:我们的研究在蒙大拿果蝇的基因组中发现了大量新鉴定的TE共识序列,这表明应该对非模式物种进行研究,以全面了解果蝇及其他物种的TE谱系。利用新的蒙大拿果蝇基因库进行基因组注释,我们发现了位于耐寒基因附近的TEs,这些TEs以较高的种群频率存在,包含调控区域,因此是在蒙大拿果蝇冷应激反应中发挥作用的良好候选者。最后,我们的注释还让我们首次发现了存在于三个蒙大拿倒位基因断裂点的 TEs。
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引用次数: 0
Identification and functional analysis of recent IS transposition events in rhizobia. 根瘤菌中近期 IS 转座事件的鉴定和功能分析。
IF 4.7 2区 生物学 Q1 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-024-00327-8
Ezequiel G Mogro, Walter O Draghi, Antonio Lagares, Mauricio J Lozano

Rhizobia are alpha- and beta- Proteobacteria that, through the establishment of symbiotic interactions with leguminous plants, are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen as ammonium. The successful establishment of a symbiotic interaction is highly dependent on the availability of nitrogen sources in the soil, and on the specific rhizobia strain. Insertion sequences (ISs) are simple transposable genetic elements that can move to different locations within the host genome and are known to play an important evolutionary role, contributing to genome plasticity by acting as recombination hot-spots, and disrupting coding and regulatory sequences. Disruption of coding sequences may have occurred either in a common ancestor of the species or more recently. By means of ISComapare, we identified Differentially Located ISs (DLISs) in nearly related rhizobial strains of the genera Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Rhizobium and Sinorhizobium. Our results revealed that recent IS transposition could have a role in adaptation by enabling the activation and inactivation of genes that could dynamically affect the competition and survival of rhizobia in the rhizosphere.

根瘤菌是一种α-和β-变形菌,通过与豆科植物建立共生关系,能够将大气中的氮固定为铵态氮。共生作用的成功建立在很大程度上取决于土壤中氮源的可用性和特定的根瘤菌株。插入序列(ISs)是一种简单的可转座遗传因子,可移动到宿主基因组内的不同位置,在进化过程中发挥着重要作用,可作为重组热点,破坏编码和调控序列,从而促进基因组的可塑性。编码序列的破坏可能发生在物种的共同祖先或最近。通过 ISComapare,我们在根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)、中根瘤菌属(Mesorhizobium)、根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)和中根瘤菌属(Sinorhizobium)的近亲根瘤菌菌株中鉴定了差异定位 IS(DLIS)。我们的研究结果表明,最近的IS转座可能在适应过程中发挥作用,使基因激活或失活,从而动态地影响根瘤菌在根瘤层中的竞争和生存。
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引用次数: 0
Evolution of Einkorn wheat centromeres is driven by the mutualistic interplay of two LTR retrotransposons. Einkorn 小麦中心粒的进化是由两个 LTR 逆转录转座子的相互影响所驱动的。
IF 4.7 2区 生物学 Q1 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-024-00326-9
Matthias Heuberger, Dal-Hoe Koo, Hanin Ibrahim Ahmed, Vijay K Tiwari, Michael Abrouk, Jesse Poland, Simon G Krattinger, Thomas Wicker

Background: Centromere function is highly conserved across eukaryotes, but the underlying centromeric DNA sequences vary dramatically between species. Centromeres often contain a high proportion of repetitive DNA, such as tandem repeats and/or transposable elements (TEs). Einkorn wheat centromeres lack tandem repeat arrays and are instead composed mostly of the two long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposon families RLG_Cereba and RLG_Quinta which specifically insert in centromeres. However, it is poorly understood how these two TE families relate to each other and if and how they contribute to centromere function and evolution.

Results: Based on conservation of diagnostic motifs (LTRs, integrase and primer binding site and polypurine-tract), we propose that RLG_Cereba and RLG_Quinta are a pair of autonomous and non-autonomous partners, in which the autonomous RLG_Cereba contributes all the proteins required for transposition, while the non-autonomous RLG_Quinta contributes GAG protein. Phylogenetic analysis of predicted GAG proteins showed that the RLG_Cereba lineage was present for at least 100 million years in monocotyledon plants. In contrast, RLG_Quinta evolved from RLG_Cereba between 28 and 35 million years ago in the common ancestor of oat and wheat. Interestingly, the integrase of RLG_Cereba is fused to a so-called CR-domain, which is hypothesized to guide the integrase to the functional centromere. Indeed, ChIP-seq data and TE population analysis show only the youngest subfamilies of RLG_Cereba and RLG_Quinta are found in the active centromeres. Importantly, the LTRs of RLG_Quinta and RLG_Cereba are strongly associated with the presence of the centromere-specific CENH3 histone variant. We hypothesize that the LTRs of RLG_Cereba and RLG_Quinta contribute to wheat centromere integrity by phasing and/or placing CENH3 nucleosomes, thus favoring their persistence in the competitive centromere-niche.

Conclusion: Our data show that RLG_Cereba cross-mobilizes the non-autonomous RLG_Quinta retrotransposons. New copies of both families are specifically integrated into functional centromeres presumably through direct binding of the integrase CR domain to CENH3 histone variants. The LTRs of newly inserted RLG_Cereba and RLG_Quinta elements, in turn, recruit and/or phase new CENH3 deposition. This mutualistic interplay between the two TE families and the plant host dynamically maintains wheat centromeres.

背景:真核生物的中心粒功能是高度保守的,但不同物种之间的基本中心粒 DNA 序列却有很大差异。中心粒通常含有高比例的重复 DNA,如串联重复和/或转座元件(TE)。近缘小麦的中心粒缺乏串联重复序列,而主要由两个长末端重复(LTR)反转座子家族 RLG_Cereba 和 RLG_Quinta 组成,它们特异性地插入中心粒。然而,人们对这两个TE家族之间的关系以及它们是否和如何对中心粒的功能和进化做出贡献还知之甚少:根据诊断图案(LTR、整合酶和引物结合位点以及多聚嘌呤提取物)的保守性,我们认为RLG_Cereba和RLG_Quinta是一对自主和非自主的伙伴,其中自主的RLG_Cereba贡献了转座所需的所有蛋白质,而非自主的RLG_Quinta贡献了GAG蛋白。对预测的 GAG 蛋白的系统发育分析表明,RLG_Cereba 系至少在单子叶植物中存在了 1 亿年。相比之下,RLG_Quinta 是在 2,800 万年前至 3,500 万年前燕麦和小麦的共同祖先中从 RLG_Cereba 演化而来的。有趣的是,RLG_Cereba的整合酶与所谓的CR-domain融合,据推测,CR-domain可引导整合酶到达功能性中心粒。事实上,ChIP-seq 数据和 TE 群体分析表明,只有最年轻的 RLG_Cereba 和 RLG_Quinta 亚家族存在于活跃的中心粒中。重要的是,RLG_Quinta 和 RLG_Cereba 的 LTR 与中心粒特异性 CENH3 组蛋白变体的存在密切相关。我们推测,RLG_Cereba 和 RLG_Quinta 的 LTR 通过分期和/或放置 CENH3 核小体来促进小麦中心粒的完整性,从而有利于它们在竞争性中心粒-龛中的持续存在:我们的数据表明,RLG_Cereba 交叉移动了非自主的 RLG_Quinta 逆转录子。可能是通过整合酶 CR 结构域与 CENH3 组蛋白变体的直接结合,这两个家族的新拷贝被特异性地整合到功能性中心粒中。反过来,新插入的 RLG_Cereba 和 RLG_Quinta 元件的 LTR 也会招募和/或分阶段沉积新的 CENH3。这两个 TE 家族与植物宿主之间的相互影响动态地维持着小麦的中心粒。
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Mobile DNA
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