Pub Date : 2025-08-13DOI: 10.1038/s41574-025-01167-z
Ruth T. Casey, Emile Hendriks, Cheri Deal, Steven G. Waguespack, Verena Wiegering, Antje Redlich, Scott Akker, Rathi Prasad, Martin Fassnacht, Roderick Clifton-Bligh, Laurence Amar, Stefan Bornstein, Letizia Canu, Evangelia Charmandari, Alexandra Chrisoulidou, Maria Currás Freixes, Ronald de Krijger, Luisa de Sanctis, Antonio Fojo, Amol J. Ghia, Angela Huebner, Vasilis Kosmoliaptsis, Michaela Kuhlen, Marco Raffaelli, Charlotte Lussey-Lepoutre, Stephen D. Marks, Naris Nilubol, Mirko Parasiliti-Caprino, Henri H.J.L.M. Timmers, Anna Lena Zietlow, Mercedes Robledo, Anne-Paule Gimenez-Roqueplo, Ashley B. Grossman, David Taïeb, Eamonn R. Maher, Jacques W. M. Lenders, Graeme Eisenhofer, Camilo Jimenez, Karel Pacak, Christina Pamporaki
{"title":"Author Correction: International consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma in children and adolescents","authors":"Ruth T. Casey, Emile Hendriks, Cheri Deal, Steven G. Waguespack, Verena Wiegering, Antje Redlich, Scott Akker, Rathi Prasad, Martin Fassnacht, Roderick Clifton-Bligh, Laurence Amar, Stefan Bornstein, Letizia Canu, Evangelia Charmandari, Alexandra Chrisoulidou, Maria Currás Freixes, Ronald de Krijger, Luisa de Sanctis, Antonio Fojo, Amol J. Ghia, Angela Huebner, Vasilis Kosmoliaptsis, Michaela Kuhlen, Marco Raffaelli, Charlotte Lussey-Lepoutre, Stephen D. Marks, Naris Nilubol, Mirko Parasiliti-Caprino, Henri H.J.L.M. Timmers, Anna Lena Zietlow, Mercedes Robledo, Anne-Paule Gimenez-Roqueplo, Ashley B. Grossman, David Taïeb, Eamonn R. Maher, Jacques W. M. Lenders, Graeme Eisenhofer, Camilo Jimenez, Karel Pacak, Christina Pamporaki","doi":"10.1038/s41574-025-01167-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41574-025-01167-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18916,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Endocrinology","volume":"21 10","pages":"656-656"},"PeriodicalIF":40.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41574-025-01167-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144825459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-13DOI: 10.1038/s41574-025-01148-2
Shlomo Melmed, Luigi di Filippo, Maria Fleseriu, Moisés Mercado, Niki Karavitaki, Mark Gurnell, Roberto Salvatori, Stylianos Tsagarakis, Marco Losa, Pietro Maffei, Alberto M. Pereira, Eliza B. Geer, Laurence Katznelson, Aart Jan van der Lely, Jens Bollerslev, Daniela Esposito, Susan M. Webb, Maria Chiara Zatelli, Elena Valassi, Sebastian Neggers, Philippe Chanson, Ken K. Y. Ho, Adriana G. Ioachimescu, Beverly M. K. Biller, Susan L. Samson, Ursula B. Kaiser, Katharina Schilbach, Raúl M. Luque, Felipe F. Casanueva, Ilan Shimon, Cesar L. Boguszewski, Nienke Biermasz, Annamaria Colao, Rosa Pirchio, Steven W. J. Lamberts, Pinar Kadioglu, Michael Buchfelder, Stefano Frara, Sabrina Chiloiro, Stephan Petersenn, Monica R. Gadelha, Manel Puig-Domingo, Anton Luger, Thierry Brue, Albert Beckers, Diego Ferone, David R. Clemmons, Yona Greenman, Mónica Marazuela, Pietro Mortini, Christian J. Strasburger, Andrea Giustina
The 15th Acromegaly Consensus Conference in September 2023 updated recommendations on therapeutic outcomes for acromegaly. Since the publication of medical management guidelines in 2018, new pharmacological agents and new treatment approaches have been developed. Fifty-two experts in the management of acromegaly reviewed the current literature and assessed changes in drug approvals, clinical practice standards and management. Current outcome goals were considered, with a focus on the effect of current and emerging somatostatin receptor ligands, the growth hormone receptor antagonist pegvisomant and the dopamine agonist cabergoline on biochemical control, clinical control, adenoma mass and surgical outcomes. Participants assessed factors that determine pharmacological choices, as well as the proposed use of each agent. Here, we present consensus recommendations highlighting how an evidence-based acromegaly management algorithm could be optimized in clinical practice. In this Consensus Statement, an international group of experts provide updated recommendations on the treatment of acromegaly, including discussion of treatment outcomes.
{"title":"Consensus on acromegaly therapeutic outcomes: an update","authors":"Shlomo Melmed, Luigi di Filippo, Maria Fleseriu, Moisés Mercado, Niki Karavitaki, Mark Gurnell, Roberto Salvatori, Stylianos Tsagarakis, Marco Losa, Pietro Maffei, Alberto M. Pereira, Eliza B. Geer, Laurence Katznelson, Aart Jan van der Lely, Jens Bollerslev, Daniela Esposito, Susan M. Webb, Maria Chiara Zatelli, Elena Valassi, Sebastian Neggers, Philippe Chanson, Ken K. Y. Ho, Adriana G. Ioachimescu, Beverly M. K. Biller, Susan L. Samson, Ursula B. Kaiser, Katharina Schilbach, Raúl M. Luque, Felipe F. Casanueva, Ilan Shimon, Cesar L. Boguszewski, Nienke Biermasz, Annamaria Colao, Rosa Pirchio, Steven W. J. Lamberts, Pinar Kadioglu, Michael Buchfelder, Stefano Frara, Sabrina Chiloiro, Stephan Petersenn, Monica R. Gadelha, Manel Puig-Domingo, Anton Luger, Thierry Brue, Albert Beckers, Diego Ferone, David R. Clemmons, Yona Greenman, Mónica Marazuela, Pietro Mortini, Christian J. Strasburger, Andrea Giustina","doi":"10.1038/s41574-025-01148-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41574-025-01148-2","url":null,"abstract":"The 15th Acromegaly Consensus Conference in September 2023 updated recommendations on therapeutic outcomes for acromegaly. Since the publication of medical management guidelines in 2018, new pharmacological agents and new treatment approaches have been developed. Fifty-two experts in the management of acromegaly reviewed the current literature and assessed changes in drug approvals, clinical practice standards and management. Current outcome goals were considered, with a focus on the effect of current and emerging somatostatin receptor ligands, the growth hormone receptor antagonist pegvisomant and the dopamine agonist cabergoline on biochemical control, clinical control, adenoma mass and surgical outcomes. Participants assessed factors that determine pharmacological choices, as well as the proposed use of each agent. Here, we present consensus recommendations highlighting how an evidence-based acromegaly management algorithm could be optimized in clinical practice. In this Consensus Statement, an international group of experts provide updated recommendations on the treatment of acromegaly, including discussion of treatment outcomes.","PeriodicalId":18916,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Endocrinology","volume":"21 11","pages":"718-737"},"PeriodicalIF":40.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41574-025-01148-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144825460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-08DOI: 10.1038/s41574-025-01159-z
Mengxi Du, David A. Drew, Marcus D. Goncalves, Yin Cao, Andrew T. Chan
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies and the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Early-onset CRC (EOCRC), diagnosed in adults under the age of 50 years, has emerged as a pressing public health concern owing to its alarming rise in incidence since the 1990s. This trend, observed in the USA and at least eight other high-income countries, starkly contrasts with the declining incidence rates of late-onset CRC (age 50 years and above), largely attributed to early disease detection and lifestyle changes. Concurrent with the rising number of cases of EOCRC, the burden of metabolic diseases, particularly obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), has surged among young populations. Despite well-documented links between metabolic dysfunction and late-onset CRC, understanding the precise role of obesity and T2DM in the pathogenesis of EOCRC remains in its infancy. This narrative Review synthesizes evidence on the relationship of obesity and T2DM with EOCRC, focusing on pathophysiological mechanisms and the mediating roles of diet and lifestyle factors. It also discusses potential clinical and public health strategies to address obesity and T2DM for EOCRC prevention, highlighting knowledge gaps and future research directions. Cases of early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC) have risen alarmingly since the 1990s, alongside a surge in metabolic diseases, particularly obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), among young populations. This Review synthesizes evidence regarding the association of obesity and T2DM with EOCRC.
{"title":"Early-onset colorectal cancer as an emerging disease of metabolic dysregulation","authors":"Mengxi Du, David A. Drew, Marcus D. Goncalves, Yin Cao, Andrew T. Chan","doi":"10.1038/s41574-025-01159-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41574-025-01159-z","url":null,"abstract":"Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies and the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Early-onset CRC (EOCRC), diagnosed in adults under the age of 50 years, has emerged as a pressing public health concern owing to its alarming rise in incidence since the 1990s. This trend, observed in the USA and at least eight other high-income countries, starkly contrasts with the declining incidence rates of late-onset CRC (age 50 years and above), largely attributed to early disease detection and lifestyle changes. Concurrent with the rising number of cases of EOCRC, the burden of metabolic diseases, particularly obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), has surged among young populations. Despite well-documented links between metabolic dysfunction and late-onset CRC, understanding the precise role of obesity and T2DM in the pathogenesis of EOCRC remains in its infancy. This narrative Review synthesizes evidence on the relationship of obesity and T2DM with EOCRC, focusing on pathophysiological mechanisms and the mediating roles of diet and lifestyle factors. It also discusses potential clinical and public health strategies to address obesity and T2DM for EOCRC prevention, highlighting knowledge gaps and future research directions. Cases of early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC) have risen alarmingly since the 1990s, alongside a surge in metabolic diseases, particularly obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), among young populations. This Review synthesizes evidence regarding the association of obesity and T2DM with EOCRC.","PeriodicalId":18916,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Endocrinology","volume":"21 11","pages":"686-702"},"PeriodicalIF":40.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144797101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-08DOI: 10.1038/s41574-025-01166-0
Mickael Tordjman, Zahi A. Fayad, Tammie L. S. Benzinger, Maria G. Trivieri, Meena Bansal, Reshmi Srinath, Bachir Taouli
Imaging has a growing role in the evaluation of obesity-related disorders and the effects of weight loss, especially given the increasing use of glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists. New imaging biomarkers are emerging. Artificial intelligence applications for automated quantification of body composition underline future capabilities of whole-body MRI to comprehensively assess patients with obesity.
{"title":"Imaging in patients with obesity: challenges, applications and future directions","authors":"Mickael Tordjman, Zahi A. Fayad, Tammie L. S. Benzinger, Maria G. Trivieri, Meena Bansal, Reshmi Srinath, Bachir Taouli","doi":"10.1038/s41574-025-01166-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41574-025-01166-0","url":null,"abstract":"Imaging has a growing role in the evaluation of obesity-related disorders and the effects of weight loss, especially given the increasing use of glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists. New imaging biomarkers are emerging. Artificial intelligence applications for automated quantification of body composition underline future capabilities of whole-body MRI to comprehensively assess patients with obesity.","PeriodicalId":18916,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Endocrinology","volume":"21 10","pages":"588-590"},"PeriodicalIF":40.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144797098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-07DOI: 10.1038/s41574-025-01163-3
Olivia Tysoe
{"title":"Adipose tissue thermogenesis is not proportional to temperature","authors":"Olivia Tysoe","doi":"10.1038/s41574-025-01163-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41574-025-01163-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18916,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Endocrinology","volume":"21 10","pages":"591-591"},"PeriodicalIF":40.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144796709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-07DOI: 10.1038/s41574-025-01165-1
Andrew McMaster, David W. Ray
{"title":"Author Correction: Drug Insight: selective agonists and antagonists of the glucocorticoid receptor","authors":"Andrew McMaster, David W. Ray","doi":"10.1038/s41574-025-01165-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41574-025-01165-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18916,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Endocrinology","volume":"21 10","pages":"656-656"},"PeriodicalIF":40.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41574-025-01165-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144797097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-04DOI: 10.1038/s41574-025-01157-1
Thaer Idrees, Iris Castro-Revoredo, Ketan K. Dhatariya, Lucas Hernandez, Guillermo E. Umpierrez
Diabetes mellitus, which affects over 537 million people worldwide, considerably increases the risk of emergency room visits and admissions to hospital. Inpatient hyperglycaemia in patients with or without diabetes mellitus is associated with higher rates of complications, extended hospital stays and increased mortality when compared with patients with normoglycaemia. The American Diabetes Association recommends a target range of 5.6–10.0 mmol/l (100–180 mg/dl) for levels of glucose in the blood of patients in intensive care units (ICUs), as well as in general medicine and surgery. Insulin therapy remains the cornerstone of managing inpatient hyperglycaemia, with intravenous insulin preferred in ICU and basal–bolus regimens favoured in non-ICU settings. While bedside capillary blood glucose monitoring is standard for adjusting insulin doses, continuous glucose monitoring provides a more comprehensive glycaemic assessment and enhances the prevention of hypoglycaemia in high-risk hospitalized patients. This Review outlines the latest evidence in managing diabetes mellitus and hyperglycaemia within hospitals. Inpatient hyperglycaemia is found in the settings of known diabetes mellitus, previously undiagnosed diabetes mellitus and stress hyperglycaemia, and is associated with poor outcomes. Current approaches to managing inpatient hyperglycaemia and diabetes mellitus are outlined in this Review.
{"title":"Advances in the management of hyperglycaemia and diabetes mellitus during hospitalization","authors":"Thaer Idrees, Iris Castro-Revoredo, Ketan K. Dhatariya, Lucas Hernandez, Guillermo E. Umpierrez","doi":"10.1038/s41574-025-01157-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41574-025-01157-1","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes mellitus, which affects over 537 million people worldwide, considerably increases the risk of emergency room visits and admissions to hospital. Inpatient hyperglycaemia in patients with or without diabetes mellitus is associated with higher rates of complications, extended hospital stays and increased mortality when compared with patients with normoglycaemia. The American Diabetes Association recommends a target range of 5.6–10.0 mmol/l (100–180 mg/dl) for levels of glucose in the blood of patients in intensive care units (ICUs), as well as in general medicine and surgery. Insulin therapy remains the cornerstone of managing inpatient hyperglycaemia, with intravenous insulin preferred in ICU and basal–bolus regimens favoured in non-ICU settings. While bedside capillary blood glucose monitoring is standard for adjusting insulin doses, continuous glucose monitoring provides a more comprehensive glycaemic assessment and enhances the prevention of hypoglycaemia in high-risk hospitalized patients. This Review outlines the latest evidence in managing diabetes mellitus and hyperglycaemia within hospitals. Inpatient hyperglycaemia is found in the settings of known diabetes mellitus, previously undiagnosed diabetes mellitus and stress hyperglycaemia, and is associated with poor outcomes. Current approaches to managing inpatient hyperglycaemia and diabetes mellitus are outlined in this Review.","PeriodicalId":18916,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Endocrinology","volume":"21 12","pages":"757-768"},"PeriodicalIF":40.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41574-025-01157-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144777757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-28DOI: 10.1038/s41574-025-01160-6
Fabian Sanchis-Gomar, Ian J. Neeland, Carl J. Lavie
Rapid weight loss with GLP1 receptor agonists can come at the cost of skeletal muscle, potentially undermining metabolic and functional outcomes. This Comment highlights emerging evidence and advocates for clinical strategies that prioritize muscle preservation to ensure the long-term success and safety of pharmacological weight management.
{"title":"Balancing weight and muscle loss in GLP1 receptor agonist therapy","authors":"Fabian Sanchis-Gomar, Ian J. Neeland, Carl J. Lavie","doi":"10.1038/s41574-025-01160-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41574-025-01160-6","url":null,"abstract":"Rapid weight loss with GLP1 receptor agonists can come at the cost of skeletal muscle, potentially undermining metabolic and functional outcomes. This Comment highlights emerging evidence and advocates for clinical strategies that prioritize muscle preservation to ensure the long-term success and safety of pharmacological weight management.","PeriodicalId":18916,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Endocrinology","volume":"21 10","pages":"584-585"},"PeriodicalIF":40.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144715298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-24DOI: 10.1038/s41574-025-01149-1
Rodrigo Fernández-Verdejo, Eric Ravussin, Jose E. Galgani
Maintaining a ‘healthy’ body weight is crucial for survival and involves a partially understood regulatory system that adjusts energy intake and energy output (expenditure and losses) for that purpose. Several models of body weight regulation exist, but experiments testing their validity are lacking. This Review elaborates on how to test the validity of body weight regulation models in humans. We begin by highlighting the interaction between the obesogenic environment and the individual’s biological sensitivity to such environment, which triggers obesity in many, but not all, individuals. We discuss the identity of the regulated parameter(s), often considered to be body weight or body adiposity. We then focus on two models: set point and dual-intervention point. Under the set point model, obesity results from a malfunction of the system (leptin resistance) for preventing weight increases above the defended value. Under the dual-intervention point model, obesity occurs because the system tolerates a wide range of weights in some individuals. This key difference predicts different compensatory responses to energy balance perturbations in individuals according to their weight status, thus becoming instrumental in testing the validity of the models. Finally, we discuss the design of proof-of-concept experiments to advance the understanding of body weight regulation in humans. The body maintains its weight at a stable level by adjusting energy intake and output, but the system underpinning this weight regulation is not fully understood. This Review discusses models of body weight regulation and considers possible experimental scenarios to test which model is valid.
{"title":"Body weight regulation models in humans: insights for testing their validity","authors":"Rodrigo Fernández-Verdejo, Eric Ravussin, Jose E. Galgani","doi":"10.1038/s41574-025-01149-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41574-025-01149-1","url":null,"abstract":"Maintaining a ‘healthy’ body weight is crucial for survival and involves a partially understood regulatory system that adjusts energy intake and energy output (expenditure and losses) for that purpose. Several models of body weight regulation exist, but experiments testing their validity are lacking. This Review elaborates on how to test the validity of body weight regulation models in humans. We begin by highlighting the interaction between the obesogenic environment and the individual’s biological sensitivity to such environment, which triggers obesity in many, but not all, individuals. We discuss the identity of the regulated parameter(s), often considered to be body weight or body adiposity. We then focus on two models: set point and dual-intervention point. Under the set point model, obesity results from a malfunction of the system (leptin resistance) for preventing weight increases above the defended value. Under the dual-intervention point model, obesity occurs because the system tolerates a wide range of weights in some individuals. This key difference predicts different compensatory responses to energy balance perturbations in individuals according to their weight status, thus becoming instrumental in testing the validity of the models. Finally, we discuss the design of proof-of-concept experiments to advance the understanding of body weight regulation in humans. The body maintains its weight at a stable level by adjusting energy intake and output, but the system underpinning this weight regulation is not fully understood. This Review discusses models of body weight regulation and considers possible experimental scenarios to test which model is valid.","PeriodicalId":18916,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Endocrinology","volume":"21 11","pages":"703-717"},"PeriodicalIF":40.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144694061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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