Pub Date : 2024-01-02DOI: 10.33494/nzjfs542024x317x
Carolin Weser, Toni M. Withers, Stephen M. Pawson
Background: Eucalypt species are grown in New Zealand for a variety of purposes. Paropsine leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) impact eucalypt plantations in Australia and other countries where eucalypts have become established. Six eucalypt-feeding paropsines from Australia have established in New Zealand to date. Paropsis charybdis Stål is currently regarded as the worst eucalypt pest. Paropsisterna cloelia (Stål) established in New Zealand in 2016 and it remains uncertain whether its potential impacts will exceed those caused by P. charybdis. Methods: In this review, we provide an update on eucalypt insect invasions in New Zealand, summarise available literature on Pst. cloelia, and compare its ecology to P. charybdis, including distribution, host preferences, phenology, and natural enemies. Finally, we identify key areas for future research and give recommendations for integrated pest management. Results: The number of specialist eucalypt-feeding insects has increased to approx. 36 species. The largely overlapping distributions of P. charybdis and Pst. cloelia in Australia indicate a similar climate tolerance; hence Pst. cloelia is likely to spread throughout New Zealand over time. Life history traits and behaviour of Pst. cloelia suggest it has a higher reproductive output and higher survival rate of immature stages than P. charybdis. This could potentially lead to severe defoliation from more frequent population outbreaks of Pst. cloelia, particularly under climatic conditions that induce growth stress in trees. Both species seem to prefer eucalypt species from different sections within the subgenus Symphyomyrtus, indicating a degree of niche separation. Paropsisterna cloelia larvae feed on both flush juvenile and adult leaves of heteroblastic eucalypt species (i.e., producing morphologically different juvenile and adult leaves), which would be of particular concern if it were to invade E. nitens plantations. Conclusions: We believe that Pst. cloelia has the potential to exceed the observed impacts from P. charybdis in New Zealand and cause growth losses in its most preferred eucalypt species. An integrated pest management approach that employs strategies, such as breeding for resistance, choice and siting of species, biological control, and/or pesticide use at set damage thresholds could result in significant economic benefits and resilience. As biocontrol is a long-term solution, other strategies need to be investigated and implemented without delay for the industry to be pre-emptive.
背景：新西兰种植桉树的目的多种多样。副栉叶甲虫（鞘翅目：蝶形目）对澳大利亚和其他种植桉树的国家的桉树种植园造成了影响。迄今为止，已有六种来自澳大利亚、以桉树为食的副叶甲虫在新西兰定居。Paropsis charybdis Stål 目前被认为是最严重的桉树害虫。Paropsisterna cloelia（Stål）于2016年在新西兰立足，目前仍不确定其潜在影响是否会超过P. charybdis造成的影响：在这篇综述中，我们提供了新西兰桉树昆虫入侵的最新情况，总结了关于 Pst. cloelia 的现有文献，并将其生态学与 P. charybdis 进行了比较，包括分布、寄主偏好、物候学和天敌。最后，我们确定了未来研究的关键领域，并提出了虫害综合防治建议：结果：专门以桉树为食的昆虫数量已增至约 36 种。P. charybdis 和 Pst. cloelia 在澳大利亚的分布大体重叠，这表明它们对气候的耐受性相似；因此，随着时间的推移，Pst.Pst. cloelia 的生活史特征和行为表明，与 P. charybdis 相比，它的繁殖能力更强，未成熟阶段的存活率更高。这可能会导致 Pst. cloelia 种群更频繁地爆发而造成严重落叶，尤其是在会引起树木生长压力的气候条件下。这两个物种似乎都喜欢亚属 Symphyomyrtus 中不同部分的桉树物种，这表明存在一定程度的生态位分离。Paropsisterna cloelia幼虫以异形桉树物种的齐平幼叶和成叶（即产生形态不同的幼叶和成叶）为食，如果它入侵 E. nitens种植园，这将是一个特别值得关注的问题：我们认为，Pst.cloelia 有可能超过 P. charybdis 在新西兰造成的影响，并导致其最喜欢的桉树品种生长受阻。害虫综合治理方法可带来显著的经济效益和恢复能力，该方法采用的策略包括抗性培育、物种选择和选址、生物防治和/或在设定的损害阈值下使用杀虫剂。由于生物防治是一个长期解决方案，因此需要立即调查和实施其他战略，以便该行业先发制人。
{"title":"Comparison of the biology, ecology and potential pest impacts of the eucalypt-defoliating leaf beetles Paropsisterna cloelia and Paropsis charybdis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in New Zealand","authors":"Carolin Weser, Toni M. Withers, Stephen M. Pawson","doi":"10.33494/nzjfs542024x317x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33494/nzjfs542024x317x","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Eucalypt species are grown in New Zealand for a variety of purposes. Paropsine leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) impact eucalypt plantations in Australia and other countries where eucalypts have become established. Six eucalypt-feeding paropsines from Australia have established in New Zealand to date. Paropsis charybdis Stål is currently regarded as the worst eucalypt pest. Paropsisterna cloelia (Stål) established in New Zealand in 2016 and it remains uncertain whether its potential impacts will exceed those caused by P. charybdis.\u0000Methods: In this review, we provide an update on eucalypt insect invasions in New Zealand, summarise available literature on Pst. cloelia, and compare its ecology to P. charybdis, including distribution, host preferences, phenology, and natural enemies. Finally, we identify key areas for future research and give recommendations for integrated pest management.\u0000Results: The number of specialist eucalypt-feeding insects has increased to approx. 36 species. The largely overlapping distributions of P. charybdis and Pst. cloelia in Australia indicate a similar climate tolerance; hence Pst. cloelia is likely to spread throughout New Zealand over time. Life history traits and behaviour of Pst. cloelia suggest it has a higher reproductive output and higher survival rate of immature stages than P. charybdis. This could potentially lead to severe defoliation from more frequent population outbreaks of Pst. cloelia, particularly under climatic conditions that induce growth stress in trees. Both species seem to prefer eucalypt species from different sections within the subgenus Symphyomyrtus, indicating a degree of niche separation. Paropsisterna cloelia larvae feed on both flush juvenile and adult leaves of heteroblastic eucalypt species (i.e., producing morphologically different juvenile and adult leaves), which would be of particular concern if it were to invade E. nitens plantations.\u0000Conclusions: We believe that Pst. cloelia has the potential to exceed the observed impacts from P. charybdis in New Zealand and cause growth losses in its most preferred eucalypt species. An integrated pest management approach that employs strategies, such as breeding for resistance, choice and siting of species, biological control, and/or pesticide use at set damage thresholds could result in significant economic benefits and resilience. As biocontrol is a long-term solution, other strategies need to be investigated and implemented without delay for the industry to be pre-emptive.","PeriodicalId":19172,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140515373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-15DOI: 10.33494/nzjfs532023x178x
Euan G. Mason
Background: Radiata pine (Pinus radiata D.Don) has been grown in New Zealand’s plantations for more than a century, and silviculturists began by employing Eurocentric ideas about how to manage forest stands. Research and development gradually led to an entirely new approach to silviculture, where volume production was sacrificed to promote value, and high investments in individual trees led to very low stand stockings by international standards. Methods: The development of pruning and thinning technology was reviewed, highlighting the most important developments, and identifying impacts of tending on tree and stand attributes. Results: Decision-support systems for planning pruning and heavy, early pre-commercial (waste) thinning became very sophisticated. As ideas changed, however, structural regimes without pruning became more prevalent, and this has necessitated new forms of silvicultural research. Ideas for new areas of tending research in New Zealand are outlined. Conclusions: A unique approach to tending plantations developed in New Zealand that involves sacrificing volume production to increase the value of an investment in pruned forest stands. Experiments aimed at building decision-support systems for these silvicultural regimes have yielded a great deal of information about impacts of pruning and thinning in stands with relatively open canopies. Recent changes in focus towards growing construction lumber require a greater research focus on factors influencing wood stiffness and stability as well as a clear understanding of the use of higher stocking levels with a variety of genotypes on a range of sites. Stand dynamics and mortality will be more relevant than for pruning regimes, and a variety of new experiments is required.
{"title":"Impacts of tending on attributes of radiata pine trees and stands in New Zealand – a review","authors":"Euan G. Mason","doi":"10.33494/nzjfs532023x178x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33494/nzjfs532023x178x","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Radiata pine (Pinus radiata D.Don) has been grown in New Zealand’s plantations for more than a century, and silviculturists began by employing Eurocentric ideas about how to manage forest stands. Research and development gradually led to an entirely new approach to silviculture, where volume production was sacrificed to promote value, and high investments in individual trees led to very low stand stockings by international standards. Methods: The development of pruning and thinning technology was reviewed, highlighting the most important developments, and identifying impacts of tending on tree and stand attributes. Results: Decision-support systems for planning pruning and heavy, early pre-commercial (waste) thinning became very sophisticated. As ideas changed, however, structural regimes without pruning became more prevalent, and this has necessitated new forms of silvicultural research. Ideas for new areas of tending research in New Zealand are outlined. Conclusions: A unique approach to tending plantations developed in New Zealand that involves sacrificing volume production to increase the value of an investment in pruned forest stands. Experiments aimed at building decision-support systems for these silvicultural regimes have yielded a great deal of information about impacts of pruning and thinning in stands with relatively open canopies. Recent changes in focus towards growing construction lumber require a greater research focus on factors influencing wood stiffness and stability as well as a clear understanding of the use of higher stocking levels with a variety of genotypes on a range of sites. Stand dynamics and mortality will be more relevant than for pruning regimes, and a variety of new experiments is required.","PeriodicalId":19172,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135397609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-20DOI: 10.33494/nzjfs532023x232x
Matheus Santos Martins, Eder Pereira Miguel, José Roberto Rodrigues Pinto, Milton Serpa de Meira Junior, Fernanda Coelho de Souza, H. Souza
Background: Forests have a huge potential to mitigate global warming through CO2 accumulation in their living biomass. Thus, understanding the functioning of these ecosystems is crucial for revealing factors that drive biomass accumulation. Functional diversity helps us understand ecosystem services, including biomass accumulation. Within this context, this work aimed to investigate the role of functional diversity in biomass accumulation for woody vegetation of the Cerradão. Methods: We estimated above-ground biomass (AGB) of 50 Cerradão stands in Brazil and measured five different functional traits associated with tree species’ survival and growth. For each stand, we calculated five community-weighted means (CWMs), based on each functional trait, and three functional diversity metrics. We specifically explored the relationship between CWMs describing functional diversity metrics and AGB. After that, exponential regressions were adjusted, using the variables that presented significant correlation as independent variables and AGB as a dependent variable. Regressions with more than one independent variable were fitted in a way that avoided collinearity. Based on the strongest correlation coefficient (r) and the lowest Akaike value (AIC), we chose the best regression to explain the majority of the variance in AGB. Results: Our results showed the role of function in determining AGB. In particular, bivariate correlations show that four CWM functional traits and two functional diversity metrics are significantly associated with AGB production, with CWM showing AGB estimation variables. However, multiple regression analyses show that maximum height is the only trait significantly associated with AGB and it alone provides the best model fit. Conclusions: The accumulation of AGB in Cerradão is explained by the mass ratio theory, and this ecosystem services is directly related to the presence and abundance of species with greater potential tree height (Htmax).
{"title":"Above-ground biomass accumulation in Cerradão managed by the mass ratio","authors":"Matheus Santos Martins, Eder Pereira Miguel, José Roberto Rodrigues Pinto, Milton Serpa de Meira Junior, Fernanda Coelho de Souza, H. Souza","doi":"10.33494/nzjfs532023x232x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33494/nzjfs532023x232x","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Forests have a huge potential to mitigate global warming through CO2 accumulation in their living biomass. Thus, understanding the functioning of these ecosystems is crucial for revealing factors that drive biomass accumulation. Functional diversity helps us understand ecosystem services, including biomass accumulation. Within this context, this work aimed to investigate the role of functional diversity in biomass accumulation for woody vegetation of the Cerradão.\u0000Methods: We estimated above-ground biomass (AGB) of 50 Cerradão stands in Brazil and measured five different functional traits associated with tree species’ survival and growth. For each stand, we calculated five community-weighted means (CWMs), based on each functional trait, and three functional diversity metrics. We specifically explored the relationship between CWMs describing functional diversity metrics and AGB. After that, exponential regressions were adjusted, using the variables that presented significant correlation as independent variables and AGB as a dependent variable. Regressions with more than one independent variable were fitted in a way that avoided collinearity. Based on the strongest correlation coefficient (r) and the lowest Akaike value (AIC), we chose the best regression to explain the majority of the variance in AGB.\u0000Results: Our results showed the role of function in determining AGB. In particular, bivariate correlations show that four CWM functional traits and two functional diversity metrics are significantly associated with AGB production, with CWM showing AGB estimation variables. However, multiple regression analyses show that maximum height is the only trait significantly associated with AGB and it alone provides the best model fit.\u0000Conclusions: The accumulation of AGB in Cerradão is explained by the mass ratio theory, and this ecosystem services is directly related to the presence and abundance of species with greater potential tree height (Htmax).","PeriodicalId":19172,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47658329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-11DOI: 10.33494/nzjfs532023x249x
K. Ioannidis, Polyxeni Koropouli
Background: Black pine (Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold) is one of the most productive conifers species for timber production in southern Europe, the Mediterranean region and Greece. Recently, the interest for its heartwood extractives content due to their medicinal properties has been renewed. Black pine can be used to produce high added value products, such as bioactive compounds produced from wood and wood waste materials. Methods: Quantitative genetic parameters were estimated for heartwood chemical traits and heartwood percentage in a 44-year-old Pinus nigra clonal seed orchard, established in Peloponnese, Greece. Results: Significant variation was found among clones and among provenances for all studied traits. Heritability on a clone mean basis was extremely high for total acetone extractives, total resin acids as for all resin acids (≥0.85), except levopimaric acid (0.47) and very high for total stilbenes, pinosylvins as for dehydroabietic acid and heartwood percentage (0.69-0.79). On an individual basis, the genetic control was moderate to high (0.53-0.62) for total acetone extractives, total resin acids as for most of resin acids (≥0.85) with dehydroabietic acid presenting low value (0.39) while levopimaric acid very low (0.15). Total stilbenes, pinosylvins and its ether derivatives as heartwood percentage exhibited low values of heritability on individual basis (0.31-0.43). The phenotypic correlation (rp) between total acetone extracts and total stilbenes was negatively weak (≤-0.173) and significant (p≤0.01) while the genetic correlation (rg) was moderate to strong (≤-0.502). The rp values between several pinosylvins were significantly (p≤0.01) moderate to strong (0.529-0.975) as were genetic correlations (0.583-0.975). Between the studied resin acids, both rp and rg values were mostly medium to strong (rp≥0.8 and rg≥0.7) and significant (p≤0.01) in the case of phenotypic correlations, with minor exceptions (levopimaric acid). Phenotypic and genetic correlations between heartwood percentage and its chemical traits were positive (being in most cases significant), except for dehydroabietic and levopimaric acid. Conclusions: The studied clones, comprising the clonal seed orchard, can be used in clonal forestry and subsequent breeding cycles, indicating high potential for advanced breeding, especially for heartwood extractives that are of high pharmaceutical and economic value.
背景：黑松（Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold）是南欧、地中海地区和希腊木材生产中产量最高的针叶树物种之一。近年来，由于其药用特性，人们对其心材提取物含量的兴趣再次高涨。黑松可用于生产高附加值产品，如由木材和木材废料生产的生物活性化合物。方法：在希腊伯罗奔尼撒建立的一个44年生的黑松无性系种子园中，对心材化学性状和心材百分比进行了定量遗传参数估计。在克隆平均基础上，总丙酮提取物的遗传力极高，除左旋海松酸（0.47）外，所有树脂酸的总树脂酸（≥0.85）非常高，总二苯乙烯、皮诺钾盐脱氢枞酸和心材百分比（0.69-0.79）非常高。在个体基础上，全丙酮提取物的基因控制为中高（0.53-0.62），大多数树脂酸的总树脂酸（≥0.85），脱氢枞酸的值较低（0.39），而左旋海松酸的值很低（0.15），樟子松及其醚衍生物的心材百分比在个体基础上表现出较低的遗传力（0.31-0.43）。总丙酮提取物和总二苯乙烯之间的表型相关性（rp）为负弱（≤-0.173）和显著（p≤0.01），而遗传相关性（rg）为中到强（≤-0.502）显著（p≤0.01）中-强（0.529-0.975）和遗传相关性（0.583-0.975。心材百分比与其化学性状之间的表型和遗传相关性是正的（在大多数情况下是显著的），除了脱氢枞酸和左海松酸。结论：所研究的克隆包括克隆种子园，可用于克隆林业和随后的育种周期，表明其具有很高的高级育种潜力，尤其是具有高药用和经济价值的心材提取物。
{"title":"Quantitative genetic parameters of heartwood and its chemical traits in a black pine (Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold) clonal seed orchard established in Greece","authors":"K. Ioannidis, Polyxeni Koropouli","doi":"10.33494/nzjfs532023x249x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33494/nzjfs532023x249x","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Black pine (Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold) is one of the most productive conifers species for timber production in southern Europe, the Mediterranean region and Greece. Recently, the interest for its heartwood extractives content due to their medicinal properties has been renewed. Black pine can be used to produce high added value products, such as bioactive compounds produced from wood and wood waste materials.\u0000Methods: Quantitative genetic parameters were estimated for heartwood chemical traits and heartwood percentage in a 44-year-old Pinus nigra clonal seed orchard, established in Peloponnese, Greece.\u0000Results: Significant variation was found among clones and among provenances for all studied traits. Heritability on a clone mean basis was extremely high for total acetone extractives, total resin acids as for all resin acids (≥0.85), except levopimaric acid (0.47) and very high for total stilbenes, pinosylvins as for dehydroabietic acid and heartwood percentage (0.69-0.79). On an individual basis, the genetic control was moderate to high (0.53-0.62) for total acetone extractives, total resin acids as for most of resin acids (≥0.85) with dehydroabietic acid presenting low value (0.39) while levopimaric acid very low (0.15). Total stilbenes, pinosylvins and its ether derivatives as heartwood percentage exhibited low values of heritability on individual basis (0.31-0.43). The phenotypic correlation (rp) between total acetone extracts and total stilbenes was negatively weak (≤-0.173) and significant (p≤0.01) while the genetic correlation (rg) was moderate to strong (≤-0.502). The rp values between several pinosylvins were significantly (p≤0.01) moderate to strong (0.529-0.975) as were genetic correlations (0.583-0.975). Between the studied resin acids, both rp and rg values were mostly medium to strong (rp≥0.8 and rg≥0.7) and significant (p≤0.01) in the case of phenotypic correlations, with minor exceptions (levopimaric acid). Phenotypic and genetic correlations between heartwood percentage and its chemical traits were positive (being in most cases significant), except for dehydroabietic and levopimaric acid.\u0000Conclusions: The studied clones, comprising the clonal seed orchard, can be used in clonal forestry and subsequent breeding cycles, indicating high potential for advanced breeding, especially for heartwood extractives that are of high pharmaceutical and economic value.","PeriodicalId":19172,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43553189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-24DOI: 10.33494/nzjfs532023x177x
C. Phillips, M. Bloomberg, M. Marden, S. Lambie
Background: Trees and forests have been used in New Zealand to reduce erosion, particularly from rainfall–triggered landslides, gullying, and earthflows. Most New Zealand tree root research has been conducted during the life of the New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, with much published in it. Methods: We undertook a retrospective ‘review’ of New Zealand tree root research focusing on soil reinforcement and its application for erosion control, slope stability assessment, and understanding tree stability in forests. The published and grey literature was searched using common search terms and relevant papers assessed. The international literature was not reviewed but helped provide context for the New Zealand studies. Results: Results were aggregated into broad topic areas and key findings summarised. Where multiple studies existed for a particular species, results are presented by species. Selected data are presented to enable inter-species comparisons, and the reader is directed to additional data or the original study. Conclusions: New Zealand tree root research has focused mostly on root description or simple measurements to support applied studies of root structure and function. Nonetheless, such research has made a valuable global contribution in addition to improving the understanding and management of New Zealand’s forests. Studies show that generally, exotic species outperform indigenous species for most empirical root metrics other than root tensile strength. A combination of both lateral and vertical roots provides the best soil reinforcement and contribution to slope stability. Future research should focus on acquiring more field data and improvements in dealing with spatial and temporal variability in model development. Practical tools for land managers to target the right places with the right vegetation (species, amount, density) are a pressing need as changing climate is changing the way we manage natural hazards like landslides, floods and wildfires.
{"title":"Tree root research in New Zealand: a retrospective ‘review’ with emphasis on soil reinforcement for soil conservation and wind firmness","authors":"C. Phillips, M. Bloomberg, M. Marden, S. Lambie","doi":"10.33494/nzjfs532023x177x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33494/nzjfs532023x177x","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Trees and forests have been used in New Zealand to reduce erosion, particularly from rainfall–triggered landslides, gullying, and earthflows. Most New Zealand tree root research has been conducted during the life of the New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, with much published in it.\u0000Methods: We undertook a retrospective ‘review’ of New Zealand tree root research focusing on soil reinforcement and its application for erosion control, slope stability assessment, and understanding tree stability in forests. The published and grey literature was searched using common search terms and relevant papers assessed. The international literature was not reviewed but helped provide context for the New Zealand studies.\u0000Results: Results were aggregated into broad topic areas and key findings summarised. Where multiple studies existed for a particular species, results are presented by species. Selected data are presented to enable inter-species comparisons, and the reader is directed to additional data or the original study.\u0000Conclusions: New Zealand tree root research has focused mostly on root description or simple measurements to support applied studies of root structure and function. Nonetheless, such research has made a valuable global contribution in addition to improving the understanding and management of New Zealand’s forests. Studies show that generally, exotic species outperform indigenous species for most empirical root metrics other than root tensile strength. A combination of both lateral and vertical roots provides the best soil reinforcement and contribution to slope stability. Future research should focus on acquiring more field data and improvements in dealing with spatial and temporal variability in model development. Practical tools for land managers to target the right places with the right vegetation (species, amount, density) are a pressing need as changing climate is changing the way we manage natural hazards like landslides, floods and wildfires.","PeriodicalId":19172,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48067071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-04DOI: 10.33494/nzjfs532023x216x
M. Marden, D. Rowan, A. Watson
Background: The frequent occurrence of storm-initiated landslides following harvesting of Pinus radiata D.Don in steep, Tertiary terrain, East Coast region, North Island, New Zealand, is of increasing concern. This paper documents the influence of tree removal and of replacement plantings on the canopy water balance and soil moisture regime when slopes are at their most vulnerable to landslide occurrence. Methods: At a previously established study site, rainfall, throughfall, and soil moisture data were collected before a mature stand of P. radiata was harvested. After harvesting, part of the study site was replanted with P. radiata at 1000 stems ha-1 and part with 500 stems ha-1. Relationships between hydrological changes and landslide occurrence are discussed in relation to planting density, site factors, root system development, silvicultural regimes, and alternative land use options for mitigating erosion in highly erodible hill country. Results: Following harvesting, soil moisture levels remained higher for longer than under a mature forest until rainfall interception and evapotranspiration returned to pre-harvest levels. This coincided with canopy closure, irrespective of planting density. After thinning, interception and evapotranspiration decreased, then regained the equivalent of a closed canopy 2 years later. Landslide occurrence was highest on slopes >25° and with a NE aspect. Sediment generation rates were highest in 2─4-year-old plantings, then decreased markedly with increasing tree age. Conclusions: Irrespective of planting density, P. radiata had little influence on the soil-water regime until canopy interception, evapotranspiration rates, soil-drying and recharge cycles returned to pre-harvest levels, coinciding with canopy closure. During this period, pore-water pressures at times of heavy or prolonged rainfall likely result in soil saturation and an increase in landslides. The progressive loss of root strength of the harvested trees had a secondary influence. The duration of the post-harvest period of heightened slope vulnerability to landslide initiation is a function of the combined influences of site factors on rates of tree growth and survival, and of the planting density regime on the canopy water balance and soil water content until the development of an effective live soil-root reinforcement system. For areas identified as high risk, the targeting of high-value timber species with longer rotation length, including consideration of coppicing species, would minimise the risk of slope failure at harvest. Very high-risk areas unsuited to rotational harvesting will ultimately require transitioning to a permanent indigenous forest cover.
{"title":"Effect of changes in forest water balance and inferred root reinforcement on landslide occurrence and sediment generation following Pinus radiata harvest on Tertiary terrain, eastern North Island, New Zealand","authors":"M. Marden, D. Rowan, A. Watson","doi":"10.33494/nzjfs532023x216x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33494/nzjfs532023x216x","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The frequent occurrence of storm-initiated landslides following harvesting of Pinus radiata D.Don in steep, Tertiary terrain, East Coast region, North Island, New Zealand, is of increasing concern. This paper documents the influence of tree removal and of replacement plantings on the canopy water balance and soil moisture regime when slopes are at their most vulnerable to landslide occurrence. Methods: At a previously established study site, rainfall, throughfall, and soil moisture data were collected before a mature stand of P. radiata was harvested. After harvesting, part of the study site was replanted with P. radiata at 1000 stems ha-1 and part with 500 stems ha-1. Relationships between hydrological changes and landslide occurrence are discussed in relation to planting density, site factors, root system development, silvicultural regimes, and alternative land use options for mitigating erosion in highly erodible hill country. Results: Following harvesting, soil moisture levels remained higher for longer than under a mature forest until rainfall interception and evapotranspiration returned to pre-harvest levels. This coincided with canopy closure, irrespective of planting density. After thinning, interception and evapotranspiration decreased, then regained the equivalent of a closed canopy 2 years later. Landslide occurrence was highest on slopes >25° and with a NE aspect. Sediment generation rates were highest in 2─4-year-old plantings, then decreased markedly with increasing tree age. Conclusions: Irrespective of planting density, P. radiata had little influence on the soil-water regime until canopy interception, evapotranspiration rates, soil-drying and recharge cycles returned to pre-harvest levels, coinciding with canopy closure. During this period, pore-water pressures at times of heavy or prolonged rainfall likely result in soil saturation and an increase in landslides. The progressive loss of root strength of the harvested trees had a secondary influence. The duration of the post-harvest period of heightened slope vulnerability to landslide initiation is a function of the combined influences of site factors on rates of tree growth and survival, and of the planting density regime on the canopy water balance and soil water content until the development of an effective live soil-root reinforcement system. For areas identified as high risk, the targeting of high-value timber species with longer rotation length, including consideration of coppicing species, would minimise the risk of slope failure at harvest. Very high-risk areas unsuited to rotational harvesting will ultimately require transitioning to a permanent indigenous forest cover.","PeriodicalId":19172,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49175989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-29DOI: 10.33494/nzjfs532023x218x
Samira Rangel do Prado Frade, Denys Matheus Santana Costa Souza, S. B. Fernandes, Maria Lopes Martins Avelar, Letícia Vaz Molinari, Douglas Santos Gonçalves, Thiago Alves Magalhães, G. E. Brondani
Background: In vitro growth and development of plants in the micropropagation stages are influenced by several factors, including the light spectral quality, which has shown important effects on the photomorphogenesis. The work aimed to evaluate the photomorphogenic effect of spectral qualities on in vitro culture of Eucalyptus dunnii and Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla. Methods: Six light spectral qualities (i.e., red, white, blue, yellow, purple, and green) on in vitro multiplication, elongation, and adventitious rooting stages were evaluated through analysis of variance followed by a Tukey’s test. Results: White spectral quality was most adequate for in vitro multiplication of Eucalyptus dunnii and Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla, as it resulted in less tissue oxidation, longer shoot length, and more buds per explant. Red, blue and yellow spectral qualities increased the chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll (a+b) leaf contents of Eucalyptus dunnii. To promote in vitro elongation, white spectral quality was most suitable for Eucalyptus dunnii, and yellow for Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla, as these resulted in more shoot length and shoots per explant. Red, white, blue and purple spectral qualities increased the stomatal density of Eucalyptus dunnii; while the white and yellow were the better for Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla. To promote in vitro rooting, the white and yellow spectral qualities caused the best results for the Eucalyptus dunnii and Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla, with longer root length and more roots per explant. Eucalyptus dunnii showed reduced adventitious rooting, regardless of spectral quality. Conclusions: Light quality influence the morphophysiological responses of Eucalyptus in different stages of in vitro culture. Our results contribute to maximise the in vitro cloning of important eucalypts species.
{"title":"Spectral quality influence on in vitro morphophysiological responses of Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden and Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill ex Maiden × E. urophylla S.T.Blake","authors":"Samira Rangel do Prado Frade, Denys Matheus Santana Costa Souza, S. B. Fernandes, Maria Lopes Martins Avelar, Letícia Vaz Molinari, Douglas Santos Gonçalves, Thiago Alves Magalhães, G. E. Brondani","doi":"10.33494/nzjfs532023x218x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33494/nzjfs532023x218x","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In vitro growth and development of plants in the micropropagation stages are influenced by several factors, including the light spectral quality, which has shown important effects on the photomorphogenesis. The work aimed to evaluate the photomorphogenic effect of spectral qualities on in vitro culture of Eucalyptus dunnii and Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla.\u0000Methods: Six light spectral qualities (i.e., red, white, blue, yellow, purple, and green) on in vitro multiplication, elongation, and adventitious rooting stages were evaluated through analysis of variance followed by a Tukey’s test.\u0000Results: White spectral quality was most adequate for in vitro multiplication of Eucalyptus dunnii and Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla, as it resulted in less tissue oxidation, longer shoot length, and more buds per explant. Red, blue and yellow spectral qualities increased the chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll (a+b) leaf contents of Eucalyptus dunnii. To promote in vitro elongation, white spectral quality was most suitable for Eucalyptus dunnii, and yellow for Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla, as these resulted in more shoot length and shoots per explant. Red, white, blue and purple spectral qualities increased the stomatal density of Eucalyptus dunnii; while the white and yellow were the better for Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla. To promote in vitro rooting, the white and yellow spectral qualities caused the best results for the Eucalyptus dunnii and Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla, with longer root length and more roots per explant. Eucalyptus dunnii showed reduced adventitious rooting, regardless of spectral quality.\u0000Conclusions: Light quality influence the morphophysiological responses of Eucalyptus in different stages of in vitro culture. Our results contribute to maximise the in vitro cloning of important eucalypts species.","PeriodicalId":19172,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46303695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-17DOI: 10.33494/nzjfs532023x195x
A. Huerta, Í. Chiffelle, C. Arias, T. Curkovic, J. Araya
Background: Gonipterus platensis (Marelli) is part of the Gonipterus scutellatus species complex which consists of three species that have spread beyond their natural ranges. Due to its high reproductive potential and a capacity for intense defoliation by both larvae and adults, G. platensis causes tree growth loss and stem deformities. The antifeeding effect and insecticide efficacy of latex from petty spurge, Euphorbia peplus L. (Euphorbiaceae), on larvae of G. platensis, were evaluated through bioassays, with a view to its integrated management. Methods: Eucalyptus globulus leaves treated by immersion in Euphorbia peplus latex solutions were infested with five third-instar larvae, and the area consumed was determined at 24 h. The antifeeding effect of five latex solutions applied with a brush on Eucalyptus globulus leaves, using a random experimental design of six treatments and five replications, was also evaluated. Larval mortality was recorded daily and analysed by an ANOVA and Tukey’s test. The LC50 (lethal concentration to kill 50% of the individuals) was calculated by Probit analysis and Chi2 tests were performed. Results: The ethanolic solutions of the latex caused strong antifeeding effect, with total inhibition of larval feeding at all solutions. Larval mortality increased significantly over time up to 76%, due to the effect of the ethanol latex solutions, in all solutions by day 6. The lower LC50 values were 0.049 and 0.012% w/v on days 5 and 6, respectively. Conclusions: These results indicate that Euphorbia peplus latex is a promising bioinsecticide and a possible alternative for integrated pest management. However, further tests should be carried out.
{"title":"Bioefficacy of Euphorbia peplus latex as an antifeedant and insecticide against Gonipterus platensis larvae on Eucalyptus globulus","authors":"A. Huerta, Í. Chiffelle, C. Arias, T. Curkovic, J. Araya","doi":"10.33494/nzjfs532023x195x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33494/nzjfs532023x195x","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Gonipterus platensis (Marelli) is part of the Gonipterus scutellatus species complex which consists of three species that have spread beyond their natural ranges. Due to its high reproductive potential and a capacity for intense defoliation by both larvae and adults, G. platensis causes tree growth loss and stem deformities. The antifeeding effect and insecticide efficacy of latex from petty spurge, Euphorbia peplus L. (Euphorbiaceae), on larvae of G. platensis, were evaluated through bioassays, with a view to its integrated management.\u0000Methods: Eucalyptus globulus leaves treated by immersion in Euphorbia peplus latex solutions were infested with five third-instar larvae, and the area consumed was determined at 24 h. The antifeeding effect of five latex solutions applied with a brush on Eucalyptus globulus leaves, using a random experimental design of six treatments and five replications, was also evaluated. Larval mortality was recorded daily and analysed by an ANOVA and Tukey’s test. The LC50 (lethal concentration to kill 50% of the individuals) was calculated by Probit analysis and Chi2 tests were performed.\u0000Results: The ethanolic solutions of the latex caused strong antifeeding effect, with total inhibition of larval feeding at all solutions. Larval mortality increased significantly over time up to 76%, due to the effect of the ethanol latex solutions, in all solutions by day 6. The lower LC50 values were 0.049 and 0.012% w/v on days 5 and 6, respectively.\u0000Conclusions: These results indicate that Euphorbia peplus latex is a promising bioinsecticide and a possible alternative for integrated pest management. However, further tests should be carried out.","PeriodicalId":19172,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46477155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-16DOI: 10.33494/nzjfs532023x238x
D. Satchell, John Moore
Background: While poplar (Populus spp.) is an important source of raw materials for the wood processing sector in many regions of the world, in New Zealand it has a reputation for producing poor grade recoveries of sawn timber that is unsuitable for structural applications. However, the ‘Kawa’ poplar clone (Populus deltoides Marshall x P. yunnanensis Dode), which has relatively high wood density, could yield structural timber. This, along with evidence demonstrating building code compliance, would improve utilisation options for this species in New Zealand. Methods: Sawn timber conversion and grade recovery were quantified for a 28-year-old pruned stand of ‘Kawa’ poplar grown in Northland, New Zealand. A sample of 90 mm x 45 mm structural boards were tested to determine their mechanical properties and the resulting strength class. Boron preservative retention and penetration were measured to determine whether timber could be treated to the level required under New Zealand’s building standards. Density, modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture were assessed on small defect-free specimens taken from different radial and vertical positions within trees to determine intra-stem and inter-stem variation in these properties. Results: The overall conversion of logs to sawn timber was 53%, with approximately 94% of this recovery consisting of graded timber. The most common sources of downgrade were knots, pruning wounds, and end-splits. Approximately 70% of the sawn boards were graded as clears, with smaller recoveries of cladding and structural boards. The average length of clear section was approximately 2.5 m. Mechanical testing of structural boards demonstrated that they have characteristic values sufficient to meet the requirements for the SG10 strength class. Preservative treatment achieved the H1.2 specification. Density, modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture were all higher in specimens cut from the outside of the log compared with those taken from near the pith at all heights up the stem. Conclusions: Mechanical properties and boron treatment results indicate suitability for structural applications in accordance with New Zealand’s building code. ‘Kawa’ poplar also produced high grade recoveries suggesting potential for commercial sawn timber production, especially for structural appearance products.
{"title":"Sawn timber and structural products from ‘Kawa’ poplar (Populus deltoides Marshall x P. yunnanensis Dode) grown in Northland, New Zealand","authors":"D. Satchell, John Moore","doi":"10.33494/nzjfs532023x238x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33494/nzjfs532023x238x","url":null,"abstract":"Background: While poplar (Populus spp.) is an important source of raw materials for the wood processing sector in many regions of the world, in New Zealand it has a reputation for producing poor grade recoveries of sawn timber that is unsuitable for structural applications. However, the ‘Kawa’ poplar clone (Populus deltoides Marshall x P. yunnanensis Dode), which has relatively high wood density, could yield structural timber. This, along with evidence demonstrating building code compliance, would improve utilisation options for this species in New Zealand.\u0000Methods: Sawn timber conversion and grade recovery were quantified for a 28-year-old pruned stand of ‘Kawa’ poplar grown in Northland, New Zealand. A sample of 90 mm x 45 mm structural boards were tested to determine their mechanical properties and the resulting strength class. Boron preservative retention and penetration were measured to determine whether timber could be treated to the level required under New Zealand’s building standards. Density, modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture were assessed on small defect-free specimens taken from different radial and vertical positions within trees to determine intra-stem and inter-stem variation in these properties.\u0000Results: The overall conversion of logs to sawn timber was 53%, with approximately 94% of this recovery consisting of graded timber. The most common sources of downgrade were knots, pruning wounds, and end-splits. Approximately 70% of the sawn boards were graded as clears, with smaller recoveries of cladding and structural boards. The average length of clear section was approximately 2.5 m. Mechanical testing of structural boards demonstrated that they have characteristic values sufficient to meet the requirements for the SG10 strength class. Preservative treatment achieved the H1.2 specification. Density, modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture were all higher in specimens cut from the outside of the log compared with those taken from near the pith at all heights up the stem.\u0000Conclusions: Mechanical properties and boron treatment results indicate suitability for structural applications in accordance with New Zealand’s building code. ‘Kawa’ poplar also produced high grade recoveries suggesting potential for commercial sawn timber production, especially for structural appearance products.","PeriodicalId":19172,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43284454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-25DOI: 10.33494/nzjfs522022x217x
R. Burdon, C. Low
Background: A severe outbreak of Diplodia-associated dieback of Pinus radiata D.Don shoots in 1967 prompted a pilot programme of selection for resistance to dieback. Plus trees were selected in 1970 for absence of dieback, growth and tree form, and seed collected. Methods: Twenty open-pollinated progenies plus two control lots were field-tested on two sites, and assessed around 6.5 years after planting. Alternative measures of shoot dieback were recorded, as were dbhob and scores for growth and form variables. Data were analysed for seedlot differences, heritability estimates and various genetic correlations. Results: Dieback at one site allowed good resolution of progeny differences, whatever the dieback measure. Remarkably, no response to field selection for resistance was evident, unlike in a glasshouse inoculation trial. Nor did progeny rankings correlate with those in the inoculation trial. Between the trial sites no clear seedlot rank changes were evident for any trait. Conclusions: The disparity with results from the inoculation trial is unexplained, although a role of endophyte status is postulated. Together with non-recurrence of past dieback outbreaks, the disparity means that selection for field resistance is not promising.
{"title":"Field performance of progenies of Pinus radiata selected for resistance to Diplodia-associated shoot dieback","authors":"R. Burdon, C. Low","doi":"10.33494/nzjfs522022x217x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33494/nzjfs522022x217x","url":null,"abstract":"Background: A severe outbreak of Diplodia-associated dieback of Pinus radiata D.Don shoots in 1967 prompted a pilot programme of selection for resistance to dieback. Plus trees were selected in 1970 for absence of dieback, growth and tree form, and seed collected.\u0000Methods: Twenty open-pollinated progenies plus two control lots were field-tested on two sites, and assessed around 6.5 years after planting. Alternative measures of shoot dieback were recorded, as were dbhob and scores for growth and form variables. Data were analysed for seedlot differences, heritability estimates and various genetic correlations.\u0000Results: Dieback at one site allowed good resolution of progeny differences, whatever the dieback measure. Remarkably, no response to field selection for resistance was evident, unlike in a glasshouse inoculation trial. Nor did progeny rankings correlate with those in the inoculation trial. Between the trial sites no clear seedlot rank changes were evident for any trait.\u0000Conclusions: The disparity with results from the inoculation trial is unexplained, although a role of endophyte status is postulated. Together with non-recurrence of past dieback outbreaks, the disparity means that selection for field resistance is not promising.","PeriodicalId":19172,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43041526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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