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Immediate and Delayed Salivary Cytokine Responses during Repeated Exposures to Cold Pressor Stress. 反复暴露于冷压应激时唾液细胞因子的即时和延迟反应
IF 2.2 4区 医学 Q3 ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-14 DOI: 10.1159/000529625
Mauro F Larra, Silvia Capellino, Elena Schwendich, Leon von Haugwitz, Jörg Reinders, Edmund Wascher

Introduction: Excessive stress is increasingly recognized as an important trigger of many diseases prevalent in modern societies, and monitoring such stress-related effects could aid prevention. The measurement of salivary markers of inflammation is emerging as a promising tool to non-invasively quantify stress' effects on immune processes in everyday life and thereby detect early aberrations before the manifestation of serious health problems. However, more laboratory-controlled research is needed in order to establish the timescale and determinants of salivary cytokine responses to acute stress.

Methods: We repeatedly exposed participants to Cold Pressor Stress Test (CPT) or a control procedure and measured a wide array of salivary cytokines as well as subjective, cardiovascular, and cortisol stress reactions. CPT exposure was repeated every 15 min, 3 times in total, with a duration of 3 min each. Saliva was sampled immediately after the first two exposures as well as in 15-min intervals until 60 min after the onset of the first intervention.

Results: We found that many cytokines were detectable in saliva. Specific stress effects were limited to IL-8 and IL-6, however, which decreased immediately or 15 min after stress onset, respectively. Moreover, IL-8 was negatively correlated to cortisol output in the stress but not in the control group. Significant increases were also observed in salivary TNFα and IFNγ; however, these effects were similar under both stress and control conditions.

Discussion: Our results show that particular salivary cytokines may be sensitive to immediate effects of acute CPT-induced stress and also highlight the importance of employing control procedures to discern stress effects from unrelated variations in salivary cytokines.

简介人们日益认识到,过度压力是现代社会中许多疾病的重要诱因,而监测这种与压力相关的影响有助于预防疾病。唾液炎症标记物的测量正在成为一种很有前途的工具,它可以无创量化压力对日常生活中免疫过程的影响,从而在出现严重健康问题之前及早发现异常。然而,要确定唾液细胞因子对急性应激反应的时间尺度和决定因素,还需要更多的实验室对照研究:我们反复让参与者接受冷压应激试验(CPT)或对照程序,并测量了一系列唾液细胞因子以及主观、心血管和皮质醇应激反应。CPT 每 15 分钟重复一次,共进行 3 次,每次持续 3 分钟。在前两次暴露后立即采集唾液样本,并在第一次干预开始后的 60 分钟内,每隔 15 分钟采集一次唾液样本:结果:我们发现唾液中可检测到多种细胞因子。但是,特定的应激效应仅限于 IL-8 和 IL-6,它们分别在应激开始后立即或 15 分钟后下降。此外,在应激组中,IL-8 与皮质醇分泌量呈负相关,而在对照组中则没有。唾液中的TNFα和IFNγ也有显著增加,但这些影响在应激和对照条件下相似:讨论:我们的研究结果表明,特定的唾液细胞因子可能对CPT诱导的急性应激的直接效应敏感,同时也强调了采用控制程序从唾液细胞因子的无关变化中辨别应激效应的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Modulation of Neuroinflammation: Advances in Roles and Mechanisms of the IL-33/ST2 Axis Involved in Ischemic Stroke. 神经炎症的调节:IL-33/ST2轴在缺血性脑卒中中的作用和机制研究进展。
IF 2.2 4区 医学 Q3 ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-20 DOI: 10.1159/000533984
Shuang Guo, Chengli Qian, Wenfeng Li, Zhikun Zeng, Junlong Cai, Yi Luo

Interleukin (IL)-33 was initially recognized as a constituent of the IL-1 cytokine family in 2005. It exerts pleiotropic effects by regulating immune responses via its binding to the receptor ST2 (IL-33R). The IL-33/ST2 pathway has been linked to several inflammatory disorders. In human and rodents, the broad expression of IL-33 in spinal cord tissues and brain indicates its central nervous system-specific functions. Growing evidence supports the protective effects of the IL-33/ST2 pathway in ischemic stroke, along with a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms. IL-33 plays a crucial role in the regulation of the release of inflammatory molecules from glial cells in response to neuropathological lesions. Moreover, IL-33/ST2-mediated neuroprotection following cerebral ischemia may be linked to T-cell function, specifically regulatory T cells. Soluble ST2 (sST2) acts as a decoy receptor in the IL-33/ST2 axis, blocking IL-33 signaling through the membrane ST2 receptor. sST2 has also been identified as a potential inflammatory biomarker of ischemic stroke. Targeting sST2 specifically to eliminate its inhibition of the protective IL-33/ST2 pathway in ischemic brain tissues is a promising approach for the treatment of ischemic stroke.

白细胞介素(IL)-33最初在2005年被认为是IL-1细胞因子家族的一个组成部分。它通过与受体ST2(IL-33R)结合来调节免疫反应,从而发挥多效性作用。IL-33/ST2通路与几种炎症性疾病有关。在人类和啮齿类动物中,IL-33在脊髓组织和大脑中的广泛表达表明其具有中枢神经系统(CNS)特异性功能。越来越多的证据支持IL-33/ST2通路在缺血性中风中的保护作用,以及对潜在机制的更好理解。IL-33在调节神经胶质细胞对神经病理学损伤的炎症分子释放中起着至关重要的作用。此外,脑缺血后IL-33/ST2介导的神经保护可能与T细胞功能有关,特别是调节性T细胞(Tregs)。可溶性ST2(sST2)在IL-33/ST2轴上充当诱饵受体,通过膜ST2受体阻断IL-33信号传导。sST2也被确定为缺血性中风的潜在炎症生物标志物。特异性靶向sST2以消除其对缺血性脑组织中保护性IL-33/ST2通路的抑制是治疗缺血性脑卒中的一种有前途的方法。
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引用次数: 0
How Can Experimental Endotoxemia Contribute to Our Understanding of Pain? A Narrative Review. 实验性内毒素血症如何帮助我们理解疼痛?叙述性评论。
IF 2.2 4区 医学 Q3 ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-05 DOI: 10.1159/000534467
Sven Benson, Bianka Karshikoff

The immune system and the central nervous system exchange information continuously. This communication is a prerequisite for adaptive responses to physiological and psychological stressors. While the implicate relationship between inflammation and pain is increasingly recognized in clinical cohorts, the underlying mechanisms and the possibilities for pharmacological and psychological approaches aimed at neuro-immune communication in pain are not fully understood yet. This calls for preclinical models which build a bridge from clinical research to laboratory research. Experimental models of systemic inflammation (experimental endotoxemia) in humans have been increasingly recognized as an approach to study the direct and causal effects of inflammation on pain perception. This narrative review provides an overview of what experimental endotoxemia studies on pain have been able to clarify so far. We report that experimental endotoxemia results in a reproducible increase in pain sensitivity, particularly for pressure and visceral pain (deep pain), which is reflected in responses of brain areas involved in pain processing. Increased levels of blood inflammatory cytokines are required for this effect, but cytokine levels do not always predict pain intensity. We address sex-dependent differences in immunological responses to endotoxin and discuss why these differences do not necessarily translate to differences in behavioral measures. We summarize psychological and cognitive factors that may moderate pain sensitization driven by immune activation. Together, studying the immune-driven changes in pain during endotoxemia offers a deeper mechanistic understanding of the role of inflammation in chronic pain. Experimental endotoxemia models can specifically help to tease out inflammatory mechanisms underlying individual differences, vulnerabilities, and comorbid psychological problems in pain syndromes. The model offers the opportunity to test the efficacy of interventions, increasing their translational applicability for personalized medical approaches.

背景:免疫系统和中枢神经系统不断地交换信息。这种交流是对生理和心理压力作出适应性反应的先决条件。虽然炎症和疼痛之间的隐含关系在临床队列中得到了越来越多的认可,但针对疼痛中神经免疫沟通的药理学和心理学方法的潜在机制和可能性尚不完全清楚。这就需要建立从临床研究到实验室研究的临床前模型。摘要:人类全身炎症(实验性内毒素血症)的实验模型越来越被认为是研究炎症对疼痛感知的直接和因果影响的一种方法。这篇叙述性综述概述了迄今为止对疼痛的实验性内毒素血症研究所能澄清的内容。我们报告说,实验性内毒素血症导致疼痛敏感性的可重复增加,特别是对压力和内脏疼痛(深度疼痛),这反映在参与疼痛处理的大脑区域的反应中。这种效果需要血液炎症细胞因子水平的增加,但细胞因子水平并不总是能预测疼痛强度。我们讨论了内毒素免疫反应的性别依赖性差异,并讨论了为什么这些差异不一定转化为行为测量的差异。我们总结了可能调节免疫激活引起的疼痛致敏的心理和认知因素。关键信息:共同研究内毒素血症期间免疫驱动的疼痛变化,可以更深入地了解炎症在慢性疼痛中的作用。实验性内毒素血症模型可以特别帮助梳理疼痛综合征中个体差异、脆弱性和共病心理问题背后的炎症机制。该模型提供了测试干预措施疗效的机会,提高了其对个性化医疗方法的转化适用性。
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引用次数: 0
Age-Dependent Effects of Transgenic 2D2 Mice Used to Induce Passive Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6 Mice. 用于在C57BL/6小鼠中诱导被动EAE的转基因2D2小鼠的年龄依赖性效应。
IF 2.2 4区 医学 Q3 ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-12 DOI: 10.1159/000534351
James M Nichols, Barbara L F Kaplan

Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative autoimmune disease that worsens with age. Here, we examined the influence of age on passive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (P-EAE), a model to study MS, using young and mature adult 2D2 transgenic donor mice to induce pathology in WT C57BL6/J mice.

Methods: Lymphocytes from young adult (i.e., 10-week-old) or mature adult (i.e., 6-month-old) transgenic donor mice were characterized by flow cytometry prior to injection of cultured leukocytes into adult female WT recipient mice, with a special focus on transgenic T cell phenotypes.

Results: Our findings show age-dependent changes in memory T cell phenotypes correlated with more severe clinical and histological disease when donor cells originated from young as compared to mature adult mice.

Conclusion: Not only do these results demonstrate that the age of the 2D2 transgenic donor mice is critical in establishing P-EAE, but the differential effects might also identify age-dependent factors that contribute to EAE and perhaps MS.

引言:多发性硬化症是一种神经退行性自身免疫性疾病,随着年龄的增长而恶化。在这里,我们使用年轻和成熟的成年2D2转基因供体小鼠在WT C57BL6/J小鼠中诱导病理,研究了年龄对被动实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(P-EAE)的影响,P-EAE是一种研究MS的模型。方法:在将培养的白细胞注射到成年雌性WT受体小鼠中之前,通过流式细胞术对来自年轻成年(即10周大)或成熟成年(即6个月大)转基因供体小鼠的淋巴细胞进行表征,特别关注转基因T细胞表型。结果:我们的研究结果表明,与成熟成年小鼠相比,当供体细胞来源于年轻小鼠时,记忆T细胞表型的年龄依赖性变化与更严重的临床和组织学疾病相关。结论:这些结果不仅表明2D2转基因供体小鼠的年龄对建立P-EAE至关重要,而且差异效应还可能确定导致EAE和MS的年龄依赖性因素。
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引用次数: 0
Aberrant Dendritic Cell Subsets in Patients with Myasthenia Gravis and Related Clinical Features. 肌萎缩症患者树突状细胞亚群异常及相关临床特征
IF 2.2 4区 医学 Q3 ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-02-13 DOI: 10.1159/000529626
Yan Song, Chunye Xing, Tianyang Lu, Chen Liu, Wei Wang, Shaoqiang Wang, Xungang Feng, Jianzhong Bi, Qian Wang, Chao Lai

Introduction: Dendritic cells (DCs) play critical roles in the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis (MG), and a series of DC-based experimental strategies for MG have recently been developed. However, the definite roles of different DC subsets in the mechanism of MG have scarcely been covered by previous studies. The present study aimed to investigate the levels of three main DC subsets, plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) (CD303 positive) and two distinct subsets of conventional DCs (cDCs), namely CD1c+ cDCs and CD141+ cDCs, in MG patients and analyze related clinical features.

Methods: From January 2016 to December 2020, 160 newly diagnosed MG patients and matched healthy controls (n = 160) were included in the study, and their clinical data were collected. The blood samples from MG patients before treatment and controls were collected for flow cytometry analysis. A total of 14 MG thymoma, 24 control thymoma, and 3 thymic cysts were used to immunostain the DC subsets.

Results: The flow cytometry analysis showed a significantly higher frequency of circulating pDCs, CD1c+ cDCs, and CD141+ cDCs in MG patients than in healthy controls (p < 0.001 for all). Patients with early-onset MG (<50 years old) had a lower frequency of circulating pDCs but a higher frequency of circulating CD1c+ cDCs than those with late-onset MG (≥50 years old) (p = 0.014 and p = 0.025, respectively). The frequency of circulating pDCs was positively associated with the clinical severity of late-onset MG patients (r = 0.613, p < 0.001). 64.3% (9/14) of MG thymoma is of type B2 under the World Health Organization classification, which is higher than that in control thymoma (33.3%, 8/24) (p = 0.019). For type B2 thymoma, there were significantly more pDCs but fewer CD1c+ cDCs in MG thymoma than in the controls.

Conclusion: The distribution of aberrant pDCs, CD1c+ cDCs, and CD141+ cDCs in MG patients displayed age- and thymoma-related differences, which may contribute to the impaired immune tolerance and lead to the onset of MG.

导言:树突状细胞(DCs)在重症肌无力(MG)的发病机制中起着关键作用,近年来已开发出一系列基于DCs的重症肌无力实验策略。然而,以往的研究很少涉及不同DC亚群在重症肌无力发病机制中的明确作用。本研究旨在探讨MG患者体内三大DC亚群,即类浆细胞DC(pDCs)(CD303阳性)和传统DC(cDCs)的两个不同亚群,即CD1c+ cDCs和CD141+ cDCs的水平,并分析相关临床特征:2016年1月至2020年12月,研究纳入了160名新确诊的MG患者和匹配的健康对照组(n = 160),并收集了他们的临床数据。收集MG患者治疗前和对照组的血液样本进行流式细胞术分析。共有14个MG胸腺瘤、24个对照组胸腺瘤和3个胸腺囊肿被用于免疫染色DC亚群:流式细胞术分析显示,MG 患者的循环 pDCs、CD1c+ cDCs 和 CD141+ cDCs 的频率明显高于健康对照组(均为 p <0.001)。与晚发型 MG 患者(≥50 岁)相比,早发型 MG 患者(<50 岁)循环 pDCs 的频率较低,但循环 CD1c+ cDCs 的频率较高(分别为 p = 0.014 和 p = 0.025)。循环 pDCs 的频率与晚发型 MG 患者的临床严重程度呈正相关(r = 0.613,p < 0.001)。根据世界卫生组织的分类,64.3%(9/14)的 MG 胸腺瘤属于 B2 型,高于对照组胸腺瘤(33.3%,8/24)(p = 0.019)。就 B2 型胸腺瘤而言,MG 胸腺瘤中的 pDCs 明显多于对照组,但 CD1c+ cDCs 却少于对照组:结论:MG 患者中异常 pDCs、CD1c+ cDCs 和 CD141+ cDCs 的分布显示出与年龄和胸腺瘤相关的差异,这可能是免疫耐受受损并导致 MG 发病的原因之一。
{"title":"Aberrant Dendritic Cell Subsets in Patients with Myasthenia Gravis and Related Clinical Features.","authors":"Yan Song, Chunye Xing, Tianyang Lu, Chen Liu, Wei Wang, Shaoqiang Wang, Xungang Feng, Jianzhong Bi, Qian Wang, Chao Lai","doi":"10.1159/000529626","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000529626","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Dendritic cells (DCs) play critical roles in the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis (MG), and a series of DC-based experimental strategies for MG have recently been developed. However, the definite roles of different DC subsets in the mechanism of MG have scarcely been covered by previous studies. The present study aimed to investigate the levels of three main DC subsets, plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) (CD303 positive) and two distinct subsets of conventional DCs (cDCs), namely CD1c+ cDCs and CD141+ cDCs, in MG patients and analyze related clinical features.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>From January 2016 to December 2020, 160 newly diagnosed MG patients and matched healthy controls (n = 160) were included in the study, and their clinical data were collected. The blood samples from MG patients before treatment and controls were collected for flow cytometry analysis. A total of 14 MG thymoma, 24 control thymoma, and 3 thymic cysts were used to immunostain the DC subsets.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The flow cytometry analysis showed a significantly higher frequency of circulating pDCs, CD1c+ cDCs, and CD141+ cDCs in MG patients than in healthy controls (p &lt; 0.001 for all). Patients with early-onset MG (&lt;50 years old) had a lower frequency of circulating pDCs but a higher frequency of circulating CD1c+ cDCs than those with late-onset MG (≥50 years old) (p = 0.014 and p = 0.025, respectively). The frequency of circulating pDCs was positively associated with the clinical severity of late-onset MG patients (r = 0.613, p &lt; 0.001). 64.3% (9/14) of MG thymoma is of type B2 under the World Health Organization classification, which is higher than that in control thymoma (33.3%, 8/24) (p = 0.019). For type B2 thymoma, there were significantly more pDCs but fewer CD1c+ cDCs in MG thymoma than in the controls.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The distribution of aberrant pDCs, CD1c+ cDCs, and CD141+ cDCs in MG patients displayed age- and thymoma-related differences, which may contribute to the impaired immune tolerance and lead to the onset of MG.</p>","PeriodicalId":19133,"journal":{"name":"Neuroimmunomodulation","volume":" ","pages":"69-80"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9260668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Olfactory Bulbs in Arthritis Model Mouse Persistently Express Interleukin-6 before the Onset of Arthritis: Relationship to Food Intake. 关节炎模型小鼠的嗅球在关节炎发作前持续表达白细胞介素-6:与食物摄入的关系。
IF 2.2 4区 医学 Q3 ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-28 DOI: 10.1159/000534249
Kazuhiro Otani, Masayuki Yoshiga, Masashi Hirano, Takayuki Matsushita, Kentaro Noda, Daitaro Kurosaka

Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can be comorbid with psychiatric symptoms. Brain abnormalities in RA patients and in arthritis models have been reported. However, it remains unclear when these abnormalities occur and where they are distributed. In this study, we analyzed spatiotemporal changes in gene expression in the brains of mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA).

Methods: Mice were divided into three groups: (i) CIA (all mice developed arthritis on day 35): complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and type II collagen at initial immunization, and incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) and type II collagen at booster immunization; (ii) C(+/-) (50% mice developed arthritis on day 35): only IFA at booster immunization; and (iii) C(-/-) (no arthritis): only CFA at initial immunization and only IFA at booster immunization. Whole brains were collected at ten stages of arthritis and divided into six sections. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed using RNA extracted from the brain, and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and glial markers was semi-quantified. Arthritis score, body weight, and food and water intakes were recorded and analyzed for correlations with brain gene expression. We also investigated the effect of interleukin-6 (IL-6) injection in the olfactory bulbs (OBs) on the food intake.

Results: After booster immunization, a transient increase in Integrin subunit α-M and IL-1β was observed in multiple areas in CIA. IL-6 is persistently expressed in the OB before the onset of arthritis, which is correlated with body weight loss and decreased food intake. This change in the OB was observed in the C(+/-) but not in the C(-/-) groups. In the C(+/-) group, non-arthritic mice showed the same changes in the OB as the arthritic mice. This elevation in IL-6 levels persisted throughout the chronic phase until day 84. In addition, IL-6 injection into the OB reduced food intake.

Conclusion: Persistent elevation of IL-6 in the OB from the early stage of arthritis may be an important finding that might explain the neuropsychiatric pathophysiology of RA, including appetite loss, which is present in the early stages of the disease and manifests as a variety of symptoms over time.

引言类风湿性关节炎(RA)可能与精神症状共病。RA患者和关节炎模型的大脑异常已有报道。然而,目前尚不清楚这些异常何时发生以及分布在哪里。在这项研究中,我们分析了胶原诱导性关节炎(CIA)小鼠大脑中基因表达的时空变化。方法将小鼠分为三组:i)CIA(所有小鼠在第35天出现关节炎):初始免疫时完全弗氏佐剂(CFA)和II型胶原,加强免疫时不完全弗氏助剂(IFA)和Ⅱ型胶原;ii)C(+/-)(50%的小鼠在第35天出现关节炎):加强免疫时仅IFA;和iii)C(-/-)(无关节炎):初始免疫时仅CFA,加强免疫时仅IFA。在关节炎的十个阶段收集整个大脑,并将其分为六个部分。使用从大脑中提取的RNA进行实时聚合酶链式反应,并对促炎细胞因子和神经胶质标记物的表达进行半定量。记录关节炎评分、体重、食物和水的摄入量,并分析其与大脑基因表达的相关性。我们还研究了在嗅球(OB)中注射白细胞介素-6(IL-6)对食物摄入的影响。结果加强免疫后,CIA多个部位整合素亚单位α-M和IL-1β出现短暂性升高。IL-6在关节炎发作前在OB中持续表达,这与体重减轻和食物摄入减少有关。在C(+/-)组中观察到OB的这种变化,但在C(-/-)组中没有观察到。在C(+/-)组中,非关节炎小鼠的OB变化与关节炎小鼠相同。这种IL-6水平的升高在整个慢性期持续到第84天。此外,向OB注射IL-6减少了食物摄入。结论关节炎早期OB中IL-6的持续升高可能是一个重要的发现,可以解释RA的神经精神病理生理学,包括食欲下降,食欲下降出现在疾病的早期,并随着时间的推移表现为各种症状。
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引用次数: 0
Olfactory Cues of Naturally Occurring Systemic Inflammation: A Pilot Study of Seasonal Allergy. 自然发生的全身性炎症的嗅觉提示:季节性过敏的初步研究。
IF 2.2 4区 医学 Q3 ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-16 DOI: 10.1159/000535047
Arnaud Tognetti, Supreet Saluja, Nathalie Lybert, Julie Lasselin, Sandra Tamm, Catarina Lensmar, Bianka Karshikoff, Simon Cervenka, Mats Lekander, Mats J Olsson

Introduction: In an attempt to avoid contact with infectious individuals, humans likely respond to generalized rather than specific markers of disease. Humans may thus perceive a noninfectious individual as socially less attractive if they look (e.g., have facial discolouration), move (e.g., have a slower walking pace), or sound (e.g., sneeze) sick. This pilot study tested whether humans are averse to the body odour of noninfectious individuals with a low-grade systemic inflammation.

Methods: We collected the axillary body odour of individuals with severe seasonal allergy (N = 14) and healthy controls (N = 10) during and outside the allergy season and measured serum levels of two inflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-5). Independent participants (N = 67) then sampled and rated these odours on intensity and pleasantness.

Results: While individuals with seasonal allergy had nominally more unpleasant and intense body odours during the allergy season, relative to outside the allergy season and to healthy controls, these effects were not significant. When examining immune markers, the change in perceived pleasantness of an individual's body odour (from out-to-inside pollen season) was significantly related to the change in their interleukin-5 levels but not to tumour necrosis factor-α.

Discussion: Our findings tentatively suggest that the human olfactory system could be sensitive to inflammation as present in a noncommunicable condition. Larger replications are required to determine the role of olfaction in the perception of infectious and noninfectious (e.g., chronic diseases) conditions.

导言:为了避免与传染性个体接触,人类可能会对一般的而不是特定的疾病标志物作出反应。因此,如果一个没有传染性的人看起来(例如,面部变色)、动作(例如,走路速度较慢)或声音(例如,打喷嚏)不舒服,人们可能会认为他在社交上不那么有吸引力。这项初步研究测试了人类是否厌恶患有低度全身性炎症的非传染性个体的体味。方法:采集严重季节性变态反应患者(14例)和健康对照(10例)在变态反应季节和季节外的腋窝体味,测定两种炎症因子(肿瘤坏死因子-α、白细胞介素-5)的血清水平。然后,独立参与者(N = 67)对这些气味进行取样,并根据强度和愉悦度对其进行评级。结果:虽然与非过敏季节和健康对照相比,季节性过敏患者在过敏季节有更多令人不快和强烈的体臭,但这些影响并不显著。当检查免疫标记物时,个体体味感知愉悦度的变化(从花粉季节到花粉季节)与白细胞介素-5水平的变化显著相关,但与肿瘤坏死因子-α无关。讨论:我们的研究结果初步表明,人类嗅觉系统可能对非传染性疾病中的炎症敏感。为了确定嗅觉在感知传染性和非传染性(如慢性病)疾病中的作用,需要进行更大规模的重复实验。
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引用次数: 0
Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System in Mild Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Focus on Osteoarthritis. 交感神经系统在轻度慢性炎症中的作用:关注骨关节炎。
IF 2.2 4区 医学 Q3 ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-10 DOI: 10.1159/000531798
Rebecca Sohn, Zsuzsa Jenei-Lanzl

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is a major regulatory mediator connecting the brain and the immune system that influences accordingly inflammatory processes within the entire body. In the periphery, the SNS exerts its effects mainly via its neurotransmitters norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E), which are released by peripheral nerve endings in lymphatic organs and other tissues. Depending on their concentration, NE and E bind to specific α- and β-adrenergic receptor subtypes and can cause both pro- and anti-inflammatory cellular responses. The co-transmitter neuropeptide Y, adenosine triphosphate, or its metabolite adenosine are also mediators of the SNS. Local pro-inflammatory processes due to injury or pathogens lead to an activation of the SNS, which in turn induces several immunoregulatory mechanisms with either pro- or anti-inflammatory effects depending on neurotransmitter concentration or pathological context. In chronic inflammatory diseases, the activity of the SNS is persistently elevated and can trigger detrimental pathological processes. Recently, the sympathetic contribution to mild chronic inflammatory diseases like osteoarthritis (OA) has attracted growing interest. OA is a whole-joint disease and is characterized by mild chronic inflammation in the joint. In this narrative article, we summarize the underlying mechanisms behind the sympathetic influence on inflammation during OA pathogenesis. In addition, OA comorbidities also accompanied by mild chronic inflammation, such as hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and depression, will be reviewed. Finally, the potential of SNS-based therapeutic options for the treatment of OA will be discussed.

交感神经系统(SNS)是连接大脑和免疫系统的主要调节介质,对全身的炎症过程产生相应的影响。在外周,交感神经系统主要通过其神经递质去甲肾上腺素(NE)和肾上腺素(E)产生作用,这些神经递质由淋巴器官和其他组织的外周神经末梢释放。根据浓度的不同,去甲肾上腺素和肾上腺素能与特定的α和β肾上腺素能受体亚型结合,可引起促炎和抗炎细胞反应。辅助递质神经肽 Y、三磷酸腺苷或其代谢产物腺苷也是 SNS 的介质。损伤或病原体引起的局部促炎过程会导致自律神经系统的激活,进而诱发多种免疫调节机制,根据神经递质浓度或病理环境的不同,这些机制具有促炎或抗炎作用。在慢性炎症性疾病中,交感神经系统的活性会持续升高,并引发有害的病理过程。最近,交感神经对骨关节炎(OA)等轻度慢性炎症性疾病的作用引起了越来越多的关注。OA 是一种全关节疾病,以关节轻度慢性炎症为特征。在这篇叙述性文章中,我们总结了 OA 发病过程中交感神经影响炎症的潜在机制。此外,我们还将综述同样伴有轻度慢性炎症的 OA 合并症,如高血压、肥胖、糖尿病和抑郁症。最后,还将讨论基于交感神经系统的治疗方案在治疗 OA 方面的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Contents Vol. 29, 2022 目录2022年第29卷
IF 2.4 4区 医学 Q3 ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM Pub Date : 2022-12-13 DOI: 10.1159/000528166

Neuroimmunomodulation 2022;29:I–VI
Neuroimmunomodulation 2022; 29: I-VI
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引用次数: 0
Acknowledgement to Reviewers 审稿人致谢
IF 2.4 4区 医学 Q3 ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM Pub Date : 2022-12-13 DOI: 10.1159/000527679

Neuroimmunomodulation 2022;29:523
Neuroimmunomodulation 29:523 2022;
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Neuroimmunomodulation
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