This paper describes and analyzes the taxation of capital income in Canada, including the corporate income tax and the taxation of dividends and capital gains at the personal level. The paper then turns to a discussion of directions for policy reform. The perspective is that of a small open economy with highly mobile capital. I argue that a rent-based tax at the corporate level coupled with increases in the taxation of dividends and capital gains at the personal level is attractive in terms of the equity-efficiency trade-off.
{"title":"The Taxation of Capital Income in Canada: Analysis and Directions for Reform","authors":"K. Mckenzie","doi":"10.1086/714389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/714389","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes and analyzes the taxation of capital income in Canada, including the corporate income tax and the taxation of dividends and capital gains at the personal level. The paper then turns to a discussion of directions for policy reform. The perspective is that of a small open economy with highly mobile capital. I argue that a rent-based tax at the corporate level coupled with increases in the taxation of dividends and capital gains at the personal level is attractive in terms of the equity-efficiency trade-off.","PeriodicalId":18983,"journal":{"name":"National Tax Journal","volume":"74 1","pages":"529 - 551"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/714389","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46824990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As governments strive to help families with the challenges of working and raising children, understanding the effects of child tax benefits is increasingly relevant. This paper estimates the effects of child benefits on labor earnings and child care spending in Canada by using a novel data set that links 215,598 respondents of two national surveys to tax records and analyzing a 2015 reform that expanded child benefits for families with children aged 0–17. On average, the reform had no effect on earnings. In addition, results suggest that each $1.00 of benefits increases child care spending by $0.25 among married women.
{"title":"Employment, Child Care Spending, and Child Tax Benefits","authors":"Derek Messacar","doi":"10.1086/714387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/714387","url":null,"abstract":"As governments strive to help families with the challenges of working and raising children, understanding the effects of child tax benefits is increasingly relevant. This paper estimates the effects of child benefits on labor earnings and child care spending in Canada by using a novel data set that links 215,598 respondents of two national surveys to tax records and analyzing a 2015 reform that expanded child benefits for families with children aged 0–17. On average, the reform had no effect on earnings. In addition, results suggest that each $1.00 of benefits increases child care spending by $0.25 among married women.","PeriodicalId":18983,"journal":{"name":"National Tax Journal","volume":"74 1","pages":"553 - 575"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/714387","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48955873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper compares policy outcomes under the runoff voting system and the plurality rule by exploiting the assignment of municipalities in Italy to different voting systems based on a population threshold. Mayors, who are the head of the local political power, are elected using a plurality rule in municipalities having fewer than 15,000 residents, while they are elected using a runoff system in municipalities above the threshold. Regression-discontinuity estimates show that municipalities under the runoff system spend 12 percent more than those under the plurality rule and that additional expenditures are not financed via higher taxation.
{"title":"Voting Systems and Fiscal Policy: Evidence from Runoff and Plurality Elections","authors":"Davide Cipullo","doi":"10.1086/714181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/714181","url":null,"abstract":"This paper compares policy outcomes under the runoff voting system and the plurality rule by exploiting the assignment of municipalities in Italy to different voting systems based on a population threshold. Mayors, who are the head of the local political power, are elected using a plurality rule in municipalities having fewer than 15,000 residents, while they are elected using a runoff system in municipalities above the threshold. Regression-discontinuity estimates show that municipalities under the runoff system spend 12 percent more than those under the plurality rule and that additional expenditures are not financed via higher taxation.","PeriodicalId":18983,"journal":{"name":"National Tax Journal","volume":"74 1","pages":"347 - 376"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/714181","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41410127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The President's Award is given by the AMWA President to a member of AMWA who has made distinctive contributions to the association at the chapter or national level. The nominee must have been an AMWA member for 10 years and cannot have served on the Executive Committee. It is my great privilege to present this year’s President’s Award to Dikran Toroser, PhD, CMPP. Dikran will receive the award in October in conjunction with the 2021 Medical Writing & Communication Conference. The Golden Apple Award is presented to a member of AMWA to honor consistent, outstanding workshop leadership. This year’s Golden Apple recipient is Aaron Bernstein, PhD. The Member Awards Committee was impressed with Aaron’s long-term commitment to leading workshops for AMWA and ability to keep his workshops engaging and his material timely and relevant.
{"title":"Award Announcements","authors":"Gail Flores, Elise Eller","doi":"10.1086/714326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/714326","url":null,"abstract":"The President's Award is given by the AMWA President to a member of AMWA who has made distinctive contributions to the association at the chapter or national level. The nominee must have been an AMWA member for 10 years and cannot have served on the Executive Committee. It is my great privilege to present this year’s President’s Award to Dikran Toroser, PhD, CMPP. Dikran will receive the award in October in conjunction with the 2021 Medical Writing & Communication Conference.\u0000The Golden Apple Award is presented to a member of AMWA to honor consistent, outstanding workshop leadership. This year’s Golden Apple recipient is Aaron Bernstein, PhD. The Member Awards Committee was impressed with Aaron’s long-term commitment to leading workshops for AMWA and ability to keep his workshops engaging and his material timely and relevant.","PeriodicalId":18983,"journal":{"name":"National Tax Journal","volume":"74 1","pages":"577 - 584"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/714326","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45442780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Canadian tax system features exceptionally low rates of corporate taxation for small businesses, together with a system of corporate-personal tax integration. While in principle the system delivers low tax rates on active business income while ensuring equity and neutrality, there are substantial opportunities for tax avoidance by high-income professionals. This paper discusses the role of recent tax and regulatory changes in encouraging incorporation by high-income professionals, as well as the implications for the measurement of income inequality using tax data.
{"title":"Small Business Taxation and Income Inequality: The View from Canada","authors":"M. Smart","doi":"10.1086/714369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/714369","url":null,"abstract":"The Canadian tax system features exceptionally low rates of corporate taxation for small businesses, together with a system of corporate-personal tax integration. While in principle the system delivers low tax rates on active business income while ensuring equity and neutrality, there are substantial opportunities for tax avoidance by high-income professionals. This paper discusses the role of recent tax and regulatory changes in encouraging incorporation by high-income professionals, as well as the implications for the measurement of income inequality using tax data.","PeriodicalId":18983,"journal":{"name":"National Tax Journal","volume":"74 1","pages":"493 - 512"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/714369","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45813672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper addresses the distribution of the personal income tax burden in Canada through an empirical analysis of the years 1988–2018, with particular attention to changes within the top 1 percent of tax filers compared with the middle range. The Canadian personal tax system is progressive and satisfies the “Buffett Rule” comparing the average tax rates at the top and the middle, but the US system is more progressive within the top 1 percent. Sensitivity of the results to capital gains income reinforces the relevance of incidence assumptions and consideration of the mechanics and pass-through of personal-corporate tax integration.
{"title":"Average Tax Rates in the Canadian Personal Income Tax","authors":"Kevin S. Milligan","doi":"10.1086/714386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/714386","url":null,"abstract":"This paper addresses the distribution of the personal income tax burden in Canada through an empirical analysis of the years 1988–2018, with particular attention to changes within the top 1 percent of tax filers compared with the middle range. The Canadian personal tax system is progressive and satisfies the “Buffett Rule” comparing the average tax rates at the top and the middle, but the US system is more progressive within the top 1 percent. Sensitivity of the results to capital gains income reinforces the relevance of incidence assumptions and consideration of the mechanics and pass-through of personal-corporate tax integration.","PeriodicalId":18983,"journal":{"name":"National Tax Journal","volume":"74 1","pages":"513 - 527"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/714386","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49316124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hundreds of thousands of homeowners eligible for Florida’s homestead exemption fail to claim it, losing out on significant property tax savings. Large differences exist in take-up percentages across neighborhoods. This paper relates these differences to a wide range of neighborhood descriptors. Take-up rates are lower where incomes are lower and a higher percentage of residents are from minority groups. Take-up rates are also correlated with neighborhood characteristics that may register knowledge of the exemption and transaction costs incurred in applying for the exemption.
{"title":"Property Tax Homestead Exemptions: An Analysis of the Variance in Take-Up Rates Across Neighborhoods","authors":"K. Ihlanfeldt","doi":"10.1086/714168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/714168","url":null,"abstract":"Hundreds of thousands of homeowners eligible for Florida’s homestead exemption fail to claim it, losing out on significant property tax savings. Large differences exist in take-up percentages across neighborhoods. This paper relates these differences to a wide range of neighborhood descriptors. Take-up rates are lower where incomes are lower and a higher percentage of residents are from minority groups. Take-up rates are also correlated with neighborhood characteristics that may register knowledge of the exemption and transaction costs incurred in applying for the exemption.","PeriodicalId":18983,"journal":{"name":"National Tax Journal","volume":"74 1","pages":"405 - 430"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/714168","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41428645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many important questions in the field of public finance can be viewed as problems involving public policies in open economies. This paper draws together, from that perspective, a wide range of topics in public economics, emphasizing the implications of resource mobility for our understanding of the efficiency and distributional impacts of public policies. These topics are relevant for the purposes of policy evaluation, political economy, and the broadest questions of governance and of public sector organization at all levels of government, from the purely local to the global.
{"title":"Open-Economy Public Finance","authors":"D. Wildasin","doi":"10.1086/714388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/714388","url":null,"abstract":"Many important questions in the field of public finance can be viewed as problems involving public policies in open economies. This paper draws together, from that perspective, a wide range of topics in public economics, emphasizing the implications of resource mobility for our understanding of the efficiency and distributional impacts of public policies. These topics are relevant for the purposes of policy evaluation, political economy, and the broadest questions of governance and of public sector organization at all levels of government, from the purely local to the global.","PeriodicalId":18983,"journal":{"name":"National Tax Journal","volume":"74 1","pages":"467 - 490"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/714388","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45801726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Small employers employ significant fractions of the workforce, but their employees typically have very low pension plan participation rates and so are much more likely to be affected by government polices requiring automatic enrollment. We examine the first nationwide policy in the United Kingdom obliging small employers to enroll employees automatically into a pension. Exploiting pseudorandom variation in its introduction, we find automatic enrollment increased pension participation by 44 percentage points, reaching 70 percent — still substantially lower than the 90 percent rate among those working for the largest employers. We discuss evidence for the potential mechanisms that drive this lower participation rate.
{"title":"What Can We Learn About Automatic Enrollment Into Pensions From Small Employers?","authors":"Jonathan Cribb, C. Emmerson","doi":"10.1086/714113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/714113","url":null,"abstract":"Small employers employ significant fractions of the workforce, but their employees typically have very low pension plan participation rates and so are much more likely to be affected by government polices requiring automatic enrollment. We examine the first nationwide policy in the United Kingdom obliging small employers to enroll employees automatically into a pension. Exploiting pseudorandom variation in its introduction, we find automatic enrollment increased pension participation by 44 percentage points, reaching 70 percent — still substantially lower than the 90 percent rate among those working for the largest employers. We discuss evidence for the potential mechanisms that drive this lower participation rate.","PeriodicalId":18983,"journal":{"name":"National Tax Journal","volume":"74 1","pages":"377 - 404"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/714113","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49199274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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