Pub Date : 2021-07-22DOI: 10.33494/NZJFS512021X157X
Lisa Nguyen, K. Bayne, C. Altaner
Background: Demand for imported sawn timbers in New Zealand has increased over the last decade, reflecting the lack of New Zealand-grown, naturally durable timber in the domestic market. Therefore, a market opportunity exists for sustainably grown, naturally durable timbers in New Zealand for specialty applications. Kowhai (Sophora spp.) are New Zealand native tree species, known for their bright, yellow flowers and reported to produce coloured, naturally durable heartwood.Methods: Information on kowhai was collated from literature, focusing on their potential for commercial forestry. The taxonomic relationships, species descriptions, establishment, and growth rates of kowhai were examined, along with timber properties and historical uses, as well as medicinal applications. The review identified potential market opportunities for kowhai and key areas for further research.Results: Kowhai refers to eight different Sophora species that are endemic to New Zealand. Kowhai is easily established and the different species hybridise readily. While growth and form of kowhai varies with species, site, and management, examples of straight single-stemmed trees and annual diameter increments exceeding 20 mm have been found. Kowhai timber properties might be comparable to those of teak (Tectona grandis L.f.). Kowhai contains alkaloids, a class of compounds used in pharmaceutical applications. The species have been used for timber and traditional medicine by Maori in the past, while European settlers used kowhai for their durable and flexible timber.Conclusions: Kowhai could be established as a sustainable, domestic source of high-quality timber and substitute imported specialty timbers in New Zealand on account of their natural durability, strength, stiffness, colour, and density properties. The residues could support a secondary industry, as a source of alkaloids for pharmaceutical applications or natural dyes. Key areas that require further study include growth rates and silviculture, mechanical timber properties, machining/processing characteristics, natural durability and cytisine levels in kowhai, as well as the cultural, economic, and ecological framework required for a commercial kowhai forestry industry. Lack of literature on, and expertise in the use of native timbers in general are barriers to promoting native species for commercial forestry in New Zealand.
{"title":"A review of kowhai (Sophora spp.) and its potential for commercial forestry","authors":"Lisa Nguyen, K. Bayne, C. Altaner","doi":"10.33494/NZJFS512021X157X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33494/NZJFS512021X157X","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Demand for imported sawn timbers in New Zealand has increased over the last decade, reflecting the lack of New Zealand-grown, naturally durable timber in the domestic market. Therefore, a market opportunity exists for sustainably grown, naturally durable timbers in New Zealand for specialty applications. Kowhai (Sophora spp.) are New Zealand native tree species, known for their bright, yellow flowers and reported to produce coloured, naturally durable heartwood.Methods: Information on kowhai was collated from literature, focusing on their potential for commercial forestry. The taxonomic relationships, species descriptions, establishment, and growth rates of kowhai were examined, along with timber properties and historical uses, as well as medicinal applications. The review identified potential market opportunities for kowhai and key areas for further research.Results: Kowhai refers to eight different Sophora species that are endemic to New Zealand. Kowhai is easily established and the different species hybridise readily. While growth and form of kowhai varies with species, site, and management, examples of straight single-stemmed trees and annual diameter increments exceeding 20 mm have been found. Kowhai timber properties might be comparable to those of teak (Tectona grandis L.f.). Kowhai contains alkaloids, a class of compounds used in pharmaceutical applications. The species have been used for timber and traditional medicine by Maori in the past, while European settlers used kowhai for their durable and flexible timber.Conclusions: Kowhai could be established as a sustainable, domestic source of high-quality timber and substitute imported specialty timbers in New Zealand on account of their natural durability, strength, stiffness, colour, and density properties. The residues could support a secondary industry, as a source of alkaloids for pharmaceutical applications or natural dyes. Key areas that require further study include growth rates and silviculture, mechanical timber properties, machining/processing characteristics, natural durability and cytisine levels in kowhai, as well as the cultural, economic, and ecological framework required for a commercial kowhai forestry industry. Lack of literature on, and expertise in the use of native timbers in general are barriers to promoting native species for commercial forestry in New Zealand.","PeriodicalId":19172,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42303481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-09DOI: 10.33494/NZJFS512021X131X
Hamida Gaba Chahboub, Mohamed Sghir Lamhamedi, O. Abrous-Belbachir
Background: Ectomycorrhizal inoculation is a promising strategy to minimise the initial transplant shock and increase plant survival and growth during the first years of out-planting in the field. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of sporal inoculum of three ectomycorrhizal fungi: Cortinarius cedretorum, Amanita vaginata and Inocybe geophylla on tolerance levels of Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Carrière) seedlings subjected to applied drought stress in nursery conditions. Methods: Carpophores, seeds and organic forest soil were collected under pure stands of Atlas cedar. After fifteen months of growth, seedlings were subjected to drought stress by withholding water for thirty days; we assessed morphological and physiological variables of all seedling batches (inoculated and uninoculated, controlled and stressed seedlings) Results: All roots of inoculated stressed seedlings were mycorrhizal. The mycorrhization rates were 67%, 64.6% and 53.6% for stressed seedlings inoculated with Cortinarius cedretorum, Amanita vaginata, Inocybe geophylla, respectively. This root mycorrhization was accompanied by a significant improvement in seedling growth, especially height and length of the main root (10.2 cm, 52 cm) reached in stressed seedlings inoculated with Cortinarius cedretorum. There was a significant increase in relative water content, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, soluble sugars and starch, superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxydase enzyme activities in inoculated stressed seedlings compared with uninoculated seedlings. Conclusions: Inoculation of Atlas cedar seedlings with spores of ectomycorrhizal fungi remains a very effective alternative for improving growth and the morphological and physiological status of seedlings under drought conditions. Cortinarius cedretorum appears to be consistently advantageous followed by Amanita vaginata and Inocybe geophylla.
{"title":"Implications of ectomycorrhizal inoculation for drought stress tolerance of Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Carrière) seedlings","authors":"Hamida Gaba Chahboub, Mohamed Sghir Lamhamedi, O. Abrous-Belbachir","doi":"10.33494/NZJFS512021X131X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33494/NZJFS512021X131X","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Ectomycorrhizal inoculation is a promising strategy to minimise the initial transplant shock and increase plant survival and growth during the first years of out-planting in the field. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of sporal inoculum of three ectomycorrhizal fungi: Cortinarius cedretorum, Amanita vaginata and Inocybe geophylla on tolerance levels of Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Carrière) seedlings subjected to applied drought stress in nursery conditions.\u0000Methods: Carpophores, seeds and organic forest soil were collected under pure stands of Atlas cedar. After fifteen months of growth, seedlings were subjected to drought stress by withholding water for thirty days; we assessed morphological and physiological variables of all seedling batches (inoculated and uninoculated, controlled and stressed seedlings)\u0000Results: All roots of inoculated stressed seedlings were mycorrhizal. The mycorrhization rates were 67%, 64.6% and 53.6% for stressed seedlings inoculated with Cortinarius cedretorum, Amanita vaginata, Inocybe geophylla, respectively. This root mycorrhization was accompanied by a significant improvement in seedling growth, especially height and length of the main root (10.2 cm, 52 cm) reached in stressed seedlings inoculated with Cortinarius cedretorum. There was a significant increase in relative water content, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, soluble sugars and starch, superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxydase enzyme activities in inoculated stressed seedlings compared with uninoculated seedlings.\u0000Conclusions: Inoculation of Atlas cedar seedlings with spores of ectomycorrhizal fungi remains a very effective alternative for improving growth and the morphological and physiological status of seedlings under drought conditions. Cortinarius cedretorum appears to be consistently advantageous followed by Amanita vaginata and Inocybe geophylla.","PeriodicalId":19172,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41961827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-02DOI: 10.33494/NZJFS512021X66X
F. R. Stefanello, S. P. Netto, A. Behling, A. Pelissari, G. Orso
Background: Taper modelling and volume estimation are key procedures in the management and planning of plantedforests. The objective of this work was to evaluate the taper and volume behaviour of Pinus taeda L. species, along the stemin different ages, using the Preussner taper functions, compared to Schöpfer’s 5th-polynomial, Kozak’s and Max-Burkhart’smodels. This work focused on plantations of Pinus taeda L., due to its wide use as a source of raw material in the forestindustry of southern Brazil. Methods: The data were collected in the last 22 years from the Midwest region of Santa Catarina, of trees ranging in agefrom 3.5 to 18 years. This dataset consisted of a collection of volume sections, with relative diameter measurements alongthe stem, used in conventional forest inventory. The total volume of the trees, obtained by integrating the Preussner taperfunctions, was equated by dividing the stem into four parts, in which parabolas were fitted, and compared with the totaland merchantable volume estimated by Schöpfer’s 5th-degree polynomial, Kozak’s and Max-Burkhart’s functions. Results: Bias, RMSE and r were generally better with the application of Kozak’s model, and AIC and BIC for the Preussner’smodel. Conclusions: Kozak functions were better to provide the merchantable volume. In terms of total volume both functions,Kozak and Preussner, provided reliable estimates. The advantage of the procedure proposed by Preussner is the flexibilityof the fitted taper functions, the simplicity of volume calculations by integration, and the feasibility for interpreting theircoefficients.
{"title":"Preussner functions for volume estimation of Pinus taeda L. in Southern Brazil","authors":"F. R. Stefanello, S. P. Netto, A. Behling, A. Pelissari, G. Orso","doi":"10.33494/NZJFS512021X66X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33494/NZJFS512021X66X","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Taper modelling and volume estimation are key procedures in the management and planning of plantedforests. The objective of this work was to evaluate the taper and volume behaviour of Pinus taeda L. species, along the stemin different ages, using the Preussner taper functions, compared to Schöpfer’s 5th-polynomial, Kozak’s and Max-Burkhart’smodels. This work focused on plantations of Pinus taeda L., due to its wide use as a source of raw material in the forestindustry of southern Brazil.\u0000Methods: The data were collected in the last 22 years from the Midwest region of Santa Catarina, of trees ranging in agefrom 3.5 to 18 years. This dataset consisted of a collection of volume sections, with relative diameter measurements alongthe stem, used in conventional forest inventory. The total volume of the trees, obtained by integrating the Preussner taperfunctions, was equated by dividing the stem into four parts, in which parabolas were fitted, and compared with the totaland merchantable volume estimated by Schöpfer’s 5th-degree polynomial, Kozak’s and Max-Burkhart’s functions.\u0000Results: Bias, RMSE and r were generally better with the application of Kozak’s model, and AIC and BIC for the Preussner’smodel.\u0000Conclusions: Kozak functions were better to provide the merchantable volume. In terms of total volume both functions,Kozak and Preussner, provided reliable estimates. The advantage of the procedure proposed by Preussner is the flexibilityof the fitted taper functions, the simplicity of volume calculations by integration, and the feasibility for interpreting theircoefficients.","PeriodicalId":19172,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42895473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-14DOI: 10.33494/NZJFS512021X32X
Tarquinio Mateus Magalhães
Background: Wood and bark are important renewable natural resources. Density is an important property that is used to describe wood and bark quality for a number of end uses. However, wood and bark density, bark proportion and dimensions vary with age and site, as well as among and within trees. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of site, diameter class, and vertical position within the stem on the density of wood and bark, bark volume, bark dry-mass and thickness of Lebombo ironwood (Androstachys johnsonii Prain). Methods: The study was conducted on 93 Lemombo ironwood trees growing in Mozambique. Eight discs were sampled from each selected tree and diameter over and under bark was measured. Bark thickness, bark mass and bark density were determined along with the basic wood density of each disc. Results: The overall average whole-stem properties were estimated at: 786 kg m–3 wood density, 586 kg m–3 bark density, 19% bark volume, 19% bark dry-mass, and 9 mm bark thickness. Height level uniquely explained most of the variation in bark mass (97%), bark volume (95%) and wood density (86%). Diameter class explained most of the variation in bark density (51%) and bark thickness (51%). Site only explained a small proportion of the variation in all dependent variables. Conclusions: Overall, the patterns of variation of all wood and bark properties were highly dependent on tree diameter class and vertical position within the stem. Site differences were not a significant source of variation in the properties studied. Improved knowledge of the wood and bark properties of this species will aid its sustainable management and utilisation.
背景:木材和树皮是重要的可再生自然资源。密度是一个重要的属性，用于描述木材和树皮的质量，用于许多最终用途。然而，木材和树皮密度、树皮比例和尺寸随树龄和地点、树木之间和树木内部而变化。摘要本文研究了林分、径级和茎内垂直位置对铁木木皮密度、树皮体积、树皮干质量和树皮厚度的影响。方法:对生长在莫桑比克的93棵Lemombo铁树进行了研究。从每棵选定的树上取样8个圆盘，测量树皮上和树皮下的直径。测定树皮厚度、树皮质量和树皮密度，同时测定各组片的基本木材密度。结果:总体平均全茎特性估计为:786 kg m-3木材密度，586 kg m-3树皮密度，19%树皮体积，19%树皮干质量和9 mm树皮厚度。高度水平唯一地解释了树皮质量(97%)、树皮体积(95%)和木材密度(86%)的大部分变化。直径等级解释了树皮密度(51%)和树皮厚度(51%)的大部分变化。Site只解释了所有因变量变化的一小部分。结论:总体而言，所有木材和树皮性质的变化模式高度依赖于树的直径、类别和茎内的垂直位置。地点差异并不是研究性状变异的重要来源。提高对该树种木材和树皮特性的了解将有助于其可持续管理和利用。
{"title":"Effects of site and tree size on wood density and bark properties of Lebombo ironwood (Androstachys johnsonii Prain)","authors":"Tarquinio Mateus Magalhães","doi":"10.33494/NZJFS512021X32X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33494/NZJFS512021X32X","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Wood and bark are important renewable natural resources. Density is an important property that is used to describe wood and bark quality for a number of end uses. However, wood and bark density, bark proportion and dimensions vary with age and site, as well as among and within trees. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of site, diameter class, and vertical position within the stem on the density of wood and bark, bark volume, bark dry-mass and thickness of Lebombo ironwood (Androstachys johnsonii Prain).\u0000Methods: The study was conducted on 93 Lemombo ironwood trees growing in Mozambique. Eight discs were sampled from each selected tree and diameter over and under bark was measured. Bark thickness, bark mass and bark density were determined along with the basic wood density of each disc.\u0000Results: The overall average whole-stem properties were estimated at: 786 kg m–3 wood density, 586 kg m–3 bark density, 19% bark volume, 19% bark dry-mass, and 9 mm bark thickness. Height level uniquely explained most of the variation in bark mass (97%), bark volume (95%) and wood density (86%). Diameter class explained most of the variation in bark density (51%) and bark thickness (51%). Site only explained a small proportion of the variation in all dependent variables.\u0000Conclusions: Overall, the patterns of variation of all wood and bark properties were highly dependent on tree diameter class and vertical position within the stem. Site differences were not a significant source of variation in the properties studied. Improved knowledge of the wood and bark properties of this species will aid its sustainable management and utilisation.","PeriodicalId":19172,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42481492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-17DOI: 10.33494/NZJFS512021X100X
Evelize Aparecida Amaral, Luana Maria dos Santos, P. R. Hein, Emylle Veloso Santos Costa, S. C. S. Rosado, P. F. Trugilho
Background: Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been successfully applied to estimate the chemical, physical and mechanical properties of various biological materials, including wood. This study aimed to evaluate basic density calibrations based on NIR spectra collected from three wood faces and subject to different mathematical treatments. Methods: Diffuse reflectance NIR spectra were recorded using an integrating sphere on the transverse, radial and tangential surfaces of 278 wood specimens of Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis. Basic density of the wood specimens was determined in the laboratory by the immersion method and correlated with NIR spectra by Partial Least Squares regression. Different statistical treatments were then applied to the data, including Standard Normal Variate, Multiplicative Scatter Correction, First and Second Derivatives, Normalization, Autoscale and MeanCenter transformations. Results: The predictive model based on NIR spectra measured on the transverse surface performed the best (R²cv = 0.85 and RMSE = 25.5 kg/m³) while the model developed from the NIR spectra measured on the tangential surface had the poorest performance (R²cv = 0.53 and RMSE = 46.8 kg/m³). The difference in performance between models based on original (untreated) and mathematically-treated spectra was minimal. Conclusions: Multivariate models fitted to NIR spectra were found to be efficient for predicting the basic density of Eucalyptus wood, especially when based on spectra measured on the transversal surface. For this data set, models based on the original spectra and mathematically treated spectra had similar performance. The reported findings show that mathematical transformations are not always able to extract more information from the spectra in the NIR.
{"title":"Evaluating basic density calibrations based on NIR spectra recorded on the three wood faces and subject to different mathematical treatments","authors":"Evelize Aparecida Amaral, Luana Maria dos Santos, P. R. Hein, Emylle Veloso Santos Costa, S. C. S. Rosado, P. F. Trugilho","doi":"10.33494/NZJFS512021X100X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33494/NZJFS512021X100X","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been successfully applied to estimate the chemical, physical and mechanical properties of various biological materials, including wood. This study aimed to evaluate basic density calibrations based on NIR spectra collected from three wood faces and subject to different mathematical treatments.\u0000Methods: Diffuse reflectance NIR spectra were recorded using an integrating sphere on the transverse, radial and tangential surfaces of 278 wood specimens of Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis. Basic density of the wood specimens was determined in the laboratory by the immersion method and correlated with NIR spectra by Partial Least Squares regression. Different statistical treatments were then applied to the data, including Standard Normal Variate, Multiplicative Scatter Correction, First and Second Derivatives, Normalization, Autoscale and MeanCenter transformations.\u0000Results: The predictive model based on NIR spectra measured on the transverse surface performed the best (R²cv = 0.85 and RMSE = 25.5 kg/m³) while the model developed from the NIR spectra measured on the tangential surface had the poorest performance (R²cv = 0.53 and RMSE = 46.8 kg/m³). The difference in performance between models based on original (untreated) and mathematically-treated spectra was minimal.\u0000Conclusions: Multivariate models fitted to NIR spectra were found to be efficient for predicting the basic density of Eucalyptus wood, especially when based on spectra measured on the transversal surface. For this data set, models based on the original spectra and mathematically treated spectra had similar performance. The reported findings show that mathematical transformations are not always able to extract more information from the spectra in the NIR.","PeriodicalId":19172,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47608476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-15DOI: 10.33494/NZJFS512021X121X
M. Marden, S. Lambie, L. Burrows
Background: Tree carbon estimates for New Zealand indigenous tree and shrub species are largely based on mean basic stem-wood densities derived from a limited number of trees, often of unspecified age and from a limited number of sites throughout New Zealand. Yet stem-wood density values feed directly into New Zealand’s international and national greenhouse gas accounting. We augment existing published basic stem-wood density data with new age-specific values for 12 indigenous forest and shrubland species, including rarely obtained values for trees <6-years old, across 21 widely-distributed sites between latitudes 35° and 46° S, and explore relationships commonly used to estimate carbon stocks. Methods: The volume of 478 whole stem-wood discs collected at breast height (BH) was determined by water displacement, oven dried, and weighed. Regression analyses were used to determine possible relationships between basic stem-wood density, and tree height, root collar diameter (RCD), and diameter at breast height (DBH). Unbalanced ANOVA was used to determine inter-species differences in basic stem-wood density in 5-yearly age groups (i.e. 0–5 years, 6–10 years etc.) (P<0.05). As specific taxa of Kunzea ericoides (Myrtaceae) has only been identified at some study sites we combine the data from each site, and use the term Kunzea spp. We compare our age- and species-specific results with existing published data where age is specified versus non-age-specific values. Results: Kunzea spp. and Leptospermum scoparium exhibited positive correlations between basic stem-wood density and tree height, RCD, and DBH. No relationships were established for Melicytus ramiflorus, Coprosma grandiflora, Weinmannia racemosa ?6-years old, or for Podocarpus totara, Agathis australis, Vitex lucens, and Alectryon excelsus <6-years old. Dacrydium cupressinum and Prumnopitys ferruginea <6-years old exhibited a significant positive relationship with DBH only, while for Dacrycarpus dacrydioides, each correlation was negative. Irrespective of age, basic stem-wood density is not different between the hardwood species L. scoparium and Kunzea spp. but is significantly greater (P=0.001) than that of the remaining, and predominantly softwood species of equivalent age. For Kunzea spp., L. scoparium, Coprosma grandiflora, Weinmannia racemosa, and Melicytus ramiflorus ?6-years old there was no evidence that basic stem-wood density increased with tree age, and values were within the range of published and unpublished data. For naturally reverting stands of Kunzea spp. located between latitudes 35° to 46° S, basic stem-wood density values tended to increase with decreased elevation and increased temperature. Conclusions: Increasing basic wood density values in Kunzea spp. with decreased elevation and increased temperature suggest that where local data are available its use would improve the accuracy of biomass estimates both locally and nationally. Furthermore, refining biomass estimates for e
{"title":"Species-specific basic stem-wood densities for twelve indigenous forest and shrubland species of known age, New Zealand","authors":"M. Marden, S. Lambie, L. Burrows","doi":"10.33494/NZJFS512021X121X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33494/NZJFS512021X121X","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Tree carbon estimates for New Zealand indigenous tree and shrub species are largely based on mean basic stem-wood densities derived from a limited number of trees, often of unspecified age and from a limited number of sites throughout New Zealand. Yet stem-wood density values feed directly into New Zealand’s international and national greenhouse gas accounting. We augment existing published basic stem-wood density data with new age-specific values for 12 indigenous forest and shrubland species, including rarely obtained values for trees <6-years old, across 21 widely-distributed sites between latitudes 35° and 46° S, and explore relationships commonly used to estimate carbon stocks.\u0000Methods: The volume of 478 whole stem-wood discs collected at breast height (BH) was determined by water displacement, oven dried, and weighed. Regression analyses were used to determine possible relationships between basic stem-wood density, and tree height, root collar diameter (RCD), and diameter at breast height (DBH). Unbalanced ANOVA was used to determine inter-species differences in basic stem-wood density in 5-yearly age groups (i.e. 0–5 years, 6–10 years etc.) (P<0.05). As specific taxa of Kunzea ericoides (Myrtaceae) has only been identified at some study sites we combine the data from each site, and use the term Kunzea spp. We compare our age- and species-specific results with existing published data where age is specified versus non-age-specific values.\u0000Results: Kunzea spp. and Leptospermum scoparium exhibited positive correlations between basic stem-wood density and tree height, RCD, and DBH. No relationships were established for Melicytus ramiflorus, Coprosma grandiflora, Weinmannia racemosa ?6-years old, or for Podocarpus totara, Agathis australis, Vitex lucens, and Alectryon excelsus <6-years old. Dacrydium cupressinum and Prumnopitys ferruginea <6-years old exhibited a significant positive relationship with DBH only, while for Dacrycarpus dacrydioides, each correlation was negative. Irrespective of age, basic stem-wood density is not different between the hardwood species L. scoparium and Kunzea spp. but is significantly greater (P=0.001) than that of the remaining, and predominantly softwood species of equivalent age. For Kunzea spp., L. scoparium, Coprosma grandiflora, Weinmannia racemosa, and Melicytus ramiflorus ?6-years old there was no evidence that basic stem-wood density increased with tree age, and values were within the range of published and unpublished data. For naturally reverting stands of Kunzea spp. located between latitudes 35° to 46° S, basic stem-wood density values tended to increase with decreased elevation and increased temperature.\u0000Conclusions: Increasing basic wood density values in Kunzea spp. with decreased elevation and increased temperature suggest that where local data are available its use would improve the accuracy of biomass estimates both locally and nationally. Furthermore, refining biomass estimates for e","PeriodicalId":19172,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44033507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.33494/nzjfs512021x163x
Suzanne M Lambie, Shaun Awatere, Adam Daigneault, Miko U F Kirschbaum, Michael Marden, Tarek Soliman, Raphael I Spiekermann, Patrick J Walsh
Background: Some of New Zealand's exotic pine (Pinus radiata D.Don) forests were planted for erosion mitigation but cultural, legislative, environmental, and profitability limitations in some parts of the landscape have led to reassessment of their suitability. There is limited information to support landowner decisions on the viability of natural regeneration of native forest post-pine-harvest.
Methods: We evaluated scenarios of post-harvest natural regeneration, compared to remaining in pine production, using erosion susceptibility determined from historical occurrence of landslides, gullies and earthflows, biophysical growth modelling of mānuka-kānuka (Leptospermum scoparium-Kunzea ericoides (A.Rich) Joy Thomps.) shrubland using the process-based CenW model, and cost-benefit analyses using NZFARM with two land use change scenarios, at two levels of erosion mitigation ± honey profits.
Results: In our study area, the Gisborne Region (North Island of New Zealand), ~27% of the land has moderate-very high susceptibility to landslides, 14-22% a high probability of contributing material to waterways, and 19% moderate-very high gully erosion susceptibility. Pines grow 10 times faster than naturally regenerating mānuka-kānuka shrubland, but mānuka-kānuka is used for honey not wood production. Natural regeneration resulted in losses of $150-250 ha-1 yr-1 compared to the current profitability of pine production. Honey production offset some reduction in pine revenue, but not fully. Thus, the viability of shifting from pines to native forest is highly dependent on landowner impetus and value for non-market ecosystem services (such as cultural and biodiversity values) provided by native forest.
Conclusions: A mosaic of land uses within a property may sufficiently offset income losses with other benefits, whereby highly erosion-prone land is shifted from rotational pine forest production to permanent native forest cover with honey production where possible. At the regional scale in Gisborne, the conversion of the most highly susceptible land under production forestry (315-556 ha) to natural regeneration has the potential for wider benefits for soil conservation reducing erosion by 1-2.5 t yr-1 of sediment facilitating achievement of cleaner water aspirations and habitat provision.
背景:新西兰种植了一些外来松林(Pinus radiata d.d don)以缓解侵蚀，但在景观的某些部分，文化、立法、环境和盈利能力的限制导致了对其适用性的重新评估。支持土地所有者关于松林采伐后天然林自然再生可行性的决定的信息有限。方法:我们评估了采收后自然更新的情景，与保留的松树生产相比，使用从滑坡、沟和泥石流的历史发生情况确定的侵蚀敏感性，使用基于过程的CenW模型对mānuka-kānuka (Leptospermum scoparium-Kunzea ericoides (A.Rich) Joy Thomps.)灌木丛进行生物物理生长建模，并使用NZFARM对两种土地利用变化情景进行成本效益分析，在两个侵蚀缓解±蜂蜜利润水平下。结果:在我们的研究区域，吉斯伯恩地区(新西兰北岛)，~27%的土地具有中等-非常高的滑坡易感性，14-22%的土地具有高概率的水道贡献物质，19%的土地具有中等-非常高的沟壑侵蚀易感性。松树的生长速度比自然再生的mānuka-kānuka灌木丛快10倍，但mānuka-kānuka用于生产蜂蜜而不是木材。与目前松树生产的盈利能力相比，自然再生造成每年150-250美元的损失。蜂蜜产量抵消了一些松树收入的减少，但不是全部。因此，从松林转向原生林的可行性在很大程度上取决于土地所有者的动力和原生林提供的非市场生态系统服务(如文化和生物多样性价值)的价值。结论:一个财产内的土地使用马赛克可以充分抵消收入损失和其他利益，因此，高度易侵蚀的土地从轮作松林生产转移到永久的原生森林覆盖，并在可能的情况下生产蜂蜜。在吉斯伯恩的区域范围内，将最易受影响的生产性林业土地(315-556公顷)转变为自然再生，可能会对土壤保持产生更广泛的好处，每年减少1-2.5吨的沉积物侵蚀，促进实现更清洁的水的愿望和提供栖息地。
{"title":"Trade-offs between environmental and economic factors in conversion from exotic pine production to natural regeneration on erosion prone land.","authors":"Suzanne M Lambie, Shaun Awatere, Adam Daigneault, Miko U F Kirschbaum, Michael Marden, Tarek Soliman, Raphael I Spiekermann, Patrick J Walsh","doi":"10.33494/nzjfs512021x163x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33494/nzjfs512021x163x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Some of New Zealand's exotic pine (<i>Pinus radiata</i> D.Don) forests were planted for erosion mitigation but cultural, legislative, environmental, and profitability limitations in some parts of the landscape have led to reassessment of their suitability. There is limited information to support landowner decisions on the viability of natural regeneration of native forest post-pine-harvest.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We evaluated scenarios of post-harvest natural regeneration, compared to remaining in pine production, using erosion susceptibility determined from historical occurrence of landslides, gullies and earthflows, biophysical growth modelling of mānuka-kānuka (<i>Leptospermum scoparium-Kunzea ericoides</i> (A.Rich) Joy Thomps.) shrubland using the process-based CenW model, and cost-benefit analyses using NZFARM with two land use change scenarios, at two levels of erosion mitigation ± honey profits.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In our study area, the Gisborne Region (North Island of New Zealand), ~27% of the land has moderate-very high susceptibility to landslides, 14-22% a high probability of contributing material to waterways, and 19% moderate-very high gully erosion susceptibility. Pines grow 10 times faster than naturally regenerating mānuka-kānuka shrubland, but mānuka-kānuka is used for honey not wood production. Natural regeneration resulted in losses of $150-250 ha<sup>-1</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup> compared to the current profitability of pine production. Honey production offset some reduction in pine revenue, but not fully. Thus, the viability of shifting from pines to native forest is highly dependent on landowner impetus and value for non-market ecosystem services (such as cultural and biodiversity values) provided by native forest.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A mosaic of land uses within a property may sufficiently offset income losses with other benefits, whereby highly erosion-prone land is shifted from rotational pine forest production to permanent native forest cover with honey production where possible. At the regional scale in Gisborne, the conversion of the most highly susceptible land under production forestry (315-556 ha) to natural regeneration has the potential for wider benefits for soil conservation reducing erosion by 1-2.5 t yr<sup>-1</sup> of sediment facilitating achievement of cleaner water aspirations and habitat provision.</p>","PeriodicalId":19172,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9453571/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33466625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-23DOI: 10.33494/nzjfs502020x132x
S. Pawson, J. L. Kerr, C. Somchit, C. Wardhaugh
Background: Bark- and wood-boring forest insects spread via international trade. Surveys frequently target new arrivals to mitigate establishment. Alternatively, monitoring pest activity in exporting countries can inform arrival and establishmentrisk. Methods: We report >3 years data from daily sampling of bark- and wood-boring insects that are associated with recently felled Pinus radiata D.Don at five New Zealand ports. Results: Average catch differed between ports and months with Arhopalus ferus (Mulsant), Hylurgus ligniperda F., and Hylastes ater (Paykull) comprising 99.6% of the total catch. Arhopalus ferus was absent during winter with Hylastes ater and Hylurgus ligniperda activity between June and August representing 3.5 and 3.7% of total catch, respectively. Maximum temperature and wind speed influenced flight activity of all three species but not universally across all ports. Flight activity transitioned to a nonlinear pattern above 20°C. Arhopalus ferus has a unimodal flight risk period between late-September and late-April. Hylastes ater was also unimodal except in Dunedin where it was bimodal like Hylurgus ligniperda was in all regions with spring and mid- to late-summer activity periods. Although Hylastes ater was observed during winter, the probability of a flight event during winter was between 0 and 0.02 per week. Hylurgus ligniperda flight probability was zero in Dunedin and low at all other ports from May to August. Conclusions: Modelling seasonal changes in flight probability can inform risk-based phytosanitary measures. We demonstrate the utility of maximum temperature and seasonality as a predictor of wood commodity infestation risk. Such predictors allow National Plant Protection Organisations to develop standards that protect the post-treatment phytosanitary security of individual consignments.
{"title":"Flight activity of wood- and bark-boring insects at New Zealand ports","authors":"S. Pawson, J. L. Kerr, C. Somchit, C. Wardhaugh","doi":"10.33494/nzjfs502020x132x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33494/nzjfs502020x132x","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Bark- and wood-boring forest insects spread via international trade. Surveys frequently target new arrivals to mitigate establishment. Alternatively, monitoring pest activity in exporting countries can inform arrival and establishmentrisk. Methods: We report >3 years data from daily sampling of bark- and wood-boring insects that are associated with recently felled Pinus radiata D.Don at five New Zealand ports. Results: Average catch differed between ports and months with Arhopalus ferus (Mulsant), Hylurgus ligniperda F., and Hylastes ater (Paykull) comprising 99.6% of the total catch. Arhopalus ferus was absent during winter with Hylastes ater and Hylurgus ligniperda activity between June and August representing 3.5 and 3.7% of total catch, respectively. Maximum temperature and wind speed influenced flight activity of all three species but not universally across all ports. Flight activity transitioned to a nonlinear pattern above 20°C. Arhopalus ferus has a unimodal flight risk period between late-September and late-April. Hylastes ater was also unimodal except in Dunedin where it was bimodal like Hylurgus ligniperda was in all regions with spring and mid- to late-summer activity periods. Although Hylastes ater was observed during winter, the probability of a flight event during winter was between 0 and 0.02 per week. Hylurgus ligniperda flight probability was zero in Dunedin and low at all other ports from May to August. Conclusions: Modelling seasonal changes in flight probability can inform risk-based phytosanitary measures. We demonstrate the utility of maximum temperature and seasonality as a predictor of wood commodity infestation risk. Such predictors allow National Plant Protection Organisations to develop standards that protect the post-treatment phytosanitary security of individual consignments.","PeriodicalId":19172,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45162645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-27DOI: 10.33494/nzjfs502020x94x
James W. Griffiths, C. Lukens, R. May
Background: Landslides can cause substantial environmental, social and economic impacts. Under future climate scenarios the frequency of landslide-triggering events is likely to increase. Land managers, therefore, urgently require reliable high-resolution landslide susceptibility models to inform effective landslide risk assessment and management. Methods: In this study, gridded rainfall, topography, lithology and land cover surfaces were used to develop a high-resolution (10 m x 10 m) spatial model of landslides that occurred in Tasman, New Zealand during a period when ex-tropical Cyclone Gita brought heavy rain to the region. We separately modelled landslides in the same dataset as a function of the erosion susceptibility classification (ESC) data layer used to determine the level of control applied to forestry activities under the National Environmental Standards for Plantation Forestry (NES-PF). Models were fit using boosted regression trees. Results: Our preferred model had excellent predictive power (AUROC = 0.93) and included the parameters: aspect, elevation, mid-slope position, land cover, rainfall, slope, and a descriptive seven-class topographical index. Land cover, elevation, rainfall, slope and aspect were the strongest predictors of landslides with the land cover classes ‘seral native vegetation’ and clear-felled plantation forest’ predicting higher probabilities of landslides and tall native forest and closed canopy plantation forest predicting lower probabilities of landslides. The ESC was a poor predictor of landslides in the study area (AUROC = 0.65). Conclusions: Our study shows that accurate, high-resolution landslide probability surfaces can be developed from landslide distribution, land cover, topographical and rainfall data. We also show that landslide occurrence in the Tasman region could be substantially reduced by increasing the extent of permanent forest cover and by limiting clear-fell harvest of plantation forests on landslide-prone slopes. The ESC framework that underpins the NES-PF was a poor predictor of landslides and, therefore, an unreliable basis for regulating forestry activities in the Tasman, New Zealand.
{"title":"Increased forest cover and limits on clear-felling could substantially reduce landslide occurrence in Tasman, New Zealand.","authors":"James W. Griffiths, C. Lukens, R. May","doi":"10.33494/nzjfs502020x94x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33494/nzjfs502020x94x","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Landslides can cause substantial environmental, social and economic impacts. Under future climate scenarios the frequency of landslide-triggering events is likely to increase. Land managers, therefore, urgently require reliable high-resolution landslide susceptibility models to inform effective landslide risk assessment and management.\u0000Methods: In this study, gridded rainfall, topography, lithology and land cover surfaces were used to develop a high-resolution (10 m x 10 m) spatial model of landslides that occurred in Tasman, New Zealand during a period when ex-tropical Cyclone Gita brought heavy rain to the region. We separately modelled landslides in the same dataset as a function of the erosion susceptibility classification (ESC) data layer used to determine the level of control applied to forestry activities under the National Environmental Standards for Plantation Forestry (NES-PF). Models were fit using boosted regression trees.\u0000Results: Our preferred model had excellent predictive power (AUROC = 0.93) and included the parameters: aspect, elevation, mid-slope position, land cover, rainfall, slope, and a descriptive seven-class topographical index. Land cover, elevation, rainfall, slope and aspect were the strongest predictors of landslides with the land cover classes ‘seral native vegetation’ and clear-felled plantation forest’ predicting higher probabilities of landslides and tall native forest and closed canopy plantation forest predicting lower probabilities of landslides. The ESC was a poor predictor of landslides in the study area (AUROC = 0.65).\u0000Conclusions: Our study shows that accurate, high-resolution landslide probability surfaces can be developed from landslide distribution, land cover, topographical and rainfall data. We also show that landslide occurrence in the Tasman region could be substantially reduced by increasing the extent of permanent forest cover and by limiting clear-fell harvest of plantation forests on landslide-prone slopes. The ESC framework that underpins the NES-PF was a poor predictor of landslides and, therefore, an unreliable basis for regulating forestry activities in the Tasman, New Zealand.","PeriodicalId":19172,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46935447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-25DOI: 10.33494/nzjfs502020x103x
H. Majid, F. Silva
Background: Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive mental deterioration related to ageing and senility. Approved drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme activity in the human brain are one of the ways to control the natural progression of this disease. The present study reports on the optimisation of ultrasound-assisted extraction of antiacetylcholinesterase and antioxidant compounds from manuka leaves using response surface methodology. Methods: A Box-Behnken design was used to investigate the effect of extraction temperature (40–60°C), time (1–20 min), and ethanol concentration (30–70%) on AChE inhibition, antioxidant activity, and extraction yield. Results: The values of AChE, radical scavenging activity (RSA) and yield predicted by the models generated were similar to the experimental values. Extraction time, ethanol concentration and temperature were significant in all the responses. Optimum extraction conditions for maximum AChE inhibition (74%), RSA (79%) and yield (50%) were successfully validated experimentally and the IC50 of the optimised extracts were reduced to 28.5 (from 66.0) and 2.37 (from 32.4) ?g/ mL for AChE and antioxidant activity, respectively. The optimisation enabled an increase in the extraction yield from 21% to 49%. Conclusions: In view of the significant bioactive properties determined, with possible beneficial effects on memory deficit, we would encourage the use of the manuka leaf extract for the development of new phytopharmaceuticals to improve brain function and control dementias such as Alzheimer’s disease. One other application could be as a beverage for the preparation of tea infusions.
{"title":"Optimisation of ultrasound assisted extraction of antiacetylcholinesterase and antioxidant compounds from manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) for use as a phytomedicine against Alzheimer’s disease","authors":"H. Majid, F. Silva","doi":"10.33494/nzjfs502020x103x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33494/nzjfs502020x103x","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive mental deterioration related to ageing and senility. Approved drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme activity in the human brain are one of the ways to control the natural progression of this disease. The present study reports on the optimisation of ultrasound-assisted extraction of antiacetylcholinesterase and antioxidant compounds from manuka leaves using response surface methodology.\u0000Methods: A Box-Behnken design was used to investigate the effect of extraction temperature (40–60°C), time (1–20 min), and ethanol concentration (30–70%) on AChE inhibition, antioxidant activity, and extraction yield.\u0000Results: The values of AChE, radical scavenging activity (RSA) and yield predicted by the models generated were similar to the experimental values. Extraction time, ethanol concentration and temperature were significant in all the responses. Optimum extraction conditions for maximum AChE inhibition (74%), RSA (79%) and yield (50%) were successfully validated experimentally and the IC50 of the optimised extracts were reduced to 28.5 (from 66.0) and 2.37 (from 32.4) ?g/ mL for AChE and antioxidant activity, respectively. The optimisation enabled an increase in the extraction yield from 21% to 49%.\u0000Conclusions: In view of the significant bioactive properties determined, with possible beneficial effects on memory deficit, we would encourage the use of the manuka leaf extract for the development of new phytopharmaceuticals to improve brain function and control dementias such as Alzheimer’s disease. One other application could be as a beverage for the preparation of tea infusions.","PeriodicalId":19172,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44855501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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