Background All active scientists stand on the shoulders of giants and many other more anonymous scientists, and this is not different in our field of psycho-neuro-endocrine immunology in rheumatic diseases. Too often, the modern world of publishing forgets about the collective enterprise of scientists. Some journals advise the authors to present only literature of the last decade, and it became a natural attitude of many scientists to present only the latest publications. In order to work against this general unempirical behavior, Neuroimmunomodulation devotes the 30-year anniversary issue to the history of medical science in psycho-neuro-endocrine immunology. Summary Keywords were derived from the psycho-neuro-endocrine immunology research field very well known to the authors (R.H.S. collects a list of key words since 1994). We screened PubMed, the Cochran Library of Medicine, Embase, Scopus database, and the ORCiD database to find relevant historical literature. The Snowballing procedure helped to find related work. According to the historical appearance of discoveries in the field, the order of presentation follows the subsequent scheme: 1. The sensory nervous system, 2. The sympathetic nervous system, 3. The vagus nerve, 4. Steroid hormones (glucocorticoids, androgens, progesterone, estrogens, and the vitamin D hormone), 5. Afferent pathways involved in fatigue, anxiety, insomnia, and depression (in-cludes pathophysiology), and 6. Evolutionary medicine and energy regulation - an umbrella theory. Key Messages A brief history on psycho-neuro-endocrine immunology cannot address all relevant aspects of the field. The authors are aware of this shortcoming. The reader must see this review as a viewpoint through the biased eyes of the authors. Nevertheless, the text gives an overview of history in psycho-neuro-endocrine immunology of rheumatic diseases.
{"title":"A history of psycho-neuro-endocrine immune interactions in rheumatic diseases.","authors":"Rainer H Straub, Maurizio Cutolo","doi":"10.1159/000540959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000540959","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Background All active scientists stand on the shoulders of giants and many other more anonymous scientists, and this is not different in our field of psycho-neuro-endocrine immunology in rheumatic diseases. Too often, the modern world of publishing forgets about the collective enterprise of scientists. Some journals advise the authors to present only literature of the last decade, and it became a natural attitude of many scientists to present only the latest publications. In order to work against this general unempirical behavior, Neuroimmunomodulation devotes the 30-year anniversary issue to the history of medical science in psycho-neuro-endocrine immunology. Summary Keywords were derived from the psycho-neuro-endocrine immunology research field very well known to the authors (R.H.S. collects a list of key words since 1994). We screened PubMed, the Cochran Library of Medicine, Embase, Scopus database, and the ORCiD database to find relevant historical literature. The Snowballing procedure helped to find related work. According to the historical appearance of discoveries in the field, the order of presentation follows the subsequent scheme: 1. The sensory nervous system, 2. The sympathetic nervous system, 3. The vagus nerve, 4. Steroid hormones (glucocorticoids, androgens, progesterone, estrogens, and the vitamin D hormone), 5. Afferent pathways involved in fatigue, anxiety, insomnia, and depression (in-cludes pathophysiology), and 6. Evolutionary medicine and energy regulation - an umbrella theory. Key Messages A brief history on psycho-neuro-endocrine immunology cannot address all relevant aspects of the field. The authors are aware of this shortcoming. The reader must see this review as a viewpoint through the biased eyes of the authors. Nevertheless, the text gives an overview of history in psycho-neuro-endocrine immunology of rheumatic diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":19133,"journal":{"name":"Neuroimmunomodulation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142018157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Pérez-Morales, P. C. Bello-Medina, D. A. González-Franco, Sofía Díaz-Cintra, Jaime García-Mena, Gustavo Pacheco-López
BACKGROUND Over the last century, animal models have been employed to study the gut-brain axis and its relationship with physiological processes, including those necessary for survival, such as food intake regulation and thermoregulation; those involved in diseases, ranging from inflammation to obesity; and those concerned to the development of neurodegenerative diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and autism spectrum disorder, respectively. SUMMARY The gut microbiota has been recognized in the last decade as an essential functional component of this axis. Many reports demonstrate that the gut microbiota influences the development of a vast array of physiological processes. Experiments that use animal models to assess the effect of the gut microbiota on the brain and behavior may involve the acute or chronic administration of wide-spectrum antibiotics. KEY MESSAGES This narrative review summarizes the beneficial or detrimental effects of antibiotics administered prenatally or postnatally to rodents during acute or chronic periods in a wide range of protocols. These include animal models of disease and behavioral paradigms of learning and memory, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and autism spectrum disorder. Biomarkers and behavioral assays associated with antibiotic exposure are also included in this review.
{"title":"STEERING THE MICROBIOTA-GUT-BRAIN AXIS BY ANTIBIOTICS TO MODEL NEURO-IMMUNE-ENDOCRINE DISORDERS.","authors":"M. Pérez-Morales, P. C. Bello-Medina, D. A. González-Franco, Sofía Díaz-Cintra, Jaime García-Mena, Gustavo Pacheco-López","doi":"10.1159/000538927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000538927","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000Over the last century, animal models have been employed to study the gut-brain axis and its relationship with physiological processes, including those necessary for survival, such as food intake regulation and thermoregulation; those involved in diseases, ranging from inflammation to obesity; and those concerned to the development of neurodegenerative diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and autism spectrum disorder, respectively.\u0000\u0000\u0000SUMMARY\u0000The gut microbiota has been recognized in the last decade as an essential functional component of this axis. Many reports demonstrate that the gut microbiota influences the development of a vast array of physiological processes. Experiments that use animal models to assess the effect of the gut microbiota on the brain and behavior may involve the acute or chronic administration of wide-spectrum antibiotics.\u0000\u0000\u0000KEY MESSAGES\u0000This narrative review summarizes the beneficial or detrimental effects of antibiotics administered prenatally or postnatally to rodents during acute or chronic periods in a wide range of protocols. These include animal models of disease and behavioral paradigms of learning and memory, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and autism spectrum disorder. Biomarkers and behavioral assays associated with antibiotic exposure are also included in this review.","PeriodicalId":19133,"journal":{"name":"Neuroimmunomodulation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140690509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Karin de Punder, J. Salinas-Manrique, Detlef E. Dietrich, Alexander Karabatsiakis
INTRODUCTION Emerging studies highlight the telomere system as an aging mechanism underlying the association between exposure to psychological trauma and the development of a wide range of physical and mental disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD). Here, we investigated associations of circulating levels of the steroid hormone dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) with immune cell telomere length (TL) in the context of lifetime trauma exposure and MDD. METHODS Lifetime traumatic events (trauma load) were assessed using the Essener Trauma Inventory (ETI) in n=22 postmenopausal female inpatients with MDD and n=22 non-depressed controls. All women completed the Beck's Depression Inventory-II to assess the severity of current depressive symptoms. DHEA concentration in serum was measured by immunoassay and TL was quantified in kilobase units using quantitative fluorescent in situ hybridization (qFISH) in total peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and in selected T cell subpopulations isolated by FACS separation. RESULTS Higher trauma load was significantly associated with lower DHEA concentration, which in turn was linked to more depression-related fatigue. Furthermore, DHEA concentration was positively and significantly associated with TL in memory CD4+ T cells as well as in naïve and memory CD8+ T cells, but not in naïve CD4+ T cells and total PBMC. Mediational analysis suggested that DHEA concentration is a mediator in the relationship between trauma load and memory CD8+ T cell TL. CONCLUSION The current findings suggest a potential role of DHEA as a biological resilience factor that may exert beneficial effects on telomere integrity, especially in conditions related to distress.
引言:越来越多的研究强调端粒系统是暴露于心理创伤与包括重度抑郁症(MDD)在内的多种身体和精神疾病之间关系的一种衰老机制。在此,我们研究了类固醇激素脱氢表雄酮(DHEA)的循环水平与免疫细胞端粒长度(TL)在终生创伤暴露和重性抑郁症背景下的关联。所有女性均完成了贝克抑郁量表-II,以评估当前抑郁症状的严重程度。用免疫测定法测定血清中的 DHEA 浓度,用定量荧光原位杂交法(qFISH)对外周血单核细胞(PBMC)总数和经 FACS 分离的选定 T 细胞亚群中的 TL 进行千碱基单位定量。此外,记忆 CD4+ T 细胞以及幼稚和记忆 CD8+ T 细胞中的 DHEA 浓度与 TL 呈显著正相关,而幼稚 CD4+ T 细胞和整个 PBMC 中的 DHEA 浓度与 TL 无关。中介分析表明,DHEA浓度是创伤负荷与记忆CD8+ T细胞TL之间关系的中介因素。
{"title":"Serum levels of the steroid hormone dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) are associated with psychological trauma and lymphocyte telomere integrity in women suffering from depression.","authors":"Karin de Punder, J. Salinas-Manrique, Detlef E. Dietrich, Alexander Karabatsiakis","doi":"10.1159/000538893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000538893","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION\u0000Emerging studies highlight the telomere system as an aging mechanism underlying the association between exposure to psychological trauma and the development of a wide range of physical and mental disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD). Here, we investigated associations of circulating levels of the steroid hormone dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) with immune cell telomere length (TL) in the context of lifetime trauma exposure and MDD.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000Lifetime traumatic events (trauma load) were assessed using the Essener Trauma Inventory (ETI) in n=22 postmenopausal female inpatients with MDD and n=22 non-depressed controls. All women completed the Beck's Depression Inventory-II to assess the severity of current depressive symptoms. DHEA concentration in serum was measured by immunoassay and TL was quantified in kilobase units using quantitative fluorescent in situ hybridization (qFISH) in total peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and in selected T cell subpopulations isolated by FACS separation.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000Higher trauma load was significantly associated with lower DHEA concentration, which in turn was linked to more depression-related fatigue. Furthermore, DHEA concentration was positively and significantly associated with TL in memory CD4+ T cells as well as in naïve and memory CD8+ T cells, but not in naïve CD4+ T cells and total PBMC. Mediational analysis suggested that DHEA concentration is a mediator in the relationship between trauma load and memory CD8+ T cell TL.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSION\u0000The current findings suggest a potential role of DHEA as a biological resilience factor that may exert beneficial effects on telomere integrity, especially in conditions related to distress.","PeriodicalId":19133,"journal":{"name":"Neuroimmunomodulation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140690669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2024-02-06DOI: 10.1159/000536661
Maurizio Cutolo, Emanuele Gotelli
{"title":"The Importance of Neuroendocrine Immunology Pathways in the Course of COVID-19.","authors":"Maurizio Cutolo, Emanuele Gotelli","doi":"10.1159/000536661","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000536661","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19133,"journal":{"name":"Neuroimmunomodulation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139697953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Both sleep deprivation (SD) and inflammation can negatively affect cognitive function. This study aimed to investigate how SD impacts the brain's inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and its subsequent effects on cognitive functions.
Methods: To this end, male rats were tested through a Morris water maze (MWM) to assess their spatial learning and memory. Also, in vivo field potential recordings (to evaluate synaptic plasticity) were done in the Saline, SD, LPS1 (1 mg/kg/7 days), and LPS1+SD groups. Cytokine levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
Results: Based on the results, the LPS1+SD group showed increased total distance and escape latency compared to the other groups in the MWM test. Besides, the LPS1+SD group exhibited a significant decrease in long-term potentiation (LTP) induction and maintenance in the CA1 area of the brain. Finally, the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels were significantly higher in the LPS1+SD group than in the Saline group.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that the combined effects of SD and brain inflammatory response can have more harmful effects on cognitive function, LTP, and inflammatory factors than either SD or LPS1 alone.
{"title":"Impact of Sleep Deprivation on the Brain's Inflammatory Response Triggered by Lipopolysaccharide and Its Consequences on Spatial Learning and Memory and Long-Term Potentiation in Male Rats.","authors":"Maryam Salari, Khadijeh Esmaeilpour, Lily Mohammadipoor-Ghasemabad, Farahnaz Taheri, Mahmoud Hosseini, Vahid Sheibani","doi":"10.1159/000535784","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000535784","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Both sleep deprivation (SD) and inflammation can negatively affect cognitive function. This study aimed to investigate how SD impacts the brain's inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and its subsequent effects on cognitive functions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To this end, male rats were tested through a Morris water maze (MWM) to assess their spatial learning and memory. Also, in vivo field potential recordings (to evaluate synaptic plasticity) were done in the Saline, SD, LPS1 (1 mg/kg/7 days), and LPS1+SD groups. Cytokine levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Based on the results, the LPS1+SD group showed increased total distance and escape latency compared to the other groups in the MWM test. Besides, the LPS1+SD group exhibited a significant decrease in long-term potentiation (LTP) induction and maintenance in the CA1 area of the brain. Finally, the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels were significantly higher in the LPS1+SD group than in the Saline group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest that the combined effects of SD and brain inflammatory response can have more harmful effects on cognitive function, LTP, and inflammatory factors than either SD or LPS1 alone.</p>","PeriodicalId":19133,"journal":{"name":"Neuroimmunomodulation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139049065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2024-06-22DOI: 10.1159/000539991
Iota Anastassis, Jan Pieter Konsman
Background: Establishing causal relationships is essential in biology and medicine. However, various notions of causality have been operationalized at different times in various fields of the life and health sciences. While this is expected from a history or sociology of science point of view, as different accounts may correspond to what is valued in terms of establishing causal relationships at different times as well as in different fields of biology and medicine, this may come as a surprise for a present-day actor in those fields. If, over time, causal accounts have not been fully dismissed, then they are likely to invite some form of, potentially salutary, explanatory pluralism.
Summary: In the decades following WWII, psychosomatic medicine could propose that psychological factors cause somatic diseases. But today, most medicine has to meet the standard of a randomized clinical trial before any causal relationship can be proposed. Instead, in biology, mechanisms seem to be the most-valued causal discourse to explain how phenomena of interest are brought about. Here, the focus will be on how psychoneuroimmunology, an interdisciplinary research field addressing interactions between the nervous system and immune system, and between behavior and health, has considered causal relationships between psychological factors and cancer.
Key messages: When it comes to causal explanations of links between psychological factors and cancer, psychoneuroimmunology is invited to consider the question of the directionality of these links as well as what and how factors causally contribute to cancer.
{"title":"Causal Histories of Psychological Factors and Cancer: From Psychosomatic Medicine to Neuroimmunomodulation.","authors":"Iota Anastassis, Jan Pieter Konsman","doi":"10.1159/000539991","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000539991","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Establishing causal relationships is essential in biology and medicine. However, various notions of causality have been operationalized at different times in various fields of the life and health sciences. While this is expected from a history or sociology of science point of view, as different accounts may correspond to what is valued in terms of establishing causal relationships at different times as well as in different fields of biology and medicine, this may come as a surprise for a present-day actor in those fields. If, over time, causal accounts have not been fully dismissed, then they are likely to invite some form of, potentially salutary, explanatory pluralism.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>In the decades following WWII, psychosomatic medicine could propose that psychological factors cause somatic diseases. But today, most medicine has to meet the standard of a randomized clinical trial before any causal relationship can be proposed. Instead, in biology, mechanisms seem to be the most-valued causal discourse to explain how phenomena of interest are brought about. Here, the focus will be on how psychoneuroimmunology, an interdisciplinary research field addressing interactions between the nervous system and immune system, and between behavior and health, has considered causal relationships between psychological factors and cancer.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>When it comes to causal explanations of links between psychological factors and cancer, psychoneuroimmunology is invited to consider the question of the directionality of these links as well as what and how factors causally contribute to cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":19133,"journal":{"name":"Neuroimmunomodulation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141458362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2024-08-08DOI: 10.1159/000540460
Qi Tian, Ziang Yan, Yujia Guo, Zhibiao Chen, Mingchang Li
Background: Chemokine ligands and their corresponding receptors are essential for regulating inflammatory responses. Chemokine receptors can stimulate immune activation or inhibit/promote signaling pathways by binding to specific chemokine ligands. Among these receptors, CC chemokine receptor 1 (CCR1) is extensively studied as a G protein-linked receptor target, predominantly expressed in various leukocytes, and is considered a promising target for anti-inflammatory therapy. Furthermore, CCR1 is essential for monocyte extravasation and transportation in inflammatory conditions. Its involvement in inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and stroke, has been extensively studied along with its ligands. Animal models have demonstrated the beneficial effects resulting from inhibiting CCR1 or its ligands.
Summary: This review demonstrates the significance of CCR1 in CNS inflammatory diseases, the molecules implicated in the inflammatory pathway, and potential drugs or molecules for treating CNS diseases. This evidence may offer new targets or strategies for treating inflammatory CNS diseases.
{"title":"Inflammatory Role of CCR1 in the Central Nervous System.","authors":"Qi Tian, Ziang Yan, Yujia Guo, Zhibiao Chen, Mingchang Li","doi":"10.1159/000540460","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000540460","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chemokine ligands and their corresponding receptors are essential for regulating inflammatory responses. Chemokine receptors can stimulate immune activation or inhibit/promote signaling pathways by binding to specific chemokine ligands. Among these receptors, CC chemokine receptor 1 (CCR1) is extensively studied as a G protein-linked receptor target, predominantly expressed in various leukocytes, and is considered a promising target for anti-inflammatory therapy. Furthermore, CCR1 is essential for monocyte extravasation and transportation in inflammatory conditions. Its involvement in inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and stroke, has been extensively studied along with its ligands. Animal models have demonstrated the beneficial effects resulting from inhibiting CCR1 or its ligands.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>This review demonstrates the significance of CCR1 in CNS inflammatory diseases, the molecules implicated in the inflammatory pathway, and potential drugs or molecules for treating CNS diseases. This evidence may offer new targets or strategies for treating inflammatory CNS diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":19133,"journal":{"name":"Neuroimmunomodulation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141907224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2024-02-16DOI: 10.1159/000536419
Daniella Arêas Mendes-da-Cruz, Elizabeth Pinto Belorio, Vinicius Cotta-de-Almeida
Background: T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a malignant hematologic disease caused by the transformation and uncontrolled proliferation of T-cell precursors. T-ALL is generally thought to originate in the thymus since lymphoblasts express phenotypic markers comparable to those described in thymocytes in distinct stages of development. Although around 50% of T-ALL patients present a thymic mass, T-ALL is characterized by peripheral blood and bone marrow involvement, and central nervous system (CNS) infiltration is one of the most severe complications of the disease.
Summary: The CNS invasion is related to the expression of specific adhesion molecules and receptors commonly expressed in developing T cells, such as L-selectin, CD44, integrins, and chemokine receptors. Furthermore, T-ALL blasts also express neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and cognate receptors that are usually present in the CNS and can affect both the brain and thymus, participating in the crosstalk between the organs.
Key messages: This review discusses how the thymus-brain connections, mediated by innervation and common molecules and receptors, can impact the development and migration of T-ALL blasts, including CNS infiltration.
背景:T 细胞急性淋巴细胞白血病(T-ALL)是一种恶性血液病,由 T 细胞前体转化和不受控制的增殖引起。一般认为 T-ALL 起源于胸腺,因为淋巴母细胞表达的表型标记与处于不同发育阶段的胸腺细胞所表达的表型标记相似。虽然约 50%的 T-ALL 患者出现胸腺肿块,但 T-ALL 的特点是外周血和骨髓受累,中枢神经系统(CNS)浸润是该病最严重的并发症之一。摘要:CNS 侵袭与发育中的 T 细胞通常表达的特定粘附分子和受体有关,如 L-选择素、CD44、整合素和趋化因子受体。此外,T-ALL 血块还表达通常存在于中枢神经系统的神经递质、神经肽和同源受体,并可影响大脑和胸腺,参与器官间的串联:这篇综述讨论了胸腺与大脑之间的联系如何通过神经支配、共同分子和受体介导,影响T-ALL胚泡的发育和迁移,包括中枢神经系统浸润。
{"title":"Thymus-Brain Connections in T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.","authors":"Daniella Arêas Mendes-da-Cruz, Elizabeth Pinto Belorio, Vinicius Cotta-de-Almeida","doi":"10.1159/000536419","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000536419","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a malignant hematologic disease caused by the transformation and uncontrolled proliferation of T-cell precursors. T-ALL is generally thought to originate in the thymus since lymphoblasts express phenotypic markers comparable to those described in thymocytes in distinct stages of development. Although around 50% of T-ALL patients present a thymic mass, T-ALL is characterized by peripheral blood and bone marrow involvement, and central nervous system (CNS) infiltration is one of the most severe complications of the disease.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>The CNS invasion is related to the expression of specific adhesion molecules and receptors commonly expressed in developing T cells, such as L-selectin, CD44, integrins, and chemokine receptors. Furthermore, T-ALL blasts also express neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and cognate receptors that are usually present in the CNS and can affect both the brain and thymus, participating in the crosstalk between the organs.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>This review discusses how the thymus-brain connections, mediated by innervation and common molecules and receptors, can impact the development and migration of T-ALL blasts, including CNS infiltration.</p>","PeriodicalId":19133,"journal":{"name":"Neuroimmunomodulation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139564610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}