Pub Date : 2018-07-30DOI: 10.30843/NZPP.2018.71.144
G. N. Gidiglo, A. Najar-Rodriguez, M. Hall, M. Minor, Qiao Wang
Ethanedinitrile (EDN) is a potential alternative fumigant to methyl bromide for the phytosanitary treatment of timber and logs. Previously, adult golden-haired bark beetles (Hylurgus ligniperda) have shown high rates of tolerance to EDN, while all life stages of burnt-pine longhorn beetles (Arhopalus ferus) were highly susceptible. These results suggest that the fumigant mode of action might be species-specific and more complex than previously thought. Therefore, the anatomy of these beetles was examined to investigate potential differences in EDN toxicity related to these insect traits. The mesothoracic and fourth abdominal cuticles of 20 individuals were measured and compared across the two species. Spiracle sizes of 20 adult insects were also measured and compared across and within species. Of the two species, A. ferus had the thicker dorsal thoracic and abdominal cuticle. Adults of A. ferus had also the larger total spiracle area. These results provide important information to help explain the observed differences in EDN tolerance across the two species. Further work will test the main route of entry of EDN into the bodies of target insects and additional effects on EDN on insect behaviour.
{"title":"Differences in insect anatomy may affect tolerance to the fumigant ethanedinitrile","authors":"G. N. Gidiglo, A. Najar-Rodriguez, M. Hall, M. Minor, Qiao Wang","doi":"10.30843/NZPP.2018.71.144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30843/NZPP.2018.71.144","url":null,"abstract":"Ethanedinitrile (EDN) is a potential alternative fumigant to methyl bromide for the phytosanitary treatment of timber and logs. Previously, adult golden-haired bark beetles (Hylurgus ligniperda) have shown high rates of tolerance to EDN, while all life stages of burnt-pine longhorn beetles (Arhopalus ferus) were highly susceptible. These results suggest that the fumigant mode of action might be species-specific and more complex than previously thought. Therefore, the anatomy of these beetles was examined to investigate potential differences in EDN toxicity related to these insect traits. The mesothoracic and fourth abdominal cuticles of 20 individuals were measured and compared across the two species. Spiracle sizes of 20 adult insects were also measured and compared across and within species. Of the two species, A. ferus had the thicker dorsal thoracic and abdominal cuticle. Adults of A. ferus had also the larger total spiracle area. These results provide important information to help explain the observed differences in EDN tolerance across the two species. Further work will test the main route of entry of EDN into the bodies of target insects and additional effects on EDN on insect behaviour.","PeriodicalId":19180,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Plant Protection","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88627997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-30DOI: 10.30843/NZPP.2018.71.208
E. Patrick, Anthea Garmey, L. Turner, R. Campbell, M. Walter
The study of Neonectria ditissima causing European canker in apple trees is often dependent on controlled inoculation of tree wounds and development of canker lesions. This makes the success of the initial inoculation crucial for time-efficient research. The effect of morning vs. evening inoculation on the successful development of canker lesions was investigated. Ninety-six ‘Royal Gala’ trees were inoculated on six different days (February—March 2017), which covered several different weather conditions. On each inoculation day, 16 trees were inoculated on four rasp and four picking wounds, at 10:00 and 19:00 hours. These were then assessed over the following 8 months for presence of disease symptoms. Irrespective of rain (0—4.5 mm rainfall at the day of inoculation), temperature (average daily temperature of 14.8—21.3˚C), and humidity (average daily relative humidity of 59.8—94.2% rH), neither the day nor the hour of inoculation affected symptom development. However, more inoculated wounds developed symptoms in rasp wounds (91%) than in picking wounds (63%). Under the environmental conditions tested, inoculation timing (date and hour) had little effect on N. ditissima symptom expression.
{"title":"Effects of morning vs. evening inoculation on the development of Neonectria ditissima lesions","authors":"E. Patrick, Anthea Garmey, L. Turner, R. Campbell, M. Walter","doi":"10.30843/NZPP.2018.71.208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30843/NZPP.2018.71.208","url":null,"abstract":"The study of Neonectria ditissima causing European canker in apple trees is often dependent on controlled inoculation of tree wounds and development of canker lesions. This makes the success of the initial inoculation crucial for time-efficient research. The effect of morning vs. evening inoculation on the successful development of canker lesions was investigated. Ninety-six ‘Royal Gala’ trees were inoculated on six different days (February—March 2017), which covered several different weather conditions. On each inoculation day, 16 trees were inoculated on four rasp and four picking wounds, at 10:00 and 19:00 hours. These were then assessed over the following 8 months for presence of disease symptoms. Irrespective of rain (0—4.5 mm rainfall at the day of inoculation), temperature (average daily temperature of 14.8—21.3˚C), and humidity (average daily relative humidity of 59.8—94.2% rH), neither the day nor the hour of inoculation affected symptom development. However, more inoculated wounds developed symptoms in rasp wounds (91%) than in picking wounds (63%). Under the environmental conditions tested, inoculation timing (date and hour) had little effect on N. ditissima symptom expression.","PeriodicalId":19180,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Plant Protection","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86069993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-30DOI: 10.30843/NZPP.2018.71.216
C. A. Dowsett, T. James
Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) was accidentally introduced into New Zealand in 2016 and intensive efforts are being implemented to mitigate the risk of its naturalisation. This study investigated the possibility of velvetleaf plants surviving in maize fields following silage harvest in late summer and early autumn. Velvetleaf plants were grown to maturity in a glasshouse during the summer of 2017—2018. They were left to seed and senesce naturally and, on 28 February 2018, five senesced plants were “harvested” at each height (0, 30, 50, 70 and 150 mm) with varying numbers of leaf nodes remaining (0, 0, 1, 2 and 3 pairs respectively). Velvetleaf was capable of regeneration 2—4 weeks after “harvest” from these leaf nodes. Forty percent regeneration occurred with 1 pair of nodes; 80% (2 pairs); and 100% (3 pairs). All regenerated plants subsequently produced mature seed pods with viable seed (95% germination) 6—10 weeks following “harvest”. Maize silage crops are normally cut ~100 mm above ground level. In this study, velvetleaf was able to regenerate and reproduce following simulated maize silage harvest at, below and above, normal cutting height. Growers are advised to continue management strategies for velvetleaf to prevent seed set following maize silage harvest and before sowing of the next crop or pasture.
{"title":"Velvetleaf regenerates and reproduces after cropping","authors":"C. A. Dowsett, T. James","doi":"10.30843/NZPP.2018.71.216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30843/NZPP.2018.71.216","url":null,"abstract":"Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) was accidentally introduced into New Zealand in 2016 and intensive efforts are being implemented to mitigate the risk of its naturalisation. This study investigated the possibility of velvetleaf plants surviving in maize fields following silage harvest in late summer and early autumn. Velvetleaf plants were grown to maturity in a glasshouse during the summer of 2017—2018. They were left to seed and senesce naturally and, on 28 February 2018, five senesced plants were “harvested” at each height (0, 30, 50, 70 and 150 mm) with varying numbers of leaf nodes remaining (0, 0, 1, 2 and 3 pairs respectively). Velvetleaf was capable of regeneration 2—4 weeks after “harvest” from these leaf nodes. Forty percent regeneration occurred with 1 pair of nodes; 80% (2 pairs); and 100% (3 pairs). All regenerated plants subsequently produced mature seed pods with viable seed (95% germination) 6—10 weeks following “harvest”. Maize silage crops are normally cut ~100 mm above ground level. In this study, velvetleaf was able to regenerate and reproduce following simulated maize silage harvest at, below and above, normal cutting height. Growers are advised to continue management strategies for velvetleaf to prevent seed set following maize silage harvest and before sowing of the next crop or pasture.","PeriodicalId":19180,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Plant Protection","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85573439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-30DOI: 10.30843/NZPP.2018.71.218
Lucia R. Ramos, I. Pushparajah, M. Kabir, B. E. Parry, K. Everett
Neofabraea actinidiae can occasionally cause post-harvest rot in kiwifruit. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis represents a feasible and accurate option for identifying and quantifying this rot but is limited because qPCR results do not differentiate live and dead conidia. Propidium monoazide (PMA) is a photoreactive dye that penetrates into the damaged cell-wall membranes of dead conidia binding to the DNA and thus suppressing its amplification by qPCR. A commercial kit containing PMA was trialled for differentiating between live and dead N. actinidiae conidia. The most suitable conditions were 1 μM PMA with 10 min light emitting diode (LED) exposure, and could clearly distinguish high concentrations of live from similar concentrations of dead conidia when tested separately and as a mixture. Low concentrations of live N. actinidiae conidia could be distinguished from dead ones when tested separately, but not as a mixture. Additional work is needed to optimise the effectiveness of the PMA binding and apply this concept in the orchard.
{"title":"Propidium monoazide combined with qPCR to differentiate live and dead conidia of Neofabraea actinidiae","authors":"Lucia R. Ramos, I. Pushparajah, M. Kabir, B. E. Parry, K. Everett","doi":"10.30843/NZPP.2018.71.218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30843/NZPP.2018.71.218","url":null,"abstract":"Neofabraea actinidiae can occasionally cause post-harvest rot in kiwifruit. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis represents a feasible and accurate option for identifying and quantifying this rot but is limited because qPCR results do not differentiate live and dead conidia. Propidium monoazide (PMA) is a photoreactive dye that penetrates into the damaged cell-wall membranes of dead conidia binding to the DNA and thus suppressing its amplification by qPCR. A commercial kit containing PMA was trialled for differentiating between live and dead N. actinidiae conidia. The most suitable conditions were 1 μM PMA with 10 min light emitting diode (LED) exposure, and could clearly distinguish high concentrations of live from similar concentrations of dead conidia when tested separately and as a mixture. Low concentrations of live N. actinidiae conidia could be distinguished from dead ones when tested separately, but not as a mixture. Additional work is needed to optimise the effectiveness of the PMA binding and apply this concept in the orchard.","PeriodicalId":19180,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Plant Protection","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76632023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-30DOI: 10.30843/NZPP.2018.71.207
Renelle O'Neill, R. McDougal, S. Fraser, Catherine Banham, M. Cook, A. Claasen, Suzanne Simpson, N. Williams
Needle diseases of Pinus radiata caused by Phytophthora pluvialis and Phythophthora kernoviae have been increasingly recognised since the discovery of red needle cast in 2008. There is a need for rapid diagnostic screening of numerous samples, but sample processing time, equipment and staff availability limit the throughput and utilisation of diagnostic qPCR analysis in the research environment. Automated and high-throughput capable DNA extraction and real-time PCR provides the opportunity to expand the capacity of research trial analysis and a potential alternative to laborious isolation and plating but must be thoroughly validated before results can be used with confidence. The use of a high-throughput format for qPCR assays targeting Phytophthora pluvialis and Phythophthora kernoviae was validated on a robotic platform, proving to be consistently more sensitive than isolation, achieving qPCR detection down to 1% diluted inoculated material for Phytophthora kernoviae and 10% for Phytophthora pluvialis. Plating results yielded a 60% detection rate of Phythophthora pluvialis in inoculated needle fragments, whereas qPCR yielded a 100% detection on the same material. High throughout automated qPCR can therefore be utilised with confidence in forest pathology research trial analyses in future.
{"title":"Validating outsourced high throughput automated qPCR for increased research outputs from forest pathology trials","authors":"Renelle O'Neill, R. McDougal, S. Fraser, Catherine Banham, M. Cook, A. Claasen, Suzanne Simpson, N. Williams","doi":"10.30843/NZPP.2018.71.207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30843/NZPP.2018.71.207","url":null,"abstract":"Needle diseases of Pinus radiata caused by Phytophthora pluvialis and Phythophthora kernoviae have been increasingly recognised since the discovery of red needle cast in 2008. There is a need for rapid diagnostic screening of numerous samples, but sample processing time, equipment and staff availability limit the throughput and utilisation of diagnostic qPCR analysis in the research environment. Automated and high-throughput capable DNA extraction and real-time PCR provides the opportunity to expand the capacity of research trial analysis and a potential alternative to laborious isolation and plating but must be thoroughly validated before results can be used with confidence. The use of a high-throughput format for qPCR assays targeting Phytophthora pluvialis and Phythophthora kernoviae was validated on a robotic platform, proving to be consistently more sensitive than isolation, achieving qPCR detection down to 1% diluted inoculated material for Phytophthora kernoviae and 10% for Phytophthora pluvialis. Plating results yielded a 60% detection rate of Phythophthora pluvialis in inoculated needle fragments, whereas qPCR yielded a 100% detection on the same material. High throughout automated qPCR can therefore be utilised with confidence in forest pathology research trial analyses in future.","PeriodicalId":19180,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Plant Protection","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80672343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-30DOI: 10.30843/NZPP.2018.71.199
V. Davis, W. Sandanayaka, J. G. Charles
Codling moth (Cydia pomonella) (CM) is a major pest of apples in New Zealand. Several biocontrol agents introduced in the past to control CM have only been partially successful at reducing CM populations, so a parasitoid wasp, Mastrus ridens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), was recently released into apple-growing regions. This study sought evidence of the establishment of CM parasitoids. Corrugated cardboard bands (2-cm wide bands with sentinel CM larvae and 10-cm wide empty bands to trap wild CM larvae) were used to assess the presence of M. ridens and other CM parasitoids in Hawke’s Bay, Nelson, Central Otago and Waikato regions. Five CM parasitoid species, including M. ridens, were recovered from sentinel and wide bands. Liotryphon caudatus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae, released to control CM in 1906) was found in Hawke’s Bay and Waikato. Ascogaster quadridentata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, released to control CM in the 1930s), Glabridorsum stokesii (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae, released in 1967 to control light brown apple moth), Dibrachys microgastri (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae, an accidental arrival) and M. ridens were found in all regions. The interspecific competition between M. ridens and other parasitoid species remains to be investigated.
{"title":"Parasitoids associated with codling moth (Cydia pomonella) in apple-growing regions in New Zealand","authors":"V. Davis, W. Sandanayaka, J. G. Charles","doi":"10.30843/NZPP.2018.71.199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30843/NZPP.2018.71.199","url":null,"abstract":"Codling moth (Cydia pomonella) (CM) is a major pest of apples in New Zealand. Several biocontrol agents introduced in the past to control CM have only been partially successful at reducing CM populations, so a parasitoid wasp, Mastrus ridens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), was recently released into apple-growing regions. This study sought evidence of the establishment of CM parasitoids. Corrugated cardboard bands (2-cm wide bands with sentinel CM larvae and 10-cm wide empty bands to trap wild CM larvae) were used to assess the presence of M. ridens and other CM parasitoids in Hawke’s Bay, Nelson, Central Otago and Waikato regions. Five CM parasitoid species, including M. ridens, were recovered from sentinel and wide bands. Liotryphon caudatus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae, released to control CM in 1906) was found in Hawke’s Bay and Waikato. Ascogaster quadridentata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, released to control CM in the 1930s), Glabridorsum stokesii (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae, released in 1967 to control light brown apple moth), Dibrachys microgastri (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae, an accidental arrival) and M. ridens were found in all regions. The interspecific competition between M. ridens and other parasitoid species remains to be investigated.","PeriodicalId":19180,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Plant Protection","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75263492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-30DOI: 10.30843/NZPP.2018.71.206
M. Kabir, B. E. Parry, J. Tyson, M. Manning, R. Beresford
Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3 (Psa) causes kiwifruit bacterial canker and also bud rot, which destroys developing flower buds and can become a severe problem, particularly in green-fleshed cultivars. The effects of weather and inoculum factors on bud-rot development were investigated. Experiments were conducted on two green kiwifruit cultivars: Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa ‘Hayward’ and A. chinensis var. chinensis × A. chinensis var. deliciosa ‘Zesh004’ (known as Green14), at four sites for two consecutive years. Temperature and rainfall were recorded from bud burst to flowering and bud-rot incidence was monitored from approximately two weeks after flower bud appearance until flowering. Correlations between weather parameters and final bud-rot incidence, and between initial bud-rot and final bud-rot incidence were investigated. There was no significant association between temperature and final bud-rot incidence, but total rainfall and number of days of rain were positively correlated with final bud-rot incidence. Initial bud-rot incidence showed the strongest correlation with final bud-rot incidence and appeared to be the main factor that contributed to bud-rot.
丁香假单胞菌。actinidiae biovar 3 (Psa)会导致猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病和芽腐病，它会破坏正在发育的花蕾，并可能成为一个严重的问题，尤其是在绿色果肉的品种中。研究了天气因素和接种量因素对芽腐病的影响。以猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa ' Hayward ')和猕猴桃(A. chinensis var. chinensis à - A. chinensis var. deliciosa ' Zesh004 '，简称Green14)两个绿色猕猴桃品种为试验材料，连续两年在四个地点进行试验。记录了从花蕾萌发到开花的温度和降雨量，从花蕾出现到开花的大约两周内监测了芽腐病的发生情况。研究了气象参数与终发病、初发病与终发病之间的相关性。气温与终末芽腐病发病率无显著相关，但总降雨量和降雨日数与终末芽腐病发病率呈正相关。初芽腐病发病率与终芽腐病发病率相关性最强，是造成芽腐病的主要因素。
{"title":"Weather and inoculum factors associated with kiwifruit bud rot","authors":"M. Kabir, B. E. Parry, J. Tyson, M. Manning, R. Beresford","doi":"10.30843/NZPP.2018.71.206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30843/NZPP.2018.71.206","url":null,"abstract":"Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3 (Psa) causes kiwifruit bacterial canker and also bud rot, which destroys developing flower buds and can become a severe problem, particularly in green-fleshed cultivars. The effects of weather and inoculum factors on bud-rot development were investigated. Experiments were conducted on two green kiwifruit cultivars: Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa ‘Hayward’ and A. chinensis var. chinensis × A. chinensis var. deliciosa ‘Zesh004’ (known as Green14), at four sites for two consecutive years. Temperature and rainfall were recorded from bud burst to flowering and bud-rot incidence was monitored from approximately two weeks after flower bud appearance until flowering. Correlations between weather parameters and final bud-rot incidence, and between initial bud-rot and final bud-rot incidence were investigated. There was no significant association between temperature and final bud-rot incidence, but total rainfall and number of days of rain were positively correlated with final bud-rot incidence. Initial bud-rot incidence showed the strongest correlation with final bud-rot incidence and appeared to be the main factor that contributed to bud-rot.","PeriodicalId":19180,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Plant Protection","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78322355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-30DOI: 10.30843/NZPP.2018.71.213
B. M. Fisher, D. Hedderley, N. T. Amponsah, R. Scheper
Bundles of dormant wood were submerged in water (45˚C for 45 min or 50˚C for 15 min), or were wrapped in moist cloth, placed inside zip-locked bags and submerged for 3—6 h or treated with one of three GRAS chemicals or untreated (two bundles per treatment). Scion wood was grafted onto ‘M9’ rootstocks then planted in a randomised order, with growth assessed after 16 weeks. Two of the GRAS treatments and submersion at 45˚C for either 45 min or 3 h in a bag did not significantly affect viability compared with the untreated control (83—95% viable). Submersion at 50˚C for 15 min reduced viability significantly (70%). Scions did not survive exposure to 50˚C for 3—5 h in bags (P<0.001). No significant differences in mean scion shoot length were observed between the untreated wood (107 cm) and that submerged in 45˚C water for 45 min, 3 h in a bag, or GRAS-treated. Wood treated at 45˚C for 5—6 h in a bag or at 50˚C for 15 min had significantly shorter shoots (54—75 cm, P<0.001). Dormant ‘Fuji’ wood remained viable after treatments known to eliminate pathogens from wood.
将几捆休眠木材浸泡在水中(45˚C浸泡45分钟或50˚C浸泡15分钟)，或用湿布包裹，放入带拉链的袋中浸泡3-6小时，或用三种GRAS化学品中的一种处理或未经处理(每次处理两捆)。接穗木材被嫁接到“M9”砧木上，然后按随机顺序种植，16周后评估生长情况。与未处理对照(83-95%)相比，两种GRAS处理和在45˚C下浸泡45分钟或3小时对存活率没有显著影响。在50˚C下浸泡15分钟显著降低(70%)存活率。接穗在50˚C环境中不能存活3-5小时(P<0.001)。未处理木材(107 cm)与45˚C水浸泡45 min、袋装3 h或grass处理木材的接穗平均梢长无显著差异。45˚C袋装处理5-6 h或50˚C袋装处理15 min的木材枝梢显著缩短(54-75 cm, P<0.001)。休眠的“富士”木材在经过已知的消除木材病原体的处理后仍能存活。
{"title":"Effect of heat or chemical disinfection on the viability of ‘Fuji’ apple graft wood","authors":"B. M. Fisher, D. Hedderley, N. T. Amponsah, R. Scheper","doi":"10.30843/NZPP.2018.71.213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30843/NZPP.2018.71.213","url":null,"abstract":"Bundles of dormant wood were submerged in water (45˚C for 45 min or 50˚C for 15 min), or were wrapped in moist cloth, placed inside zip-locked bags and submerged for 3—6 h or treated with one of three GRAS chemicals or untreated (two bundles per treatment). Scion wood was grafted onto ‘M9’ rootstocks then planted in a randomised order, with growth assessed after 16 weeks. Two of the GRAS treatments and submersion at 45˚C for either 45 min or 3 h in a bag did not significantly affect viability compared with the untreated control (83—95% viable). Submersion at 50˚C for 15 min reduced viability significantly (70%). Scions did not survive exposure to 50˚C for 3—5 h in bags (P<0.001). No significant differences in mean scion shoot length were observed between the untreated wood (107 cm) and that submerged in 45˚C water for 45 min, 3 h in a bag, or GRAS-treated. Wood treated at 45˚C for 5—6 h in a bag or at 50˚C for 15 min had significantly shorter shoots (54—75 cm, P<0.001). Dormant ‘Fuji’ wood remained viable after treatments known to eliminate pathogens from wood.","PeriodicalId":19180,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Plant Protection","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85132616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-30DOI: 10.30843/NZPP.2018.71.214
R. Campbell, Amandine Touron, M. Walter
Nitrogen (N) is known to influence the growth of Neonectria ditissima (N.d.), the causal organism of European canker. In vitro, inorganic N inhibits conidia germination at N concentrations above 0.2 mol/L while, in planta, foliar urea application increased disease expression of leaf scar wounds up to nine-fold. The influence of organic and inorganic N sources on mycelial growth and spore production of N.d. in vitro was investigated. Four organic and six inorganic N sources were tested on agar at concentrations of N between 0 and 0.2 mol/L, with 3 different N.d. isolates. Spore production was generally increased by the addition of low concentrations of N, with varying results at higher concentrations dependent on the N source; however, this also differed among N.d. isolates. Spore production was generally incompletely inhibited at the higher N concentrations tested. However, germination from the resulting conidia decreased, possibly due to morphological changes to the spores. Mycelial growth generally decreased with the addition of N. Understanding the N effect in planta will be further complicated by the physiological plant-N and plant-pathogen interaction processes.
{"title":"Organic and inorganic nitrogen effects on spore production and mycelial growth of Neonectria ditissima in vitro","authors":"R. Campbell, Amandine Touron, M. Walter","doi":"10.30843/NZPP.2018.71.214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30843/NZPP.2018.71.214","url":null,"abstract":"Nitrogen (N) is known to influence the growth of Neonectria ditissima (N.d.), the causal organism of European canker. In vitro, inorganic N inhibits conidia germination at N concentrations above 0.2 mol/L while, in planta, foliar urea application increased disease expression of leaf scar wounds up to nine-fold. The influence of organic and inorganic N sources on mycelial growth and spore production of N.d. in vitro was investigated. Four organic and six inorganic N sources were tested on agar at concentrations of N between 0 and 0.2 mol/L, with 3 different N.d. isolates. Spore production was generally increased by the addition of low concentrations of N, with varying results at higher concentrations dependent on the N source; however, this also differed among N.d. isolates. Spore production was generally incompletely inhibited at the higher N concentrations tested. However, germination from the resulting conidia decreased, possibly due to morphological changes to the spores. Mycelial growth generally decreased with the addition of N. Understanding the N effect in planta will be further complicated by the physiological plant-N and plant-pathogen interaction processes.","PeriodicalId":19180,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Plant Protection","volume":"111 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88797739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-30DOI: 10.30843/NZPP.2018.71.211
A. Prasad, S. Casonato, N. Cripps-Guazzone, E. Jones
Phytophthora spp. pose a risk to New Zealand’s managed and natural ecosystems. As Phytophthora spp. are well adapted to aquatic environments, water surveillance can be used to identify their distribution. Seven bait species (Rhododendron arborescens, Pittosporum undulatum, Banksia attenuata, Camellia japonica, Pittosporum eugenioides, Pinus radiata, and Cedrus deodara) were evaluated for Phytophthora spp. isolation. Water was collected from 2 sites in the Suckling river (Tai Tapu) and half was membrane-filtered (3-μm pore size) to capture spores. Leaf baits were floated directly on unfiltered water at room temperature in the laboratory for 7 days. Baits were also placed in nylon-mesh bags and floated in the Suckling river sites (in situ) for 7 days. Leaf lesions and membrane filters were cultured on Phytophthora spp. selective media. Eighty-six Phytophthora spp. isolates representing 5 colony morphotypes were recovered, 6 (3 morphotypes) from membrane filters, 25 (4 morphotypes) from baits on collected river water, and 55 (5 morphotypes) from in situ baits. The highest numbers of isolates were recovered from R. arborescens (50.6%; 4 morphotypes), Pinus radiata (17.2%; 3 morphotypes) and Pittosporum undulatum (12.6%; 2 morphotypes). In situ baiting using Rhododendron arborescens and Pinus radiata was the most effective method of isolating Phytophthora species.
{"title":"Evaluation of different methods for isolating Phytophthora spp. from a Canterbury waterway","authors":"A. Prasad, S. Casonato, N. Cripps-Guazzone, E. Jones","doi":"10.30843/NZPP.2018.71.211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30843/NZPP.2018.71.211","url":null,"abstract":"Phytophthora spp. pose a risk to New Zealand’s managed and natural ecosystems. As Phytophthora spp. are well adapted to aquatic environments, water surveillance can be used to identify their distribution. Seven bait species (Rhododendron arborescens, Pittosporum undulatum, Banksia attenuata, Camellia japonica, Pittosporum eugenioides, Pinus radiata, and Cedrus deodara) were evaluated for Phytophthora spp. isolation. Water was collected from 2 sites in the Suckling river (Tai Tapu) and half was membrane-filtered (3-μm pore size) to capture spores. Leaf baits were floated directly on unfiltered water at room temperature in the laboratory for 7 days. Baits were also placed in nylon-mesh bags and floated in the Suckling river sites (in situ) for 7 days. Leaf lesions and membrane filters were cultured on Phytophthora spp. selective media. Eighty-six Phytophthora spp. isolates representing 5 colony morphotypes were recovered, 6 (3 morphotypes) from membrane filters, 25 (4 morphotypes) from baits on collected river water, and 55 (5 morphotypes) from in situ baits. The highest numbers of isolates were recovered from R. arborescens (50.6%; 4 morphotypes), Pinus radiata (17.2%; 3 morphotypes) and Pittosporum undulatum (12.6%; 2 morphotypes). In situ baiting using Rhododendron arborescens and Pinus radiata was the most effective method of isolating Phytophthora species.","PeriodicalId":19180,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Plant Protection","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72498530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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