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Potential effectiveness of low-density plantings of manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) as an erosion mitigation strategy in steeplands, northern Hawke’s Bay, New Zealand 新西兰霍克湾北部陡坡地低密度种植麦卢卡(Leptispermum scopearium)作为减缓侵蚀策略的潜在有效性
IF 1.5 4区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2020-11-15 DOI: 10.33494/nzjfs502020x82x
M. Marden, S. Lambie, C. Phillips
Background: Government-funded schemes introduced to encourage new afforestation (exotic and indigenous) include the establishment of low-density plantings (less than 1100 stems ha–1) of manuka (Leptospermum scoparium Forster et Forster f.) on steeplands with severe erosion susceptibility and considered marginal for pastoral production. There is, however, little quantitative data to establish when (i.e., how many years after planting) these plantings likely afford effective mitigation against the initiation of shallow landslides.Methods: Permanent sample plots [PSPs] were established within manuka plantings established in northern Hawke’s Bay, New Zealand, where above-ground growth metrics were recorded for plantings on three landform units including interfluve ridges, colluvial slopes, and slopes affected by landslides. The root systems of a small sub-set of manuka were hand-excavated and whole plants destructively sampled for analysis of differences in allometric relationships by year, between landforms, and for comparison of the above-ground components of trees within PSPs.Results: Six years after planting, interfluves and colluvial slopes were understocked by between 10 and 25%, and by up to 45% on sites previously affected by landslides. Root collar diameter (RCD) explained between 92 and 99% of the variation in manuka biomass. The overall above- and below-ground metrics for manuka excavated from interfluves were significantly greater (P<0.05) than those excavated from landslides. Irrespective of landform type, the greatest proportion of the mean total root length and biomass was found in the top 0–0.5 m of the soil profile, within a 0.5-m radius of the stump, and importantly, no roots were found below 1 m depth. The timing (years after planting) to attain canopy closure and root occupancy, if stands of m?nuka were to remain fully stocked, varies between landforms and would likely occur between 6.5 and 9 years after planting. However, variable rates in planting density, and of plant mortality, resulting in under-stocking would significantly delay this timing, particularly on landslide-affected slopes.Conclusions: Manuka planted at densities below 1100 stems ha–1 are unlikely to provide effective erosion mitigation on steep land until significant root mass develops below the depth of the shear plane at which most landslides occur. Increasing the planting density, reducing early seedling mortality by better management of weed competition, and/or their replacement (blanking) would probably improve the erosion mitigation effectiveness of future low-density manuka plantings.
背景:政府资助的计划旨在鼓励新的造林(外来的和本地的),包括在易受严重侵蚀的陡峭土地上建立低密度(少于1100茎/公顷)的麦卡树(Leptospermum scoparium Forster et Forster f.),这些土地被认为是放牧生产的边缘。然而,几乎没有定量数据来确定这些种植何时(即种植多少年后)可能有效缓解浅层滑坡的发生。方法:在新西兰Hawke 's Bay北部的麦卢卡种植区内建立永久性样地[psp],记录了三种地形单元(包括间隔脊、崩坡和受滑坡影响的斜坡)上种植的地上生长指标。为了分析不同年份、不同地形之间异速生长关系的差异,以及比较psp内树木地上部成分的差异,我们对麦卢卡树的一小部分根系进行了手工挖掘和整株破坏性取样。结果:种植6年后,中间地带和滑坡斜坡的库存不足率在10%到25%之间,而在以前受滑坡影响的地点,库存不足率高达45%。根颈直径(RCD)解释了麦卢卡生物量变化的92%至99%。从洼地开挖的麦卢卡的地上和地下综合指标显著大于从滑坡开挖的麦卢卡(P<0.05)。无论地形类型如何,平均总根长和生物量的最大比例出现在土壤剖面顶部0-0.5 m,树桩半径0.5 m范围内,重要的是,1 m深度以下没有根。达到树冠闭合和根系占用的时间(种植后的年份),如果是m?努卡将保持充足的储备,因地形而异,可能在种植后6.5至9年之间发生。但是,由于种植密度和植物死亡率的变化,导致储存不足,将大大推迟这一时间,特别是在受滑坡影响的斜坡上。结论:种植密度低于1100茎/公顷的麦卢卡树不太可能在陡峭的土地上提供有效的侵蚀缓解,除非在发生大多数滑坡的剪切面深度以下发育出大量根系。增加种植密度,通过更好地管理杂草竞争来降低早期幼苗死亡率,和/或将其替换(覆盖),可能会提高未来低密度麦卢卡种植的减缓侵蚀效果。
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引用次数: 8
An updated survey on the use of geospatial technologies in New Zealand’s plantation forestry sector 关于在新西兰种植园林业部门使用地理空间技术的最新调查
IF 1.5 4区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2020-11-05 DOI: 10.33494/nzjfs502020x118x
Sarah de Gouw, J. Morgenroth, Cong Xu
Background: Geospatial technologies have developed rapidly in recent decades and can provide detailed, accurate data to support forest management. Knowledge of the uptake of geospatial technologies, as well as barriers to adoption, in New Zealand’s plantation forest management sector is limited and would be beneficial to the industry. This study provides an update to the 2013 benchmark study by Morgenroth and Visser.Methods: An online survey was sent to 29 companies that own or manage plantation forests in New Zealand. The survey was split into seven sections, composed of multiple-choice and open-ended questions, on the topics of: demographic information, data portals and datasets, global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers, and four remote-sensing technologies. These included aerial imagery, multispectral imagery, hyperspectral imagery, and light detection and ranging (LiDAR). Each section included questions relating to the acquisition, application and products created from each remote-sensing technology. Questions were also included that related to the barriers preventing the uptake of technologies. To determine the progression in the uptake of these technologies the results were compared to Morgenroth and Visser's study conducted five years' earlier.Results: Twenty-three companies responded to the survey and together, those companies managed approximately 1,172,000 ha (or 69% of New Zealand’s 1.706 million ha plantation forest estate (NZFOA, 2018)). The size of the estates managed by individual companies ranged from 1,000 ha to 177,000 ha (quartile 1 = 19,000 ha, median = 33,000 ha, quartile 3 = 63,150 ha). All companies used GNSS receivers and acquired three-band, Red-Green-Blue, aerial imagery. Multispectral imagery, hyperspectral imagery and LiDAR data were acquired by 48%, 9% and 70% of companies, respectively. Common applications for the products derived from these technologies were forest mapping and description, harvest planning, and cutover mapping. The main barrier preventing companies from acquiring most remotely-sensed data was the lack of staff knowledge and training, though cost was the main barrier to LiDAR acquisition. The uptake of all remote-sensing technologies has increased since 2013. LiDAR had the largest progression in uptake, increasing from 17% to 70%.  There has also been a change in the way companies acquired the data. Many of the companies used unpiloted aerial vehicles (UAV) to acquire aerial and multispectral imagery in 2018, while in 2013 no companies were using UAVs. ESRI ArcGIS continues to be the dominant geographic information system used by New Zealand’s forest management companies (91%), though 22% of companies now use free GIS software, like QGIS or GRASS. The use of specialised software (e.g. FUSION, LAStools) for LiDAR or photogrammetric point cloud analysis increased since 2013, but most forestry companies who are processing .las files into various products (e.g. digital terrain model) are usi
背景:近几十年来,地理空间技术发展迅速,可以提供详细、准确的数据来支持森林管理。新西兰人工林管理部门对地理空间技术的采用以及采用的障碍的了解是有限的,这将有利于该行业。这项研究是对2013年Morgenroth和Visser的基准研究的更新。方法:对新西兰拥有或经营人工林的29家公司进行在线调查。调查分为七个部分,由多项选择和开放式问题组成,主题包括:人口统计信息、数据门户和数据集、全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)接收器和四种遥感技术。这些包括航空成像、多光谱成像、高光谱成像以及光探测和测距(激光雷达)。每一节的问题涉及每一种遥感技术的获取、应用和创造的产品。还包括与阻碍采用技术的障碍有关的问题。为了确定这些技术的应用进展,研究人员将研究结果与摩根罗斯和维瑟五年前的研究结果进行了比较。结果:23家公司对调查做出了回应,这些公司总共管理了大约117.2万公顷(占新西兰170.6万公顷人工林地产的69% (NZFOA, 2018))。个别公司管理的地产面积从1,000公顷到17.7万公顷不等(四分位数1 = 19,000公顷,中位数= 33,000公顷,四分位数3 = 63,150公顷)。所有公司都使用GNSS接收器,并获得红绿蓝三波段航空图像。分别有48%、9%和70%的公司获得了多光谱图像、高光谱图像和激光雷达数据。这些技术衍生的产品的常见应用是森林制图和描述、采伐规划和割接制图。尽管成本是激光雷达获取的主要障碍,但阻碍公司获取大多数遥感数据的主要障碍是缺乏员工知识和培训。自2013年以来,所有遥感技术的采用都有所增加。激光雷达的使用率进步最大,从17%增加到70%。公司获取数据的方式也发生了变化。2018年,许多公司使用无人驾驶飞行器(UAV)获取航空和多光谱图像,而2013年没有公司使用无人机。ESRI ArcGIS仍然是新西兰森林管理公司使用的主要地理信息系统(91%),尽管22%的公司现在使用免费的GIS软件,如QGIS或GRASS。自2013年以来,用于激光雷达或摄影测量点云分析的专业软件(如FUSION、LAStools)的使用有所增加,但大多数将。las文件处理成各种产品(如数字地形模型)的林业公司都在使用ArcGIS。结论:本研究表明,新西兰人工林管理部门在采用地理空间技术方面取得了进展。然而,仍然存在阻碍充分利用这些技术的障碍。研究结果表明,该行业可以从投资更多与地理空间技术相关的培训中受益。
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引用次数: 4
Strategic expansion of existing forest monitoring plots: a case study using a stratified GIS-based modelling approach 现有森林监测点的战略性扩展:使用基于GIS的分层建模方法的案例研究
IF 1.5 4区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2020-11-05 DOI: 10.33494/nzjfs502020x41x
T. Le, J. Morgenroth
Background: Understanding the relationship between sites and the plant species they support is essential for effective vegetation management. Site-species matching requires knowledge of the growth response of a given species to the full range of environmental conditions in potential planting sites. This can be achieved by repeatedly measuring species growth at a comprehensive network of sample plots that cover a range of environmental conditions, including topography, climate, and soil factors. The New Zealand Dryland Forests Initiative has established permanent sample plots (PSPs) of a plantation species, Eucalyptus bosistoana F.Muell., across New Zealand. However, these PSPs do not cover the entire range of environmental conditions available for the species and hence there is a need to expand the network of sites. The aim of this study was to determine optimal locations for new PSPs to provide more unique information to support site-species matching studies for Eucalyptus bosistoana in New Zealand.Methods: A geographic information system (GIS) and stratified random sampling method were used to generate a model to identify optimal locations for E. bosistoana PSP establishment. The variables used in this study included topography, climate, and soil data. Redundancy between the initial set of potential explanatory variables was reduced by a multi-collinearity analysis. The potential habitat for the species was restricted to land with environmental conditions that could support E. bosistoana. All environmental variables were stratified and an initial priority index for each stratum in each variable was calculated. Then a weighted-overlay analysis was conducted to create the final priority index, which was mapped to identify high-priority areas for targeted PSP expansion.Results: The existing PSP network for E. bosistoana generally covers the environmental conditions in low-elevation New Zealand dry lands, which are located alongside the east coast of the South Island, and the southern part of the North Island. The model identified high priority areas for PSP expansion, including several large regions in the North Island, especially in Rangitikei and Taupo Districts.Conclusions: The model successfully allowed identification of areas for a strategic expansion of permanent sample plots for E. bosistoana. Newly identified areas expand upon the topographic, climatic, and soil conditions represented by the existing PSP network. The new area for PSP expansion has potential to provide valuable information for further site-species matching studies. The methodology in this paper has potential to be used for other plot networks of a different species, or even natural forests.
背景:了解场地和它们所支持的植物物种之间的关系对于有效的植被管理至关重要。场地物种匹配需要了解给定物种对潜在种植场地的全方位环境条件的生长反应。这可以通过在覆盖一系列环境条件(包括地形、气候和土壤因素)的综合样地网络中反复测量物种生长来实现。新西兰旱地森林倡议在新西兰各地建立了一个种植园物种bosistoana F.Muell桉树的永久样地。然而,这些PSP并没有涵盖该物种可用的所有环境条件,因此有必要扩大站点网络。本研究的目的是确定新PSP的最佳位置,以提供更多独特的信息来支持新西兰波氏桉的站点物种匹配研究。方法:使用地理信息系统(GIS)和分层随机抽样方法生成一个模型,以确定波氏桉PSP建立的最佳位置。本研究中使用的变量包括地形、气候和土壤数据。通过多重共线性分析,减少了最初一组潜在解释变量之间的冗余。该物种的潜在栖息地被限制在环境条件可以支持E.bosistoana的土地上。对所有环境变量进行分层,并计算每个变量中每个阶层的初始优先级指数。然后进行加权叠加分析以创建最终优先级指数,该指数被映射以确定PSP扩展的高优先级区域。结果:现有的E.bosistoana PSP网络通常覆盖新西兰低海拔旱地的环境条件,这些旱地位于南岛东海岸和北岛南部。该模型确定了PSP扩展的高度优先区域,包括北岛的几个大区域,特别是Rangitikei和Taupo区。结论:该模型成功地确定了E.bosistoana永久性样地的战略扩展区域。新确定的区域扩展了现有PSP网络所代表的地形、气候和土壤条件。PSP扩展的新区域有可能为进一步的站点物种匹配研究提供有价值的信息。本文的方法有可能用于不同物种的其他地块网络,甚至天然林。
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引用次数: 0
A comparison between traditional ordinary least-squares regression and three methods for enforcing additivity in biomass equations using a sample of Pinus radiata trees 传统的普通最小二乘回归与三种利用辐射松样本增强生物量方程可加性的方法的比较
IF 1.5 4区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2020-10-25 DOI: 10.33494/nzjfs502020x90x
Mohan Kc, E. Mason, H. Bown, Grace Jones
Background: Additivity has long been recognised as a desirable property of systems of equations to predict the biomass of components and the whole tree. However, most tree biomass studies report biomass equations fitted using traditional ordinary least-squares regression. Therefore, we aimed to develop models to estimate components, subtotals and above-ground total biomass for a Pinus radiata D.Don biomass dataset using traditional linear and nonlinear ordinary leastsquares regressions, and to contrast these equations with the additive procedures of biomass estimation.Methods: A total of 24 ten-year-old trees were felled to assess above-ground biomass. Two broad procedures were implemented for biomass modelling: (a) independent; and (b) additive. For the independent procedure, traditional linear models (LINOLS) with scaled power transformations and y-intercepts and nonlinear power models (NLINOLS) without y-intercepts were compared. The best linear (transformed) models from the independent procedure were further tested in three different additive structures (LINADD1, LINADD2, and LINADD3). All models were evaluated using goodness-of-fit statistics, standard errors of estimates, and residual plots.Results: The LINOLS with scaled power transformations and y-intercepts performed better for all components, subtotals and total above-ground biomass in contrast to NLINOLS that lacked y-intercepts. The additive model (LINADD3) in a joint generalised linear least-squares regression, also called seemingly unrelated regression (SUR), provided the best goodness-of-fit statistics and residual plots for four out of six components (stem, branch, new foliage and old foliage), two out of three subtotals (foliage and crown), and above-ground total biomass compared to other methods. However, bark, cone and bole biomass were better predicted by the LINOLS method.Conclusions: SUR was the best method to predict biomass for the 24-tree dataset because it provided the best goodness-of-fit statistics with unbiased estimates for 7 out of 10 biomass components. This study may assist silviculturists and forest managers to overcome one of the main problems when using biomass equations fitted independently for each tree component, which is that the sum of the biomasses of the predicted tree components does not necessarily add to the total biomass, as the additive biomass models do.
背景:可加性长期以来一直被认为是预测组成部分和整棵树生物量的方程系统的理想性质。然而,大多数树木生物量研究报告使用传统的普通最小二乘回归拟合生物量方程。因此,我们旨在利用传统的线性和非线性普通最小二乘回归模型来估算辐射松生物量数据集的成分、小计和地上总生物量,并将这些方程与生物量估算的加性过程进行比较。方法:采伐24棵10年树龄树木,评估其地上生物量。生物质建模实施了两个广泛的程序:(a)独立;(b)添加剂。对于独立过程,比较了具有比例幂变换和y截距的传统线性模型(LINOLS)和没有y截距的非线性幂模型(NLINOLS)。在三种不同的加性结构(LINADD1、LINADD2和LINADD3)中进一步测试了独立过程中获得的最佳线性(转换)模型。所有模型均采用拟合优度统计、估计的标准误差和残差图进行评估。结果:与缺乏y截距的NLINOLS相比,具有比例功率转换和y截距的LINOLS在所有成分、小计和地上总生物量方面表现更好。与其他方法相比,联合广义线性最小二乘回归(也称为看似无关回归(SUR))中的加性模型(LINADD3)提供了6个成分(茎、枝、新叶和旧叶)中的4个成分(茎、枝、新叶和旧叶)、3个小计(叶和冠)中的2个成分和地上总生物量的最佳拟合优度统计和残差图。而LINOLS方法对树皮、球果和孔洞生物量的预测效果较好。结论:SUR是预测24棵树数据集生物量的最佳方法,因为它提供了最佳的拟合优度统计,对10个生物量成分中的7个进行了无偏估计。这项研究可以帮助林业工作者和森林管理者克服在使用独立拟合的生物量方程时的一个主要问题,即预测的树木成分的生物量总和不一定加到总生物量中,而加性生物量模型则这样做。
{"title":"A comparison between traditional ordinary least-squares regression and three methods for enforcing additivity in biomass equations using a sample of Pinus radiata trees","authors":"Mohan Kc, E. Mason, H. Bown, Grace Jones","doi":"10.33494/nzjfs502020x90x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33494/nzjfs502020x90x","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Additivity has long been recognised as a desirable property of systems of equations to predict the biomass of components and the whole tree. However, most tree biomass studies report biomass equations fitted using traditional ordinary least-squares regression. Therefore, we aimed to develop models to estimate components, subtotals and above-ground total biomass for a Pinus radiata D.Don biomass dataset using traditional linear and nonlinear ordinary leastsquares regressions, and to contrast these equations with the additive procedures of biomass estimation.Methods: A total of 24 ten-year-old trees were felled to assess above-ground biomass. Two broad procedures were implemented for biomass modelling: (a) independent; and (b) additive. For the independent procedure, traditional linear models (LINOLS) with scaled power transformations and y-intercepts and nonlinear power models (NLINOLS) without y-intercepts were compared. The best linear (transformed) models from the independent procedure were further tested in three different additive structures (LINADD1, LINADD2, and LINADD3). All models were evaluated using goodness-of-fit statistics, standard errors of estimates, and residual plots.Results: The LINOLS with scaled power transformations and y-intercepts performed better for all components, subtotals and total above-ground biomass in contrast to NLINOLS that lacked y-intercepts. The additive model (LINADD3) in a joint generalised linear least-squares regression, also called seemingly unrelated regression (SUR), provided the best goodness-of-fit statistics and residual plots for four out of six components (stem, branch, new foliage and old foliage), two out of three subtotals (foliage and crown), and above-ground total biomass compared to other methods. However, bark, cone and bole biomass were better predicted by the LINOLS method.Conclusions: SUR was the best method to predict biomass for the 24-tree dataset because it provided the best goodness-of-fit statistics with unbiased estimates for 7 out of 10 biomass components. This study may assist silviculturists and forest managers to overcome one of the main problems when using biomass equations fitted independently for each tree component, which is that the sum of the biomasses of the predicted tree components does not necessarily add to the total biomass, as the additive biomass models do.","PeriodicalId":19172,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43238778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Development of an SSR-based DNA fingerprinting method for black wattle (Acacia mearnsii De Wild) 基于ssr的黑荆树DNA指纹图谱方法的建立
IF 1.5 4区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2020-08-14 DOI: 10.33494/nzjfs502020x56x
M. Bairu, W. Coetzer, Amelework Assefa
Background: The most commonly used method for extracting DNA from plant leaf tissue involves cetyl trimethylammonium bromide but some species, such as Acacia mearnsii, contain high levels of secondary metabolites and polysaccharides that interfere with this process. Various modifications have been proposed for effective removal of these biomolecules but these methods can be time consuming. Therefore, this study was initiated to optimise the cetyl-trimethylammonium bromide protocol for the extraction of high-quality genomic DNA and to develop a fingerprinting tool using cross species transferable simple sequence repeat markers for genetic diversity studies in A. mearnsii. Methods: Five CTAB-based modification were examined and 49 cross-species microsatellite markers, developed for several Acacia species, were tested in four multiplex panels of A. mearnsii populations. Results: The modified protocol yields high quantity and quality DNA from A. mearnsii leaves using high concentration of NaCl to remove polysaccharides and polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) to eliminate polyphenols during DNA purification. In addition, omitting the selective precipitation and NaCl gradient steps in the extraction protocol, enabled us to extract DNA 10–20 min faster than the normal protocol. Of the tested microsatellite loci, 11 were successful in amplifying sharp and high-intensity bands in all the four multiplex panels and were polymorphic. The level of polymorphism ranged from 0.115 to 0.794, with a mean 0.50 and mean number of alleles varied from 2 to 10, with overall mean of 6 alleles per locus. The mean observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.058 to 0.970 and 0.102 to 0.796, respectively. The 11 microsatellite loci that were effectively amplified from A. mearnsii DNA were adequate in detecting genetic variation among the tested populations. Conclusions: These PCR-based, multi-allelic, co-dominant microsatellite markers provide a powerful tool for genetic, breeding and conservation studies in A. mearnsii.
背景:从植物叶片组织中提取DNA最常用的方法是十六烷基三甲基溴化铵,但一些物种,如Acacia mearnsii,含有高水平的次级代谢产物和多糖,会干扰这一过程。已经提出了各种修饰来有效去除这些生物分子,但这些方法可能很耗时。因此,本研究旨在优化十六烷基三甲基溴化铵提取高质量基因组DNA的方案,并开发一种使用跨物种可转移简单序列重复标记的指纹图谱工具,用于a.mearnsii的遗传多样性研究。方法:对5个基于CTAB的修饰进行了检测,并在四个不同群体中测试了49个为几种Acacia物种开发的跨物种微卫星标记。结果:在DNA纯化过程中,用高浓度NaCl去除多糖,用聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVPP)去除多酚类物质,得到了大量、高质量的蜂蜜曲霉叶片DNA。此外,在提取方案中省略了选择性沉淀和NaCl梯度步骤,使我们能够比正常方案更快地提取DNA 10-20分钟。在测试的微卫星位点中,11个在所有四个多重面板中成功扩增出尖锐和高强度的条带,并且是多态性的。多态性水平在0.115到0.794之间,平均0.50,等位基因的平均数量在2到10之间,每个位点的总体平均值为6个等位基因。观察到的平均杂合度和预期杂合度分别为0.058至0.970和0.102至0.796。从A.mearnsii DNA中有效扩增的11个微卫星位点足以检测受试群体之间的遗传变异。结论:这些基于PCR的多等位基因共显性微卫星标记为a.mearnsii的遗传、育种和保护研究提供了强有力的工具。
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引用次数: 1
Minimum representative root distribution sampling for calculating slope stability in Pinus radiata D.Don plantations in New Zealand 新西兰辐射松人工林边坡稳定性计算的最小代表根分布抽样
IF 1.5 4区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2020-08-11 DOI: 10.33494/nzjfs502020x68x
F. Giadrossich, M. Schwarz, M. Marden, R. Marrosu, C. Phillips
Background: Rainfall-triggered shallow landslides on steep slopes cause significant soil loss and can be hazards for property and people in many parts of the world. In New Zealand’s hill country, they are the dominant erosion process and are responsible for soil loss and subsequent impacts on regional water quality. Use of wide-spaced trees and afforestation with fast growing conifers are the primary land management tools in New Zealand to help control erosion and improve water quality. To decide where to implement erosion controls in the landscape requires determining the most susceptible places to these processes and models that incorporate how trees reinforce soils to understand if, and when, such treatments become effective. Methods: This paper characterises the mechanical properties of Pinus radiata D.Don roots (the common tree species used for afforestation in New Zealand) by means of field pullout tests and by measuring the root distribution at 360 degrees around trees. The Root Bundle Model (RBM) was used to calculate the root reinforcement. Statistical analysis was carried out to assess the statistical reduction coefficients of root reinforcement that depend on the number of measurements, used in geotechnical analysis to reduce the mean value of a parameter to a so-called characteristic value. Results: We show that to reach an effective level of root reinforcement, trees of 0.5 m DBH require a density of about 300 trees per hectare. Trees of this size are about 30 years of age across many sites and have generally reached the recommended conditions for clear-fell harvesting. The analysis of variance shows that 4 trees are the minimum number to be excavated to obtain sufficient root information to obtain less than 5% of error with a 95% of probability on the estimation of a design value of root reinforcement in accord with geotechnical standards. Conclusions: We found that the variability of lateral and basal root reinforcement does not limit the implementation of vegetation in slope stability models for Pinus radiata. We adopt for the first time the concept of a minimum sampling requirement and characteristic value, similarly to what is assumed for the value of effective soil cohesion in geotechnical guidelines for slope stability calculations.
背景:降雨引发的陡坡浅层滑坡造成了严重的土壤损失,并可能对世界许多地区的财产和人民造成危害。在新西兰的丘陵国家,它们是主要的侵蚀过程,对土壤流失和随后对区域水质的影响负有责任。在新西兰,使用宽间距树木和用快速生长的针叶树造林是帮助控制侵蚀和改善水质的主要土地管理工具。要决定在哪里实施景观侵蚀控制,需要确定最容易受到这些过程和模型影响的地方,这些过程和模式结合了树木如何加固土壤,以了解这些处理是否以及何时有效。方法:采用田间拔出试验和360度树木周围根系分布测定的方法,对新西兰常用造林树种辐射松根系的力学性能进行了表征。根束模型(RBM)用于计算根加固。进行统计分析以评估根加固的统计折减系数,该系数取决于岩土工程分析中用于将参数的平均值降低到所谓的特征值的测量次数。结果:我们发现,要达到有效的根系加固水平,0.5米DBH的树木需要每公顷300棵树的密度。在许多地点,这种大小的树木树龄约为30年,通常已达到建议的砍伐条件。方差分析表明,为了获得足够的根系信息,需要挖掘4棵树,以获得小于5%的误差,根据岩土工程标准估算根系加固设计值的概率为95%。结论:我们发现,在辐射松边坡稳定性模型中,侧根和基根加固的可变性并不限制植被的实施。我们首次采用了最小采样要求和特征值的概念,类似于用于边坡稳定性计算的岩土工程指南中对有效土壤内聚力值的假设。
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引用次数: 14
Regression kriging to improve basal area and growing stock volume estimation based on remotely sensed data, terrain indices and forest inventory of black pine forests 基于遥感数据、地形指数和黑松林森林存量的回归克里格法改进基底面积和生长蓄积量估计
IF 1.5 4区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2020-08-01 DOI: 10.33494/nzjfs502020x49x
Ferhat Bolat, Sinan Bulut, A. Günlü, İlker Ercanli, M. Şenyurt
Background: The use of satellite imagery to quantify forest metrics has become popular because of the high costs associated with the collection of data in the field.Methods: Multiple linear regression (MLR) and regression kriging (RK) techniques were used for the spatial interpolation of basal area (G) and growing stock volume (GSV) based on Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2. The performance of the models was tested using the repeated k-fold cross-validation method.Results: The prediction accuracy of G and GSV was strongly related to forest vegetation structure and spatial dependency. The nugget value of semivariograms suggested a moderately spatial dependence for both variables (nugget/sill ratio approx. 70%). Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 based RK explained approximately 52% of the total variance in G and GSV. Root-mean-square errors were 7.84 m2 ha-1 and 49.68 m3 ha-1 for G and GSV, respectively.Conclusions: The diversity of stand structure particularly at the poorer sites was considered the principal factor decreasing the prediction quality of G and GSV by RK.
背景:由于在实地收集数据的费用高昂,使用卫星图像来量化森林指标已变得流行。方法:基于Landsat 8和Sentinel-2卫星,采用多元线性回归(MLR)和回归克里格(RK)技术对基片面积(G)和生长量(GSV)进行空间插值。采用重复k-fold交叉验证方法检验模型的性能。结果:G和GSV的预测精度与森林植被结构和空间依赖性密切相关。半变函数的块金值表明两个变量具有适度的空间依赖性(块金/基岩比约为)。70%)。基于Landsat 8和Sentinel-2的RK解释了G和GSV总方差的约52%。G和GSV的均方根误差分别为7.84 m2 ha-1和49.68 m3 ha-1。结论:林分结构的多样性是影响RK预测G和GSV质量的主要因素。
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引用次数: 7
Modelling growth of Pinus taeda and Eucalyptus grandis as a function of light sums modified by air temperature, vapour pressure deficit, and water balance 模拟红松和大桉树生长受空气温度、蒸汽压差和水分平衡影响的光总量函数
IF 1.5 4区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2020-06-17 DOI: 10.33494/nzjfs502020x17x
C. Rachid-Casnati, E. Mason, R. Woollons, J. Landsberg
Background: Hybrid mensurational and physiological models seek to combine precision, process explanation, simplicity in parameter definition, and ability to estimate wood products. The aim of this study was to assess the suitability and the advantages of the hybrid mensurational-physiological approach where time has been substituted for light sums in growth equations, to replace traditional time-based models in forecasting systems for Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill and Pinus taeda L. Methods: Using 974 permanent sample plots from plantations in Uruguay, we adjusted growth equations to project dominant height, net basal area, maximum diameter breast height, and standard deviation of diameters as a function of accumulated light restricted by modifiers that account for principal physiological limitations on photosynthesis. We analysed: i) the inclusion of terrain aspect and slope information for computing radiation; ii) the use of modifiers for temperature, vapour pressure deficit and water balance; iii) bias and precision of hybrid models with respect to time-based equations. Results: Growth equations showed a good fit for both species when modelled as a function of light sums modified by vapor pressure deficit, air temperature, and water balance. Accounting for slope orientation when computing light sums did not increase precision. Compared to time-based formulations, hybrid models presented a root mean squared error reduction of 10.7% and 4.5% on average for Eucalyptus grandis and for Pinus taeda, respectively, and the relationship between growth and resource availability was consistent with eco-physiological principles for both species. Conclusions: The hybrid methodology can be applied as a basis of forecasting systems for the species studies with significant advantages over time-based models, such as: (i) an increase in precision; (ii) an increase in spatial and time resolution; and (iii) the possibility of simulating the effect of changes in air temperature and water availability on tree growth.
背景:混合测量和生理模型寻求结合精度,过程解释,简单的参数定义,和估计木材产品的能力。本研究的目的是评估混合测量-生理方法的适用性和优势,该方法用时间代替生长方程中的光和,取代传统的基于时间的模型,用于大桉树和松的预测系统。利用乌拉圭人工林的974个永久样地,我们调整了生长方程,以预测优势高度、净基底面积、最大直径胸围高度和直径标准差作为累积光的函数,这些光受到修饰因子的限制,这些修饰因子是光合作用的主要生理限制。我们分析了:i)包含地形和坡度信息来计算辐射;Ii)使用改进剂来改善温度、蒸汽压差和水分平衡;Iii)混合模型相对于基于时间的方程的偏差和精度。结果:当将两个物种的生长方程建模为由蒸汽压差、空气温度和水分平衡修正的光和函数时,生长方程显示出良好的拟合性。在计算光和时考虑坡向并不能提高精度。与基于时间的模型相比,杂交模型对大桉和松的均方根误差平均分别降低了10.7%和4.5%,两种树种的生长与资源可利用性之间的关系符合生态生理原理。结论:混合方法可作为物种研究预测系统的基础,与基于时间的模型相比具有显著优势,如:(1)精度提高;(ii)空间和时间分辨率的提高;(3)模拟气温和水分有效性变化对树木生长影响的可能性。
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引用次数: 4
A preliminary growth and yield model for Eucalyptus globoidea Blakely plantations in New Zealand 新西兰球桉Blakely人工林生长和产量的初步模型
IF 1.5 4区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2020-05-26 DOI: 10.33494/nzjfs502020x55x
Serajis Salekin, E. Mason, J. Morgenroth, D. Meason
Background: New Zealand’s plantation forest industry is dominated by the exotic species radiata pine (Pinus radiata D.Don), which comprises approximately 90% of the net stocked area. However, there is interest in introducing new species to: (a) provide wood that is naturally decay-resistant as a substitute for wood treated with preservatives; (b) match species to the wide variety of environmental conditions in New Zealand; and (c) reduce reliance on P. radiata. Some Eucalyptus species are considered as potential alternatives to P. radiata, specifically those that can survive in resource-limited conditions and produce high quality wood. While Eucalyptus species are grown in plantations in many regions of the world, limited information is available on their growth in New Zealand. Eucalyptus globoidea Blakley is of particular interest and has been planted in trials throughout New Zealand. A complete set of preliminary growth and yield models for this species will satisfy the initial information requirements for diversifying New Zealand’s plantation forest industry. Methods: A set of growth and yield models was developed and validated, based on data from 29 E. globoidea permanent sample plots (PSPs) located mostly in North Island and a few in South Island of New Zealand. Trees were measured at different time intervals in these plots, with height and diameter at breast height (DBH) ranging from 0.1–39.8 m and 0.1–62.3 cm, respectively. An algebraic difference approach (ADA) was applied to model mean top height, basal area, maximum diameter, and standard deviation of DBH. Non-linear regression equations were used to project stand volume and height-diameter relationship, and Reineke’s stand density index (SDI) approach was employed to model mortality. Results: Mean top height, maximum diameter, and standard deviation of DBH were best fitted by Von Bertalanffy-Richards (SE=1.1 m), Hossfeld (SE=2.4 cm), and Schumacher polymorphic (SE=1.6 cm) difference equations, respectively. Basal area data were modelled with high precision (SE=6.9 m2 ha-1) by the Schumacher anamorphic difference equation. Reineke’s SDI approach was able to explain the self-thinning as a reduction in the number of stems per hectare. Stand-level volume per hectare and height-diameter relationship models were precise when including site-specific variables with standard errors of 40.5 m3 ha-1 and 3.1 m, respectively. Conclusion: This study presents a set of preliminary growth and yield models for E. globoidea to project plot-level growth attributes. The models were path invariant and satisfied basic traditional mensurational-statistical growth and yield model assumptions. These models will provide forest growers and managers with important fundamental information about the growth and yield of E. globoidea.
背景:新西兰的人工林工业以外来物种辐射松(Pinus radiata d.d don)为主,其占净蓄积面积的约90%。但是,有兴趣引进新物种:(a)提供天然耐腐的木材,以替代经防腐剂处理的木材;(b)使物种适应新西兰各种各样的环境条件;(c)减少对辐射藻的依赖。一些桉树物种被认为是辐射白桉的潜在替代品,特别是那些可以在资源有限的条件下生存并生产高质量木材的桉树。虽然桉树物种在世界许多地区的种植园中种植,但关于它们在新西兰的生长情况的信息有限。尤加利(Eucalyptus globoidea Blakley)尤其令人感兴趣,它已经在新西兰各地进行了试验。一套完整的该树种的初步生长和产量模型将满足新西兰人工林产业多样化的初步信息需求。方法:利用分布在新西兰北岛和南岛的29个天蛾永久样地(PSPs)的数据,建立了一套生长和产量模型,并进行了验证。在不同的时间间隔内对这些样地的树木进行测量,树高和胸径分别为0.1 ~ 39.8 m和0.1 ~ 62.3 cm。采用代数差分法(ADA)对平均顶高、基底面积、最大直径和胸径标准差进行建模。采用非线性回归方程预测林分体积与林分高径的关系,采用Reineke’s林分密度指数(SDI)方法模拟林分死亡率。结果:Von Bertalanffy-Richards (SE=1.1 m)、Hossfeld (SE=2.4 cm)和Schumacher多态(SE=1.6 cm)差分方程最适合拟合平均顶高、最大直径和胸径标准差。基底面积数据采用舒马赫变形差分方程进行高精度建模(SE=6.9 m2 ha-1)。Reineke的SDI方法能够将自疏解释为每公顷茎数的减少。当包含特定地点变量时,每公顷林分水平体积和高度-直径关系模型是精确的,标准误差分别为40.5 m3 ha-1和3.1 m。结论:本研究建立了一套初步的大叶蝉生长和产量模型,以反映样地水平的生长属性。模型路径不变,满足基本的传统计量统计增长和产量模型假设。这些模型将为森林种植者和管理人员提供关于全球杉生长和产量的重要基础信息。
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引用次数: 2
Logging damage to residual trees during sustainable harvesting of uneven-age stands in the Hyrcanian forests of Iran 伊朗海尔卡尼亚森林中不均匀年龄林分可持续采伐期间对剩余树木的伐木破坏
IF 1.5 4区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2020-05-05 DOI: 10.33494/nzjfs502020x15x
A. I. Bodaghi, Mehrdad Nikooy, R. Naghdi, F. Tavankar
Background: The frequency of wounded trees and intensity of wounds during logging operations can have serious impacts on stand growth and forest sustainability. The aims of the study were to evaluate and compare stand (tree and regeneration) damage level, wound characteristics, and damage types occurring when using a cable skidder in salvage logging and selection cutting. Methods: This study was conducted on four sites of mixed uneven-aged hardwood stands in the Hyrcanian forests of Iran. At two sites, salvage logging was applied (SL1 and SL2), and low-intensity selection cutting (SC1 and SC2) was applied at the other two. A systematic plot sampling design was used on the study area for damage assessment. Results: The percentage of regenerating trees damaged was 2.8, 2.1, 4.3, 1.4 %, in SL1, SL2, SC1, and SC2, respectively. The corresponding percentage of damaged trees was 4.3, 3.7, 4.9, 1.7 %. Most of the damage (48–79%) to the stand occurred during the winching stage at all the sites. Most of the wounds were located on the bole (51–78%). The average wound height and wound size at selection cutting sites were significantly higher than at the salvage logging sites. The incidence of high-intensity wounds at the salvage logging sites (55% at SL1 and 57% at SL2) was higher than at the selection cutting sites (24% in SC1 and 30% in SC2). Regenerating beech (Fagus orienalis Lipsky) and alder (Alnus subcordata C.A.Mey) had the highest incidence of damage. The number of damaged trees increased with increasing winching distance. Conclusion: Damage levels in stands during salvage logging and low-intensity selection cutting are lower (about a quarter) than the damage level to residual trees (12–23%) and regeneration (5–11%) from conventional selection cutting in uneven-aged mixed hardwood stands in the Hyrcanian forests. Because of the ecological and conservation value of deadwood, if the incidence of wind-fallen trees is low, the wood should be left in forest stands due to the high cost of salvage logging and the damage caused to residual and regenerating trees.
背景:伐木作业中受伤树木的频率和受伤强度会对林分生长和森林可持续性产生严重影响。本研究的目的是评估和比较在抢救性伐木和选择性切割中使用电缆集材机时发生的林分(树木和再生)损伤水平、伤口特征和损伤类型。方法:本研究在伊朗海尔卡尼亚森林中的四个混合不均匀老化硬木林分上进行。在两个地点,采用打捞测井(SL1和SL2),在另外两个地点采用低强度选择切割(SC1和SC2)。研究区域采用了系统的小区抽样设计进行损害评估。结果:SL1、SL2、SC1和SC2的再生树受损率分别为2.8%、2.1%、4.3%和1.4%。受损树木的比例分别为4.3%、3.7%、4.9%和1.7%。支架的大部分损坏(48-79%)发生在所有场地的绞车阶段。大多数伤口位于团块上(51-78%)。选择切割地点的平均伤口高度和伤口大小明显高于打捞伐木地点。打捞伐木点的高强度伤口发生率(SL1为55%,SL2为57%)高于选择切割点(SC1为24%,SC2为30%)。再生山毛榉(Fagus orienalis Lipsky)和赤杨(Alnus subcordata C.A.Mey)的损伤发生率最高。受损树木的数量随着吊运距离的增加而增加。结论:在Hyrcanian森林中,抢救性采伐和低强度选择采伐对林分的破坏程度(约四分之一)低于不均匀老化混合硬木林分中常规选择采伐对残树的破坏程度,即12-23%和5-11%。由于枯木的生态和保护价值,如果风倒树木的发生率较低,则由于抢救性砍伐成本高以及对残留和再生树木造成的损害,木材应留在林分中。
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引用次数: 5
期刊
New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science
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