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Rational Design of DNA Sequences with Non-Orthogonal Binding Interactions 非正交结合相互作用DNA序列的合理设计
IF 4.9 2区 生物学 Q1 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.DNA.29.4
Joseph Don Berleant
Molecular computation involving promiscuous, or non-orthogonal, binding interactions between system components is found commonly in natural biological systems, as well as some proposed human-made molecular computers. Such systems are characterized by the fact that each computational unit, such as a domain within a DNA strand, may bind to several different partners with distinct, prescribed binding strengths. Unfortunately, implementing systems of molecular computation that incorporate non-orthogonal binding is difficult, because researchers lack a robust, general-purpose method for designing molecules with this type of behavior. In this work, we describe and demonstrate a process for the rational design of DNA sequences with prescribed non-orthogonal binding behavior. This process makes use of a model that represents large sets of non-orthogonal DNA sequences using fixed-length binary strings, and estimates the differential binding affinity between pairs of sequences through the Hamming distance between their corresponding binary strings. The real-world applicability of this model is supported by simulations and some experimental data. We then select two previously described systems of molecular computation involving non-orthogonal interactions, and apply our sequence design process to implement them using DNA strand displacement. Our simulated results on these two systems demonstrate both digital and analog computation. We hope that this work motivates the development and implementation of new computational paradigms based on non-orthogonal binding.
分子计算涉及混杂的,或非正交的,系统组件之间的结合相互作用,通常发现在自然生物系统中,以及一些拟议的人造分子计算机。这种系统的特点是,每个计算单元,例如DNA链中的一个结构域,可以以不同的规定结合强度与几个不同的伙伴结合。不幸的是,实现包含非正交结合的分子计算系统是困难的,因为研究人员缺乏一种强大的、通用的方法来设计具有这种行为的分子。在这项工作中,我们描述并展示了一个过程的合理设计的DNA序列与规定的非正交结合行为。该过程利用了一个模型,该模型使用固定长度的二进制字符串表示大组非正交DNA序列,并通过其对应二进制字符串之间的汉明距离估计序列对之间的差异结合亲和力。仿真和一些实验数据支持了该模型在现实世界中的适用性。然后,我们选择了两个先前描述的涉及非正交相互作用的分子计算系统,并应用我们的序列设计过程使用DNA链位移来实现它们。我们在这两个系统上的仿真结果显示了数字和模拟计算。我们希望这项工作能够激励基于非正交绑定的新计算范式的开发和实现。
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引用次数: 0
Revisiting Hybridization Kinetics with Improved Elementary Step Simulation 用改进的初级阶跃模拟重温杂交动力学
IF 4.9 2区 生物学 Q1 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.DNA.29.5
Jordan Lovrod, Boyan Beronov, Chenwei Zhang, Erik Winfree, Anne Condon
Nucleic acid strands, which react by forming and breaking Watson-Crick base pairs, can be designed to form complex nanoscale structures or devices. Controlling such systems requires accurate predictions of the reaction rate and of the folding pathways of interacting strands. Simulators such as Multistrand model these kinetic properties using continuous-time Markov chains (CTMCs), whose states and transitions correspond to secondary structures and elementary base pair changes, respectively. The transient dynamics of a CTMC are determined by a kinetic model, which assigns transition rates to pairs of states, and the rate of a reaction can be estimated using the mean first passage time (MFPT) of its CTMC. However, use of Multistrand is limited by its slow runtime, particularly on rare events, and the quality of its rate predictions is compromised by a poorly-calibrated and simplistic kinetic model. The former limitation can be addressed by constructing truncated CTMCs, which only include a small subset of states and transitions, selected either manually or through simulation. As a first step to address the latter limitation, Bayesian posterior inference in an Arrhenius-type kinetic model was performed in earlier work, using a small experimental dataset of DNA reaction rates and a fixed set of manually truncated CTMCs, which we refer to as Assumed Pathway (AP) state spaces. In this work we extend this approach, by introducing a new prior model that is directly motivated by the physical meaning of the parameters and that is compatible with experimental measurements of elementary rates, and by using a larger dataset of 1105 reactions as well as larger truncated state spaces obtained from the recently introduced stochastic Pathway Elaboration (PE) method. We assess the quality of the resulting posterior distribution over kinetic parameters, as well as the quality of the posterior reaction rates predicted using AP and PE state spaces. Finally, we use the newly parameterised PE state spaces and Multistrand simulations to investigate the strong variation of helix hybridization reaction rates in a dataset of Hata et al. While we find strong evidence for the nucleation-zippering model of hybridization, in the classical sense that the rate-limiting phase is composed of elementary steps reaching a small “nucleus” of critical stability, the strongly sequence-dependent structure of the trajectory ensemble up to nucleation appears to be much richer than assumed in the model by Hata et al. In particular, rather than being dominated by the collision probability of nucleation sites, the trajectory segment between first binding and nucleation tends to visit numerous secondary structures involving misnucleation and hairpins, and has a sizeable effect on the probability of overcoming the nucleation barrier.
核酸链通过形成和破坏沃森-克里克碱基对来进行反应,可以设计成复杂的纳米级结构或设备。控制这样的系统需要准确预测反应速率和相互作用链的折叠路径。Multistrand等模拟器使用连续时间马尔可夫链(ctmc)来模拟这些动力学性质,ctmc的状态和转变分别对应于二级结构和基本碱基对的变化。CTMC的瞬态动力学是由一个动力学模型决定的,该模型将跃迁速率分配给状态对,反应速率可以用其CTMC的平均首次通过时间(MFPT)来估计。然而,Multistrand的使用受到其运行速度慢的限制,特别是在罕见事件中,并且其速率预测的质量受到校准不良和过于简单的动力学模型的影响。前一种限制可以通过构建截断的ctmc来解决,这些ctmc只包括一小部分状态和转换,可以手动选择或通过模拟选择。作为解决后一个限制的第一步,在早期的工作中,使用一个小型的DNA反应速率实验数据集和一组固定的人工截断的ctmc(我们称之为假设路径(AP)状态空间),对arrhenius型动力学模型进行了贝叶斯后验推理。在这项工作中,我们扩展了这一方法,引入了一个新的先验模型,该模型直接由参数的物理意义驱动,与基本速率的实验测量相兼容,并使用了1105个反应的更大数据集以及从最近引入的随机路径细化(PE)方法获得的更大截断状态空间。我们通过动力学参数评估后验分布的质量,以及使用AP和PE状态空间预测后验反应速率的质量。最后,我们使用新的参数化PE状态空间和多链模拟来研究Hata等人的数据集中螺旋杂交反应速率的强烈变化。虽然我们发现了杂化成核-压缩模型的有力证据,在经典意义上,限速相由达到临界稳定性的小“核”的基本步骤组成,但直到成核的轨迹集合的强烈序列依赖结构似乎比Hata等人在模型中假设的要丰富得多。特别是,第一次结合和成核之间的轨迹段不是由成核位点的碰撞概率所主导,而是倾向于访问许多涉及错核和发夹的二级结构,并且对克服成核屏障的概率有相当大的影响。
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引用次数: 1
Minimum Free Energy, Partition Function and Kinetics Simulation Algorithms for a Multistranded Scaffolded DNA Computer 多链支架DNA计算机的最小自由能、配分函数和动力学模拟算法
IF 4.9 2区 生物学 Q1 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.DNA.29.1
Ahmed Shalaby, Chris Thachuk, Damien Woods
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引用次数: 0
Obituary: Haig Kazazian and Horizontal Transfer (1937 - 2022). 讣告:黑格·卡扎赞和横向转移(1937 - 2022)。
IF 4.9 2区 生物学 Q1 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2022-12-28 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-022-00286-y
Mobile Dna Editorial Board
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引用次数: 0
CAULIFINDER: a pipeline for the automated detection and annotation of caulimovirid endogenous viral elements in plant genomes. CAULIFINDER:用于植物基因组中caulimovirid内源病毒元件的自动检测和注释的管道。
IF 4.9 2区 生物学 Q1 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2022-12-03 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-022-00288-w
Héléna Vassilieff, Sana Haddad, Véronique Jamilloux, Nathalie Choisne, Vikas Sharma, Delphine Giraud, Mariène Wan, Saad Serfraz, Andrew D W Geering, Pierre-Yves Teycheney, Florian Maumus

Plant, animal and protist genomes often contain endogenous viral elements (EVEs), which correspond to partial and sometimes entire viral genomes that have been captured in the genome of their host organism through a variety of integration mechanisms. While the number of sequenced eukaryotic genomes is rapidly increasing, the annotation and characterization of EVEs remains largely overlooked. EVEs that derive from members of the family Caulimoviridae are widespread across tracheophyte plants, and sometimes they occur in very high copy numbers. However, existing programs for annotating repetitive DNA elements in plant genomes are poor at identifying and then classifying these EVEs. Other than accurately annotating plant genomes, there is intrinsic value in a tool that could identify caulimovirid EVEs as they testify to recent or ancient host-virus interactions and provide valuable insights into virus evolution. In response to this research need, we have developed CAULIFINDER, an automated and sensitive annotation software package. CAULIFINDER consists of two complementary workflows, one to reconstruct, annotate and group caulimovirid EVEs in a given plant genome and the second to classify these genetic elements into officially recognized or tentative genera in the Caulimoviridae. We have benchmarked the CAULIFINDER package using the Vitis vinifera reference genome, which contains a rich assortment of caulimovirid EVEs that have previously been characterized using manual methods. The CAULIFINDER package is distributed in the form of a Docker image.

植物、动物和原生生物基因组通常含有内源性病毒元件(EVEs),这些内源性病毒元件对应于通过各种整合机制在宿主基因组中捕获的部分甚至整个病毒基因组。虽然测序的真核生物基因组数量正在迅速增加,但EVEs的注释和表征在很大程度上仍然被忽视。来源于Caulimoviridae家族成员的eve广泛存在于气管植物中,有时它们的拷贝数非常高。然而,现有的用于植物基因组中重复DNA元素注释的程序在识别和分类这些eve方面很差。除了准确地注释植物基因组外,这种工具具有内在价值,因为它们可以证明最近或古老的宿主-病毒相互作用,并为病毒进化提供有价值的见解。为了应对这一研究需求,我们开发了CAULIFINDER,一个自动化和敏感的注释软件包。CAULIFINDER包括两个互补的工作流程,一个是在给定的植物基因组中重建、注释和分组caulimovirid eve,第二个是将这些遗传元件分类为正式认可的或初步确定的Caulimoviridae属。我们使用葡萄参考基因组对CAULIFINDER包进行了基准测试,该基因组包含丰富的caulimovirid EVEs,这些EVEs以前已使用手动方法进行了表征。CAULIFINDER包以Docker镜像的形式分发。
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引用次数: 1
Generalized nuclear localization of retroelement transcripts. 逆转录元件转录物的广义核定位。
IF 4.9 2区 生物学 Q1 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2022-12-02 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-022-00287-x
Simanti Das, Amanda E Jones, John M Abrams

Background: LINE-1s, Alus and SVAs are the only retrotransposition competent elements in humans. Their mobilization followed by insertional mutagenesis is often linked to disease. Apart from these rare integration events, accumulation of retrotransposition intermediates in the cytoplasm is potentially pathogenic due to induction of inflammatory response pathways. Although the retrotransposition of LINE-1 and Alu retroelements has been studied in considerable detail, there are mixed observations about the localization of their RNAs.

Results: We undertook a comprehensive and unbiased approach to analyze retroelement RNA localization using common cell lines and publicly available datasets containing RNA-sequencing data from subcellular fractions. Using our customized analytic pipeline, we compared localization patterns of RNAs transcribed from retroelements and single-copy protein coding genes. Our results demonstrate a generalized characteristic pattern of retroelement RNA nuclear localization that is conserved across retroelement classes as well as evolutionarily young and ancient elements. Preferential nuclear enrichment of retroelement transcripts was consistently observed in cell lines, in vivo and across species. Moreover, retroelement RNA localization patterns were dynamic and subject to change during development, as seen in zebrafish embryos.

Conclusion: The pronounced nuclear localization of transcripts arising from ancient as well as de novo transcribed retroelements suggests that these transcripts are retained in the nucleus as opposed to being re-imported to the nucleus or degraded in the cytoplasm. This raises the possibility that there is adaptive value associated with this localization pattern to the host, the retroelements or possibly both.

背景:LINE-1s、Alus和SVAs是人类唯一具有逆转录转座能力的元件。它们的动员和插入突变通常与疾病有关。除了这些罕见的整合事件外,由于炎症反应途径的诱导,逆转录转座中间体在细胞质中的积累具有潜在的致病性。尽管已经对LINE-1和Alu逆转录元件的逆转录转座进行了相当详细的研究,但对其RNA的定位仍有不同的观察结果。结果:我们采用了一种全面而公正的方法来分析逆转录元件的RNA定位,使用了常见的细胞系和包含亚细胞组分RNA测序数据的公开数据集。使用我们定制的分析管道,我们比较了逆转录元件和单拷贝蛋白质编码基因转录的RNA的定位模式。我们的结果证明了逆转录元件RNA核定位的普遍特征模式,该模式在逆转录元件类别以及进化上年轻和古老的元件中是保守的。在细胞系、体内和跨物种中一致观察到逆转录元件转录物的优先核富集。此外,逆转录元件RNA定位模式是动态的,在发育过程中会发生变化,如斑马鱼胚胎中所见。结论:来自古老和从头转录的逆转录元件的转录物的明显的核定位表明,这些转录物保留在细胞核中,而不是重新输入细胞核或在细胞质中降解。这增加了一种可能性,即存在与这种定位模式相关的对宿主、逆转录病毒或两者的适应性值。
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引用次数: 0
T3E: a tool for characterising the epigenetic profile of transposable elements using ChIP-seq data. T3E:利用 ChIP-seq 数据描述转座元件表观遗传特征的工具。
IF 4.9 2区 生物学 Q1 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2022-11-30 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-022-00285-z
Michelle Almeida da Paz, Leila Taher

Background: Despite the advent of Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing (ChIP-seq) having revolutionised our understanding of the mammalian genome's regulatory landscape, many challenges remain. In particular, because of their repetitive nature, the sequencing reads derived from transposable elements (TEs) pose a real bioinformatics challenge, to the point that standard analysis pipelines typically ignore reads whose genomic origin cannot be unambiguously ascertained.

Results: We show that discarding ambiguously mapping reads may lead to a systematic underestimation of the number of reads associated with young TE families/subfamilies. We also provide evidence suggesting that the strategy of randomly permuting the location of the read mappings (or the TEs) that is often used to compute the background for enrichment calculations at TE families/subfamilies can result in both false positive and negative enrichments. To address these problems, we present the Transposable Element Enrichment Estimator (T3E), a tool that makes use of ChIP-seq data to characterise the epigenetic profile of associated TE families/subfamilies. T3E weights the number of read mappings assigned to the individual TE copies of a family/subfamily by the overall number of genomic loci to which the corresponding reads map, and this is done at the single nucleotide level. In addition, T3E computes ChIP-seq enrichment relative to a background estimated based on the distribution of the read mappings in the input control DNA. We demonstrated the capabilities of T3E on 23 different ChIP-seq libraries. T3E identified enrichments that were consistent with previous studies. Furthermore, T3E detected context-specific enrichments that are likely to pinpoint unexplored TE families/subfamilies with individual TE copies that have been frequently exapted as cis-regulatory elements during the evolution of mammalian regulatory networks.

Conclusions: T3E is a novel open-source computational tool (available for use at: https://github.com/michelleapaz/T3E ) that overcomes some of the pitfalls associated with the analysis of ChIP-seq data arising from the repetitive mammalian genome and provides a framework to shed light on the epigenetics of entire TE families/subfamilies.

背景:尽管染色质免疫沉淀测序(ChIP-seq)的出现彻底改变了我们对哺乳动物基因组调控格局的认识,但仍然存在许多挑战。特别是来自转座元件(TEs)的测序读数,由于其重复性,给生物信息学带来了真正的挑战,以至于标准分析管道通常会忽略其基因组来源无法明确确定的读数:结果:我们发现,忽略不明确的映射读数可能会导致系统性低估与年轻 TE 族/亚族相关的读数数量。我们还提供证据表明,通常用于计算TE家族/亚家族富集计算背景的随机排列读数映射(或TE)位置的策略可能会导致假阳性和假阴性富集。为了解决这些问题,我们提出了可转座元件富集估算器(T3E),这是一种利用 ChIP-seq 数据描述相关 TE 家系/亚家族表观遗传特征的工具。T3E 通过相应读数映射到的基因组位点总数,对分配给一个族/亚族的单个 TE 拷贝的读数映射数进行加权,这是在单核苷酸水平上完成的。此外,T3E 还能根据输入对照 DNA 中读数映射的分布情况,计算相对于背景估计值的 ChIP-seq 富集度。我们在 23 个不同的 ChIP-seq 文库上演示了 T3E 的功能。T3E 发现的富集与之前的研究一致。此外,T3E还检测到了上下文特异性富集,这些富集很可能是为了确定在哺乳动物调控网络进化过程中经常作为顺式调控元件外显的具有单个TE拷贝的未探索TE家族/亚家族:T3E 是一种新颖的开源计算工具(可在 https://github.com/michelleapaz/T3E 上使用),它克服了与分析重复哺乳动物基因组 ChIP-seq 数据相关的一些缺陷,并为揭示整个 TE 家族/亚家族的表观遗传学提供了一个框架。
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引用次数: 0
Recurrent co-domestication of PIF/Harbinger transposable element proteins in insects. 昆虫PIF/Harbinger转座因子蛋白的反复共驯化。
IF 4.9 2区 生物学 Q1 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2022-11-30 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-022-00282-2
Dragomira N Markova, Fatema B Ruma, Claudio Casola, Ayda Mirsalehi, Esther Betrán

Background: Transposable elements (TEs) are selfish DNA sequences capable of moving and amplifying at the expense of host cells. Despite this, an increasing number of studies have revealed that TE proteins are important contributors to the emergence of novel host proteins through molecular domestication. We previously described seven transposase-derived domesticated genes from the PIF/Harbinger DNA family of TEs in Drosophila and a co-domestication. All PIF TEs known in plants and animals distinguish themselves from other DNA transposons by the presence of two genes. We hypothesize that there should often be co-domestications of the two genes from the same TE because the transposase (gene 1) has been described to be translocated to the nucleus by the MADF protein (gene 2). To provide support for this model of new gene origination, we investigated available insect species genomes for additional evidence of PIF TE domestication events and explored the co-domestication of the MADF protein from the same TE insertion.

Results: After the extensive insect species genomes exploration of hits to PIF transposases and analyses of their context and evolution, we present evidence of at least six independent PIF transposable elements proteins domestication events in insects: two co-domestications of both transposase and MADF proteins in Anopheles (Diptera), one transposase-only domestication event and one co-domestication in butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera), and two transposases-only domestication events in cockroaches (Blattodea). The predicted nuclear localization signals for many of those proteins and dicistronic transcription in some instances support the functional associations of co-domesticated transposase and MADF proteins.

Conclusions: Our results add to a co-domestication that we previously described in fruit fly genomes and support that new gene origination through domestication of a PIF transposase is frequently accompanied by the co-domestication of a cognate MADF protein in insects, potentially for regulatory functions. We propose a detailed model that predicts that PIF TE protein co-domestication should often occur from the same PIF TE insertion.

背景:转座因子(te)是一种自私的DNA序列,能够以牺牲宿主细胞为代价移动和扩增。尽管如此,越来越多的研究表明,TE蛋白是通过分子驯化产生新的宿主蛋白的重要贡献者。我们之前在果蝇中描述了来自TEs的PIF/Harbinger DNA家族的7个转座酶衍生的驯化基因和共同驯化。所有已知的植物和动物中的PIF te都是通过两个基因的存在将自己与其他DNA转座子区分开来的。我们假设,由于转座酶(基因1)被MADF蛋白(基因2)易位到细胞核中,因此来自同一TE的两个基因应该经常共同驯化。为了支持这一新基因起源模型,我们研究了现有的昆虫物种基因组,以寻找PIF TE驯化事件的额外证据,并探索了来自同一TE插入的MADF蛋白的共同驯化。结果:在广泛的昆虫物种基因组探索了PIF转座的撞击并分析了它们的背景和进化之后,我们提出了至少六个独立的PIF转座元件蛋白在昆虫中的驯化事件的证据:在按蚊(双翅目)中发生了两次转座酶和MADF蛋白的共驯化事件,在蝴蝶和飞蛾(鳞翅目)中发生了一次单转座酶驯化事件和一次共驯化事件,在蟑螂(斑总目)中发生了两次单转座酶驯化事件。许多这些蛋白的预测核定位信号和在某些情况下的双双转录支持共驯化转座酶和MADF蛋白的功能关联。结论:我们的研究结果增加了我们之前在果蝇基因组中描述的共同驯化,并支持通过PIF转座酶的驯化产生的新基因在昆虫中经常伴随着同源MADF蛋白的共同驯化,可能具有调节功能。我们提出了一个详细的模型,预测PIF - TE蛋白的共驯化应该经常发生在相同的PIF - TE插入中。
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引用次数: 1
Amplification of LTRs of extrachromosomal linear DNAs (ALE-seq) identifies two active Oryco LTR retrotransposons in the rice cultivar Dongjin 染色体外线性dna LTRs扩增(ALE-seq)鉴定了两个活性Oryco LTR反转录转座子
IF 4.9 2区 生物学 Q1 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2022-06-13 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-022-00274-2
Koo, Hyunjin, Kim, Soomin, Park, Hyun-Seung, Lee, Sang-Ji, Paek, Nam-Chon, Cho, Jungnam, Yang, Tae-Jin
Long terminal repeat retrotransposons (LTR-RTs) make up a considerable portion of plant genomes. New insertions of these active LTR-RTs modify gene structures and functions and play an important role in genome evolution. Therefore, identifying active forms of LTR-RTs could uncover the effects of these elements in plants. Extrachromosomal linear DNA (eclDNA) forms during LTR-RT replication; therefore, amplification LTRs of eclDNAs followed by sequencing (ALE-seq) uncover the current transpositional potential of the LTR-RTs. The ALE-seq protocol was validated by identification of Tos17 in callus of Nipponbare cultivar. Here, we identified two active LTR-RTs belonging to the Oryco family on chromosomes 6 and 9 in rice cultivar Dongjin callus based on the ALE-seq technology. Each Oryco family member has paired LTRs with identical sequences and internal domain regions. Comparison of the two LTR-RTs revealed 97% sequence identity in their internal domains and 65% sequence identity in their LTRs. These two putatively active Oryco LTR-RT family members could be used to expand our knowledge of retrotransposition mechanisms and the effects of LTR-RTs on the rice genome.
长末端重复反转录转座子(LTR-RTs)在植物基因组中占相当大的比例。这些活性LTR-RTs的新插入修饰了基因结构和功能,并在基因组进化中发挥重要作用。因此,鉴定活性形式的LTR-RTs可以揭示这些元素在植物中的作用。染色体外线性DNA (eclDNA)在LTR-RT复制过程中形成;因此,扩增eclnas的ltr并进行测序(ALE-seq)可以揭示LTR-RTs当前的转位潜力。通过对日本品种愈伤组织中Tos17的鉴定,验证了ALE-seq方法的有效性。本研究利用ALE-seq技术,在水稻品种东津愈伤组织的6号和9号染色体上鉴定了两个Oryco家族的活性LTR-RTs。每个Oryco家族成员都有具有相同序列和内部结构域的配对ltr。两个LTR-RTs的比较显示,其内部结构域的序列一致性为97%,ltr的序列一致性为65%。这两个推测活跃的Oryco LTR-RT家族成员可以用来扩展我们对水稻基因组逆转录转位机制和LTR-RT影响的认识。
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引用次数: 0
Correction: Characterization of transposable elements within the Bemisia tabaci species complex 更正:烟粉虱物种复合体中转座元件的特征
IF 4.9 2区 生物学 Q1 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2022-06-08 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-022-00273-3
Juan Paolo A. Sicat, Paul Visendi, Steven O. Sewe, S. Bouvaine, S. Seal
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引用次数: 0
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Mobile DNA
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