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NMOSD and MOGAD: an evolving disease spectrum NMOSD 和 MOGAD:不断演变的疾病谱
IF 28.2 1区 医学 Q1 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-024-01014-1
Akiyuki Uzawa, Frederike Cosima Oertel, Masahiro Mori, Friedemann Paul, Satoshi Kuwabara
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a relapsing inflammatory disease of the CNS, characterized by the presence of serum aquaporin 4 (AQP4) autoantibodies (AQP4-IgGs) and core clinical manifestations such as optic neuritis, myelitis, and brain or brainstem syndromes. Some people exhibit clinical characteristics of NMOSD but test negative for AQP4-IgG, and a subset of these individuals are now recognized to have serum autoantibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) — a condition termed MOG antibody-associated disease (MOGAD). Therefore, the concept of NMOSD is changing, with a disease spectrum emerging that includes AQP4-IgG-seropositive NMOSD, MOGAD and double-seronegative NMOSD. MOGAD shares features with NMOSD, including optic neuritis and myelitis, but has distinct pathophysiology, clinical profiles, neuroimaging findings (including acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and/or cortical encephalitis) and biomarkers. AQP4-IgG-seronegative NMOSD seems to be a heterogeneous condition and requires further study. MOGAD can manifest as either a monophasic or a relapsing disease, whereas NMOSD is usually relapsing. This Review summarizes the history and current concepts of NMOSD and MOGAD, comparing epidemiology, clinical features, neuroimaging, pathology and immunology. In addition, we discuss new monoclonal antibody therapies for AQP4-IgG-seropositive NMOSD that target complement, B cells or IL-6 receptors, which might be applied to MOGAD in the near future. This Review summarizes the history and current concepts of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), including epidemiology, clinical and neuroimaging features and pathophysiology. It also discusses new molecularly targeted therapies for NMOSD that might be also applied to MOGAD in the future.
神经脊髓炎视网膜(NMO)谱系障碍(NMOSD)是一种中枢神经系统的复发性炎症性疾病,其特征是存在血清水通道蛋白 4(AQP4)自身抗体(AQP4-IgGs)以及视神经炎、脊髓炎、脑或脑干综合征等核心临床表现。有些人表现出 NMOSD 的临床特征,但 AQP4-IgG 检测呈阴性,这些人中有一部分现在被认为具有针对髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白(MOG)的血清自身抗体,这种情况被称为 MOG 抗体相关疾病(MOGAD)。因此,NMOSD 的概念正在发生变化,出现了一种疾病谱,包括 AQP4-IgG 血清阳性 NMOSD、MOGAD 和双酮体阴性 NMOSD。MOGAD 与 NMOSD 具有相同的特征,包括视神经炎和脊髓炎,但其病理生理学、临床特征、神经影像学结果(包括急性播散性脑脊髓炎和/或皮质脑炎)和生物标志物却截然不同。AQP4-IgG-酮阴性 NMOSD 似乎是一种异质性疾病,需要进一步研究。MOGAD 可表现为单相或复发性疾病,而 NMOSD 通常是复发性的。本综述总结了 NMOSD 和 MOGAD 的历史和当前概念,比较了流行病学、临床特征、神经影像学、病理学和免疫学。此外,我们还讨论了针对补体、B 细胞或 IL-6 受体的 AQP4-IgG 血清阳性 NMOSD 的新型单克隆抗体疗法,这些疗法可能在不久的将来应用于 MOGAD。
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引用次数: 0
Adaptive deep brain stimulation shows promise 自适应深部脑刺激技术大有可为
IF 28.2 1区 医学 Q1 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-024-01019-w
Ian Fyfe
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引用次数: 0
Hijacked macrophages sustain glioblastoma cells 被劫持的巨噬细胞可维持胶质母细胞瘤细胞的生长
IF 28.2 1区 医学 Q1 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-024-01018-x
Ian Fyfe
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引用次数: 0
Free DNA activates secondary stroke mechanism 游离 DNA 激活二级中风机制
IF 28.2 1区 医学 Q1 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-024-01020-3
Ian Fyfe
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引用次数: 0
Blood profile indicates central inflammation in frontotemporal lobar degeneration 血液特征显示额颞叶变性的中枢炎症
IF 28.2 1区 医学 Q1 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-024-01021-2
Ian Fyfe
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引用次数: 0
Tau phosphorylation correlates with multiple sclerosis disease course Tau 磷酸化与多发性硬化症的病程有关
IF 28.2 1区 医学 Q1 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-024-01017-y
Heather Wood
New research adds to growing evidence of altered tau phosphorylation in multiple sclerosis.
新的研究补充了越来越多的证据,表明多发性硬化症患者的 tau 磷酸化发生了改变。
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引用次数: 0
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide signalling as a therapeutic target in migraine 将垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活多肽信号作为偏头痛的治疗靶点
IF 28.2 1区 医学 Q1 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-024-01011-4
Håkan Ashina, Rune H. Christensen, Debbie L. Hay, Amynah A. Pradhan, Jan Hoffmann, Dora Reglodi, Andrew F. Russo, Messoud Ashina
Migraine is a disabling neurological disorder that affects more than one billion people worldwide. The clinical presentation is characterized by recurrent headache attacks, which are often accompanied by photophobia, phonophobia, nausea and vomiting. Although the pathogenesis of migraine remains incompletely understood, mounting evidence suggests that specific signalling molecules are involved in the initiation and modulation of migraine attacks. These signalling molecules include pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), a vasoactive peptide that is known to induce migraine attacks when administered by intravenous infusion to people with migraine. Discoveries linking PACAP to migraine pathogenesis have led to the development of drugs that target PACAP signalling, and a phase II trial has provided evidence that a monoclonal antibody against PACAP is effective for migraine prevention. In this Review, we explore the molecular and cellular mechanisms of PACAP signalling, shedding light on its role in the trigeminovascular system and migraine pathogenesis. We then discuss emerging therapeutic strategies that target PACAP signalling for the treatment of migraine and consider the research needed to translate the current knowledge into a treatment for migraine in the clinic. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide signalling has been linked to migraine pathogenesis. In this Review, Ashina and co-workers explore the molecular and cellular mechanisms of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide signalling and discuss emerging therapeutic strategies to target this pathway for migraine treatment.
偏头痛是一种致残性神经系统疾病,影响着全球超过 10 亿人。其临床表现以反复发作的头痛为特征,通常伴有畏光、畏声、恶心和呕吐。尽管人们对偏头痛的发病机理还不十分清楚,但越来越多的证据表明,特定的信号分子参与了偏头痛发作的诱发和调节。这些信号分子包括垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活多肽(PACAP),这是一种血管活性肽,通过静脉输注给偏头痛患者使用可诱发偏头痛发作。将PACAP与偏头痛发病机制联系起来的发现促使人们开发出了针对PACAP信号的药物,一项II期试验也证明,针对PACAP的单克隆抗体可有效预防偏头痛。在本综述中,我们将探讨 PACAP 信号的分子和细胞机制,揭示其在三叉神经血管系统和偏头痛发病机制中的作用。然后,我们讨论了针对 PACAP 信号治疗偏头痛的新兴治疗策略,并探讨了将现有知识转化为偏头痛临床治疗方法所需的研究。
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引用次数: 0
Assessing disease progression and treatment response in progressive multiple sclerosis 评估进展期多发性硬化症的疾病进展和治疗反应
IF 28.2 1区 医学 Q1 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-024-01006-1
Giancarlo Comi, Gloria Dalla Costa, Bruno Stankoff, Hans-Peter Hartung, Per Soelberg Sørensen, Patrick Vermersch, Letizia Leocani
Progressive multiple sclerosis poses a considerable challenge in the evaluation of disease progression and treatment response owing to its multifaceted pathophysiology. Traditional clinical measures such as the Expanded Disability Status Scale are limited in capturing the full scope of disease and treatment effects. Advanced imaging techniques, including MRI and PET scans, have emerged as valuable tools for the assessment of neurodegenerative processes, including the respective role of adaptive and innate immunity, detailed insights into brain and spinal cord atrophy, lesion dynamics and grey matter damage. The potential of cerebrospinal fluid and blood biomarkers is increasingly recognized, with neurofilament light chain levels being a notable indicator of neuro-axonal damage. Moreover, patient-reported outcomes are crucial for reflecting the subjective experience of disease progression and treatment efficacy, covering aspects such as fatigue, cognitive function and overall quality of life. The future incorporation of digital technologies and wearable devices in research and clinical practice promises to enhance our understanding of functional impairments and disease progression. This Review offers a comprehensive examination of these diverse evaluation tools, highlighting their combined use in accurately assessing disease progression and treatment efficacy in progressive multiple sclerosis, thereby guiding more effective therapeutic strategies. The approval of therapies for progressive multiple sclerosis has heightened the need for thorough assessment of disease progression and treatment response. This Review provides a comprehensive summary of available and emerging techniques, including advanced imaging, fluid biomarkers and patient-reported outcomes, highlighting their combined use for the accurate assessment of disease.
进展期多发性硬化症的病理生理学具有多面性,因此对疾病进展和治疗反应的评估提出了巨大挑战。传统的临床测量方法,如 "残疾状况扩展量表"(Expanded Disability Status Scale),在全面反映疾病和治疗效果方面存在局限性。先进的成像技术,包括核磁共振成像和正电子发射计算机断层扫描,已成为评估神经退行性病变过程的重要工具,包括适应性免疫和先天性免疫各自的作用、大脑和脊髓萎缩的详细情况、病变动态和灰质损伤。脑脊液和血液生物标志物的潜力日益得到认可,其中神经丝轻链水平是神经轴损伤的一个显著指标。此外,患者报告的结果对于反映疾病进展和治疗效果的主观感受至关重要,包括疲劳、认知功能和整体生活质量等方面。未来,数字技术和可穿戴设备在研究和临床实践中的应用有望增强我们对功能障碍和疾病进展的了解。本综述全面探讨了这些不同的评估工具,重点介绍了它们在准确评估进展期多发性硬化症的疾病进展和治疗效果方面的综合应用,从而为更有效的治疗策略提供指导。
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引用次数: 0
Stiff-person syndrome and related disorders — diagnosis, mechanisms and therapies 僵人综合征及相关疾病--诊断、机制和疗法
IF 28.2 1区 医学 Q1 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-024-01012-3
Marinos C. Dalakas
Stiff-person syndrome (SPS) is the prototypical and most common autoimmune neuronal hyperexcitability disorder. It presents with stiffness in the limbs and axial muscles, stiff gait with uncontrolled falls, and episodic painful muscle spasms triggered by anxiety, task-specific phobias and startle responses, collectively leading to disability. Increased awareness of SPS among patients and physicians has created concerns about diagnosis, misdiagnosis and treatment. This Review addresses the evolving diagnostic challenges in SPS and overlapping glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibody spectrum disorders, highlighting the growing number of overdiagnoses and focusing on the progress made in our understanding of SPS pathophysiology, antibodies against GAD and other inhibitory synaptic antigens, and the fundamentals of neuronal hyperexcitability. It considers the role of impaired GABAergic or glycinergic inhibition in the cortex and at multiple levels in the neuraxis; the underlying autoimmunity and involvement of GAD antibodies; immunopathogenic mechanisms beyond antibodies, including environmental triggers; familial and immunogenetic susceptibility; and potential T cell cytotoxicity. Finally, the mechanistic rationale for target-specific therapeutic interventions is presented along with the available therapeutic approaches, including enhancers of GABA signalling drugs and immunotherapies. Stiff-person syndrome is an autoimmune neuronal hyperexcitability disorder that causes limb stiffness, painful spasms and falls, and increased awareness of the disease is creating diagnostic and management challenges. In this Review, Dalakas provides an overview of the current clinical and mechanistic understanding of stiff-person syndrome and related disorders and discusses current and emerging therapeutic interventions.
僵人综合征(SPS)是最典型、最常见的自身免疫性神经元过度兴奋症。它表现为四肢和轴向肌肉僵硬、步态僵硬和无法控制的跌倒,以及由焦虑、特定任务恐惧症和惊吓反应引发的阵发性疼痛性肌肉痉挛,共同导致残疾。患者和医生对 SPS 的认识不断提高,这引起了他们对诊断、误诊和治疗的关注。本综述探讨了SPS和重叠的谷氨酸脱羧酶(GAD)抗体谱系障碍在诊断方面不断变化的挑战,强调了越来越多的过度诊断,并重点介绍了我们在了解SPS病理生理学、GAD抗体和其他抑制性突触抗原以及神经元过度兴奋性的基本原理方面所取得的进展。本研究探讨了 GABA 能或甘氨酸能抑制在大脑皮层和神经系统多个层面的作用;潜在的自身免疫和 GAD 抗体的参与;抗体之外的免疫致病机制,包括环境诱因;家族性和免疫遗传易感性;以及潜在的 T 细胞细胞毒性。最后,介绍了靶向治疗干预的机制原理以及现有的治疗方法,包括 GABA 信号增强剂药物和免疫疗法。
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引用次数: 0
The influence of MOGAD on diagnosis of multiple sclerosis using MRI MOGAD 对使用磁共振成像诊断多发性硬化症的影响
IF 28.2 1区 医学 Q1 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-024-01005-2
Ruth Geraldes, Georgina Arrambide, Brenda Banwell, Àlex Rovira, Rosa Cortese, Hans Lassmann, Silvia Messina, Mara Assunta Rocca, Patrick Waters, Declan Chard, Claudio Gasperini, Yael Hacohen, Romina Mariano, Friedemann Paul, Gabriele C. DeLuca, Christian Enzinger, Ludwig Kappos, M. Isabel Leite, Jaume Sastre-Garriga, Tarek Yousry, Olga Ciccarelli, Massimo Filippi, Frederik Barkhof, Jacqueline Palace, MAGNIMS Study Group
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is an immune-mediated demyelinating disease that is challenging to differentiate from multiple sclerosis (MS), as the clinical phenotypes overlap, and people with MOGAD can fulfil the current MRI-based diagnostic criteria for MS. In addition, the MOG antibody assays that are an essential component of MOGAD diagnosis are not standardized. Accurate diagnosis of MOGAD is crucial because the treatments and long-term prognosis differ from those for MS. This Expert Recommendation summarizes the outcomes from a Magnetic Resonance Imaging in MS workshop held in Oxford, UK in May 2022, in which MS and MOGAD experts reflected on the pathology and clinical features of these disorders, the contributions of MRI to their diagnosis and the clinical use of the MOG antibody assay. We also critically reviewed the literature to assess the validity of distinctive imaging features in the current MS and MOGAD criteria. We conclude that dedicated orbital and spinal cord imaging (with axial slices) can inform MOGAD diagnosis and also illuminate differential diagnoses. We provide practical guidance to neurologists and neuroradiologists on how to navigate the current MOGAD and MS criteria. We suggest a strategy that includes useful imaging discriminators on standard clinical MRI and discuss imaging features detected by non-conventional MRI sequences that demonstrate promise in differentiating these two disorders. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease is an immune-mediated demyelinating disease that is distinct from multiple sclerosis but shares some of its characteristics. This Expert Recommendation, based on a Magnetic Resonance Imaging in MS workshop, proposes a diagnostic algorithm for the differential diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease and multiple sclerosis, using serological, imaging and clinical features.
髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白(MOG)抗体相关性疾病(MOGAD)是一种免疫介导的脱髓鞘疾病,很难与多发性硬化症(MS)区分开来,因为两者的临床表型重叠,MOGAD 患者可以满足目前基于磁共振成像的多发性硬化症诊断标准。此外,作为 MOGAD 诊断重要组成部分的 MOG 抗体检测也没有标准化。由于 MOGAD 的治疗方法和长期预后与多发性硬化症不同,因此准确诊断 MOGAD 至关重要。本专家建议总结了 2022 年 5 月在英国牛津举行的多发性硬化症磁共振成像研讨会的成果,会上多发性硬化症和 MOGAD 专家对这些疾病的病理和临床特征、磁共振成像对诊断的贡献以及 MOG 抗体检测的临床应用进行了反思。我们还批判性地回顾了文献,以评估当前 MS 和 MOGAD 标准中独特成像特征的有效性。我们的结论是,专门的眼眶和脊髓成像(轴向切片)可为 MOGAD 诊断提供依据,同时也可用于鉴别诊断。我们为神经科医生和神经放射科医生提供了实用的指导,帮助他们掌握当前的 MOGAD 和 MS 标准。我们提出了一种策略,其中包括标准临床 MRI 上有用的成像判别指标,并讨论了通过非常规 MRI 序列检测到的成像特征,这些特征在区分这两种疾病方面显示出前景。
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引用次数: 0
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Nature Reviews Neurology
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