Human cysticercosis is an important public health problem, particularly in developing countries. The seroprevalence of human cysticercosis in Amper and Kabwir Districts of Kanke Local Government Area of Plateau State was studied between January and March 2019. Blood samples were collected from 151 individuals in the study area. Serum was obtained and Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) was performed to determine the prevalence of 1gG antibodies to cysticercosis. Forty-one (41) out of 151 individuals were positive for human cysticercosis giving a seroprevalence of 27.15%. Seroprevalence was higher in females (29.87%) than in males (24.32%) however, this was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Age group 41 to 50 years had the highest (33.33%) seroprevalence of infection while individuals 51 years and above had the lowest (16.67%) seroprevalence. Other risk factors that influenced seroprevalence include the source of drinking water, the type of toilet system used, and the rearing of pigs. Good sanitary measures are suggested to combat this infection.
{"title":"Seroprevalence of Human Cysticercosis in Amper and Kabwir Districts of Kanke Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria","authors":"F. Kum, J. Yohanna, C. Adeiyongo","doi":"10.4314/njpar.v44i1.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v44i1.11","url":null,"abstract":"Human cysticercosis is an important public health problem, particularly in developing countries. The seroprevalence of human cysticercosis in Amper and Kabwir Districts of Kanke Local Government Area of Plateau State was studied between January and March 2019. Blood samples were collected from 151 individuals in the study area. Serum was obtained and Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) was performed to determine the prevalence of 1gG antibodies to cysticercosis. Forty-one (41) out of 151 individuals were positive for human cysticercosis giving a seroprevalence of 27.15%. Seroprevalence was higher in females (29.87%) than in males (24.32%) however, this was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Age group 41 to 50 years had the highest (33.33%) seroprevalence of infection while individuals 51 years and above had the lowest (16.67%) seroprevalence. Other risk factors that influenced seroprevalence include the source of drinking water, the type of toilet system used, and the rearing of pigs. Good sanitary measures are suggested to combat this infection. ","PeriodicalId":19206,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70584442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Onah, O. E. Nwafor, J. I. Okwor, S. Eze, S. A. Haruna, N.F. Ugwuanyi
Globally, Giardia lamblia is the most common intestinal protozoa parasite with about 200 million yearly infections in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The parasite is common in third-world countries with poor living conditions. The current surge in terrorism across Nigeria has forced people to migrate into relatively peaceful regions and Nsukka has been one of the cities in Nigeria that have witnessed the influx of migrants. This migration aids the spread of G. lamblia and thus puts the public health of the inhabitants of Nsukka metropolis at risk. The current state of G. lamblia infection in Nsukka metropolis is not known and this knowledge gap hampers effective planning by public health officers and policymakers to safeguard the public health of the inhabitants. The objectives of this study were to provide information on the prevalence of G. lamblia infection among pupils and students from selected schools within Nsukka metropolis and to provide data on the age group that is more vulnerable to the parasitic infection among the studied population for public health campaign against the parasite. Faecal samples were collected from 170 individuals from five different schools. The faecal samples were examined for G. lamblia under the microscope using formol-ether concentration and direct smear methods. The prevalence of G. lamblia is 38.2%. The prevalence is higher in males (40.3%) than in females (36.7%). El-Shaddai Nursery and Primary School (ENPS) and University of Nigeria Nsukka (UNN) recorded the highest prevalence of 53.3% each. Children in the age groups 3 - 7 years had the highest prevalence of 66.7%. Giardia lamblia is widespread among children and university students in Nsukka metropolis.
{"title":"Prevalence of Giardia lamblia Infection among Pupils and Students from Selected Schools in Nsukka Metropolis, Enugu State","authors":"I. Onah, O. E. Nwafor, J. I. Okwor, S. Eze, S. A. Haruna, N.F. Ugwuanyi","doi":"10.4314/njpar.v44i1.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v44i1.26","url":null,"abstract":"Globally, Giardia lamblia is the most common intestinal protozoa parasite with about 200 million yearly infections in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The parasite is common in third-world countries with poor living conditions. The current surge in terrorism across Nigeria has forced people to migrate into relatively peaceful regions and Nsukka has been one of the cities in Nigeria that have witnessed the influx of migrants. This migration aids the spread of G. lamblia and thus puts the public health of the inhabitants of Nsukka metropolis at risk. The current state of G. lamblia infection in Nsukka metropolis is not known and this knowledge gap hampers effective planning by public health officers and policymakers to safeguard the public health of the inhabitants. The objectives of this study were to provide information on the prevalence of G. lamblia infection among pupils and students from selected schools within Nsukka metropolis and to provide data on the age group that is more vulnerable to the parasitic infection among the studied population for public health campaign against the parasite. Faecal samples were collected from 170 individuals from five different schools. The faecal samples were examined for G. lamblia under the microscope using formol-ether concentration and direct smear methods. The prevalence of G. lamblia is 38.2%. The prevalence is higher in males (40.3%) than in females (36.7%). El-Shaddai Nursery and Primary School (ENPS) and University of Nigeria Nsukka (UNN) recorded the highest prevalence of 53.3% each. Children in the age groups 3 - 7 years had the highest prevalence of 66.7%. Giardia lamblia is widespread among children and university students in Nsukka metropolis. ","PeriodicalId":19206,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48412872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Funwei, F. Olusola, C. Afonne-Bembir, J. Badejo, T. Ogunsesin, I. Ajayi, A. Jegede, C. Falade
The World Health Organization recommends parasite-based diagnosis of malaria before the administration of artemisinin based combination therapy (ACT). Trained community medicine distributors (CMDs) constitute a credible option in healthcare delivery in resource-limited and hard-to-reach settings. This study evaluated the performance of mRDT, microscopy and PCR in the diagnosis of malaria among febrile under-5 children in rural South-western Nigeria. One thousand and forty-three (1,043) febrile children aged 3 – 59 months were enrolled on this study as part of a larger one. The CMDs collected finger prick blood samples and performed mRDT, prepared thick blood smears for malaria microscopy and blood spots on filter paper for PCR assays. Malaria was detected in 78.7%, 69.2% and 55% by mRDT, PCR and microscopy, respectively. The sensitivity of mRDT was 88.2% versus 92.5% while specificity was 42.2% versus 38.2% against PCR and microscopy, respectively. The PPV, NPV and diagnostic accuracy were 88.2% versus 64.8, 61.7% versus 80.6% and 74.0% versus 68.1% respectively. Levels of agreement with PCR and microscopy were fair (κ-value = 0.336 versus 0.322). PCR detected 97.8% P. falciparum, 4.4% P. malariae and 2.5% P. ovale. Trained community medicine distributors can effectively performed malaria rapid diagnostic tests to guide appropriate home management of malaria in resource-limited settings.
{"title":"Performance of Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test Carried Out by Community Medicine Distributors to Guide Home Management of Malaria in Ona-Ara Local Government Area of Southwest Nigeria","authors":"R. Funwei, F. Olusola, C. Afonne-Bembir, J. Badejo, T. Ogunsesin, I. Ajayi, A. Jegede, C. Falade","doi":"10.4314/njpar.v44i1.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v44i1.27","url":null,"abstract":"The World Health Organization recommends parasite-based diagnosis of malaria before the administration of artemisinin based combination therapy (ACT). Trained community medicine distributors (CMDs) constitute a credible option in healthcare delivery in resource-limited and hard-to-reach settings. This study evaluated the performance of mRDT, microscopy and PCR in the diagnosis of malaria among febrile under-5 children in rural South-western Nigeria. One thousand and forty-three (1,043) febrile children aged 3 – 59 months were enrolled on this study as part of a larger one. The CMDs collected finger prick blood samples and performed mRDT, prepared thick blood smears for malaria microscopy and blood spots on filter paper for PCR assays. Malaria was detected in 78.7%, 69.2% and 55% by mRDT, PCR and microscopy, respectively. The sensitivity of mRDT was 88.2% versus 92.5% while specificity was 42.2% versus 38.2% against PCR and microscopy, respectively. The PPV, NPV and diagnostic accuracy were 88.2% versus 64.8, 61.7% versus 80.6% and 74.0% versus 68.1% respectively. Levels of agreement with PCR and microscopy were fair (κ-value = 0.336 versus 0.322). PCR detected 97.8% P. falciparum, 4.4% P. malariae and 2.5% P. ovale. Trained community medicine distributors can effectively performed malaria rapid diagnostic tests to guide appropriate home management of malaria in resource-limited settings. ","PeriodicalId":19206,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47047335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Enwezor, T. O. Olanrewaju, R. Bizi, M. A. Kugama, O. A. Abraham, R. Yusuf, M. Salawu, K. Jarmai, S. Abubakar, M. Saidu, O. J. Onogwu, A. Tijjani, C. D. Sarki, D. Abdullahi, H. Sabo, H. Ibrahim, I. C. Asongo
African trypanosomosis remains one of the major diseases affecting food security and human healthy living in sub-Saharan Africa. This study screened domesticated animals for the presence of pathogenic trypanosomes in 1,050 slaughtered animals comprising 858 and 100 cattle respectively from Zango and Kawo abattoirs and 92 camels from Zango as Kawo abattoir neither slaughters nor sell camel meat. Both abattoirs are government-owned and located in Kaduna metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria. The animals examined were sourced from Bauchi, Yobe, Katsina, Kaduna, Kano, and Chad Republic. Blood samples were collected from each animal at the point of slaughter and examined using the buffy coat technique and Leishman-stained thick film for trypanosome identification. Packed cell volume (PCV) determination was conducted to assess the level of anaemia. Results indicated that 25 cattle and 2 camels (27) had an overall trypanosome infection rate of 2.57%. The trypanosomes observed were mainly Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma congolense, and Trypanosoma vivax. This study showed that sources of livestock slaughtered at various abattoirs can be a useful indicator in quantifying trypanosomosis risk. Continuous sensitization and awareness creation among the herders at the grass-root level is recommended for effective disease management towards increased livestock production and productivity required to sustain the rural economy and improve the livelihoods of the local populace.
{"title":"Screening for Pathogenic Trypanosomes in Cattle and Camels Slaughtered at Zango and Kawo Abattoirs, Kaduna State, Nigeria","authors":"F. Enwezor, T. O. Olanrewaju, R. Bizi, M. A. Kugama, O. A. Abraham, R. Yusuf, M. Salawu, K. Jarmai, S. Abubakar, M. Saidu, O. J. Onogwu, A. Tijjani, C. D. Sarki, D. Abdullahi, H. Sabo, H. Ibrahim, I. C. Asongo","doi":"10.4314/njpar.v44i1.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v44i1.24","url":null,"abstract":"African trypanosomosis remains one of the major diseases affecting food security and human healthy living in sub-Saharan Africa. This study screened domesticated animals for the presence of pathogenic trypanosomes in 1,050 slaughtered animals comprising 858 and 100 cattle respectively from Zango and Kawo abattoirs and 92 camels from Zango as Kawo abattoir neither slaughters nor sell camel meat. Both abattoirs are government-owned and located in Kaduna metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria. The animals examined were sourced from Bauchi, Yobe, Katsina, Kaduna, Kano, and Chad Republic. Blood samples were collected from each animal at the point of slaughter and examined using the buffy coat technique and Leishman-stained thick film for trypanosome identification. Packed cell volume (PCV) determination was conducted to assess the level of anaemia. Results indicated that 25 cattle and 2 camels (27) had an overall trypanosome infection rate of 2.57%. The trypanosomes observed were mainly Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma congolense, and Trypanosoma vivax. This study showed that sources of livestock slaughtered at various abattoirs can be a useful indicator in quantifying trypanosomosis risk. Continuous sensitization and awareness creation among the herders at the grass-root level is recommended for effective disease management towards increased livestock production and productivity required to sustain the rural economy and improve the livelihoods of the local populace. ","PeriodicalId":19206,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44069135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rivers State is the centre of Nigeria's oil industry and has the presence of oil prospectors including expatriates who are at risk of malaria infection. Periodic analysis of epidemiological data will enable malaria control programmers to appraise the interventions carried out over the years and assist in the development of sustainable and adaptive strategies directed from an informed local level. This study, therefore, examined spatiotemporal variations in malaria incidence in the State using Annual Parasite Incidence (API) as an indicator. Monthly reported malaria cases from 2007-2017 at the local government area (LGA) level were retrieved from the Integrated Disease Surveillance Response (IDSR) system of Rivers State Ministry of Health while projected population data for the same period were obtained from the National Bureau of Statistics. API of the LGAs from 2007 to 2017 were computed, integrated into GIS, and subjected to weighted overlay analysis to delineate the risk zones. The eleven-year retrospective study of malaria in Rivers State displayed geographical variations which were statistically significant between the LGAs. Malaria incidence fluctuated throughout the study period. API values increased from 13.746 in 2007 to 34.067 in 2013 and dropped to 8.721 in 2017. All the LGAs recorded API values below 100, indicating a very low malaria burden in a controlled setting. However, none of the LGAs has reached the WHO standard level for the elimination of transmission. Ikwerre, Eleme, Ogu-Bolo and Opobo/Nkoro LGAs were assigned to the very high malaria risk stratum (362.615 to 490.005) whereas Abua-Odual, Akuku-Toru and Degema LGAs were assigned to very low-risk malaria stratum (103.281 to 113.897). The findings of this research will aid stakeholders in evaluating the impact of control strategies employed over the years and possibly, revisit malaria extant interventions for improved malaria control outcomes.
{"title":"Spatiotemporal Mapping of Annual Malaria Incidence in Rivers State, Nigeria","authors":"S. Egbom, F. Nduka, S. Nzeako, U. Chukwuocha","doi":"10.4314/njpar.v44i1.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v44i1.18","url":null,"abstract":"Rivers State is the centre of Nigeria's oil industry and has the presence of oil prospectors including expatriates who are at risk of malaria infection. Periodic analysis of epidemiological data will enable malaria control programmers to appraise the interventions carried out over the years and assist in the development of sustainable and adaptive strategies directed from an informed local level. This study, therefore, examined spatiotemporal variations in malaria incidence in the State using Annual Parasite Incidence (API) as an indicator. Monthly reported malaria cases from 2007-2017 at the local government area (LGA) level were retrieved from the Integrated Disease Surveillance Response (IDSR) system of Rivers State Ministry of Health while projected population data for the same period were obtained from the National Bureau of Statistics. API of the LGAs from 2007 to 2017 were computed, integrated into GIS, and subjected to weighted overlay analysis to delineate the risk zones. The eleven-year retrospective study of malaria in Rivers State displayed geographical variations which were statistically significant between the LGAs. Malaria incidence fluctuated throughout the study period. API values increased from 13.746 in 2007 to 34.067 in 2013 and dropped to 8.721 in 2017. All the LGAs recorded API values below 100, indicating a very low malaria burden in a controlled setting. However, none of the LGAs has reached the WHO standard level for the elimination of transmission. Ikwerre, Eleme, Ogu-Bolo and Opobo/Nkoro LGAs were assigned to the very high malaria risk stratum (362.615 to 490.005) whereas Abua-Odual, Akuku-Toru and Degema LGAs were assigned to very low-risk malaria stratum (103.281 to 113.897). The findings of this research will aid stakeholders in evaluating the impact of control strategies employed over the years and possibly, revisit malaria extant interventions for improved malaria control outcomes.","PeriodicalId":19206,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45814066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Okoh, I.M. Odoh, J. Ahmed, F. Oluwafemi, U. Morikwe, A. Augustine
Malaria remains the most important mosquito-borne parasitic disease in sub – Saharan Africa and one of the ways of reducing the risk of the disease is by preventing mosquito–human contact. Mosquito coil (MC) is a coiled substance having one or more insecticides that slowly burns to emit smoke that repels mosquitoes. Some emissions from mosquito coil smoke (MCS) have however been reported to have various health implications. In this study, we investigated the effect of MCS inhalation on the haematological, biochemical, and histopathological parameters of Wistar rats. Twenty adults male Wistar rats weighing between 160 and 180g were divided into four groups of five rats each. Group I (G1) served as unexposed control while groups 2 – 4 (G2, G3, G4) were exposed to MCS for 2, 4, and 6 hours respectively each day for eight weeks. At the end of the exposure period, the rats were weighed and sacrificed. Blood samples were collected for haematological and biochemical parameters while kidney, liver and lung samples were harvested for histopathology. There was a significant increase (P<0.5) in the Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and electrolyte level of exposed rats compared to the control. Histopathological evaluation of the kidney showed severe congestion of the renal cortex and moderate diffused degeneration of the renal tubules. Sections of the exposed liver showed mild to moderate periportal cellular infiltration, mild congestion of interstitial capillaries, and mild diffuse hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes. Similarly, sections of exposed lungs revealed severe congestion and oedema of the lungs, moderate diffuse proliferation of alveoli pneumocyte, multiple foci of congestion, and oedema with haemorrhage into the alveoli. These findings suggest that exposure to MCS may have toxic effects on the haematological, biochemical, and histopathological parameters of Wistar rats. Friendlier mosquito control alternatives like Long Lasting Insecticidal–treated Nets should therefore be encouraged.
{"title":"Effects of Mosquito Coil Smoke Inhalation on the Haematological, Biochemical, and Histopathological Parameters of Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus)","authors":"H. Okoh, I.M. Odoh, J. Ahmed, F. Oluwafemi, U. Morikwe, A. Augustine","doi":"10.4314/njpar.v44i1.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v44i1.20","url":null,"abstract":"Malaria remains the most important mosquito-borne parasitic disease in sub – Saharan Africa and one of the ways of reducing the risk of the disease is by preventing mosquito–human contact. Mosquito coil (MC) is a coiled substance having one or more insecticides that slowly burns to emit smoke that repels mosquitoes. Some emissions from mosquito coil smoke (MCS) have however been reported to have various health implications. In this study, we investigated the effect of MCS inhalation on the haematological, biochemical, and histopathological parameters of Wistar rats. Twenty adults male Wistar rats weighing between 160 and 180g were divided into four groups of five rats each. Group I (G1) served as unexposed control while groups 2 – 4 (G2, G3, G4) were exposed to MCS for 2, 4, and 6 hours respectively each day for eight weeks. At the end of the exposure period, the rats were weighed and sacrificed. Blood samples were collected for haematological and biochemical parameters while kidney, liver and lung samples were harvested for histopathology. There was a significant increase (P<0.5) in the Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and electrolyte level of exposed rats compared to the control. Histopathological evaluation of the kidney showed severe congestion of the renal cortex and moderate diffused degeneration of the renal tubules. Sections of the exposed liver showed mild to moderate periportal cellular infiltration, mild congestion of interstitial capillaries, and mild diffuse hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes. Similarly, sections of exposed lungs revealed severe congestion and oedema of the lungs, moderate diffuse proliferation of alveoli pneumocyte, multiple foci of congestion, and oedema with haemorrhage into the alveoli. These findings suggest that exposure to MCS may have toxic effects on the haematological, biochemical, and histopathological parameters of Wistar rats. Friendlier mosquito control alternatives like Long Lasting Insecticidal–treated Nets should therefore be encouraged. ","PeriodicalId":19206,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42721460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H.C. Nku, Edema Enogiomwan Imalele, A. U. Usang, D. Bassey, A. Alaribe
There is a dearth of information on the behavioural and environmental risk factors enhancing malaria transmission in the Cross River State. This study, therefore, investigated the prevalence of malaria and the behavioural and environmental risk factors enhancing malaria parasite transmission in four Local Government Areas in Cross River State, Nigeria. The study employed a cross-sectional design involving 400 participants aged 5-60 years and was conducted between August and November 2021. Thick and thin blood films prepared were examined using microscopy at ×10 magnification. A standard questionnaire was also used to collect data on socio-demographic and environmental factors. The overall prevalence of malaria infection recorded in the study is 18.2% (73/400). All malaria infections were observed to be caused by Plasmodium falciparum. The prevalence of malaria infection was higher in the age group 11-20 years (22.2%) (P<0.001). According to gender, males (23.3%) were more infected with malaria than females (12.9%) (P=0.007). An overall mean (±S.D) parasite density and parasites count of 250.00±18.80 and 15.60±1.20 parasite/μLof blood, respectively, was recorded in the study. In Calabar South Local Government Area (LGA), there was a negative correlation between the use of bed nets and malaria infection (r= -0.226) (P=0.024). Mud houses, use of bed nets, and the availability of refuse dump around households were significantly (P<0.001) associated with the presence of mosquitoes. A negative correlation was observed in the relationship between the presence of mosquitoes and the use of insecticide in Calabar South LGA (r= -0.390) (P<0.001). There was a negative correlation between the use of bed nets and the presence of mosquitos in Calabar Municipal (r= -0.286) and Obudu (r= -0.286) LGAs (P=0.004). In conclusion, this study suggests that malaria management efforts should take an integrated strategy that includes good environmental sanitation.
缺乏关于克罗斯河州增加疟疾传播的行为和环境风险因素的信息。因此，这项研究调查了尼日利亚克罗斯河州四个地方政府地区的疟疾流行率以及导致疟原虫传播的行为和环境风险因素。该研究采用了一项横断面设计，涉及400名年龄在5-60岁之间的参与者，于2021年8月至11月进行。使用放大倍数为10倍的显微镜检查所制备的厚血膜和薄血膜。还使用了一份标准问卷来收集有关社会人口和环境因素的数据。研究中记录的疟疾感染的总体流行率为18.2%（73/400）。所有疟疾感染都是由恶性疟原虫引起的。11-20岁年龄组的疟疾感染率较高（22.2%）（P<0.001）。根据性别，男性（23.3%）感染疟疾的人数多于女性（12.9%）（P=0.007）。研究中记录的总平均（±S.D）寄生虫密度和寄生虫计数分别为250.00±18.80和15.60±1.20寄生虫/μLof血液。在卡拉巴尔南部地方政府区（LGA），蚊帐的使用与疟疾感染呈负相关（r=-0.226）（P=0.024）。泥屋、蚊帐的使用和家庭周围垃圾场的可用性与蚊子的存在显著相关（P<0.001）。Calabar South LGA的蚊子存在与杀虫剂使用之间呈负相关（r=-0.390）（P<0.001）。Calabar Municipal LGA和Obudu LGA的蚊帐使用与蚊子存在之间呈负相关性（r=-0.286）（P=0.004）。总之，这项研究表明，疟疾管理工作应采取包括良好环境卫生在内的综合战略。
{"title":"A Cross-sectional study on the Prevalence, Behavioural and Environmental Risk Factors of Malaria Transmission in Two Senatorial Districts of Cross River State, Nigeria","authors":"H.C. Nku, Edema Enogiomwan Imalele, A. U. Usang, D. Bassey, A. Alaribe","doi":"10.4314/njpar.v44i1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v44i1.12","url":null,"abstract":"There is a dearth of information on the behavioural and environmental risk factors enhancing malaria transmission in the Cross River State. This study, therefore, investigated the prevalence of malaria and the behavioural and environmental risk factors enhancing malaria parasite transmission in four Local Government Areas in Cross River State, Nigeria. The study employed a cross-sectional design involving 400 participants aged 5-60 years and was conducted between August and November 2021. Thick and thin blood films prepared were examined using microscopy at ×10 magnification. A standard questionnaire was also used to collect data on socio-demographic and environmental factors. The overall prevalence of malaria infection recorded in the study is 18.2% (73/400). All malaria infections were observed to be caused by Plasmodium falciparum. The prevalence of malaria infection was higher in the age group 11-20 years (22.2%) (P<0.001). According to gender, males (23.3%) were more infected with malaria than females (12.9%) (P=0.007). An overall mean (±S.D) parasite density and parasites count of 250.00±18.80 and 15.60±1.20 parasite/μLof blood, respectively, was recorded in the study. In Calabar South Local Government Area (LGA), there was a negative correlation between the use of bed nets and malaria infection (r= -0.226) (P=0.024). Mud houses, use of bed nets, and the availability of refuse dump around households were significantly (P<0.001) associated with the presence of mosquitoes. A negative correlation was observed in the relationship between the presence of mosquitoes and the use of insecticide in Calabar South LGA (r= -0.390) (P<0.001). There was a negative correlation between the use of bed nets and the presence of mosquitos in Calabar Municipal (r= -0.286) and Obudu (r= -0.286) LGAs (P=0.004). In conclusion, this study suggests that malaria management efforts should take an integrated strategy that includes good environmental sanitation. ","PeriodicalId":19206,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45266142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plasmodium falciparum malaria remains a leading public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa and its control is seriously challenged by drug resistance. Resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine is mediated by point mutations in genes encoding the target enzymes dihydrofolate reductase (pfdhfr) and dihydropteroate synthase (pfdhps). Blood from a total of 176 subjects aged 11-19 years from Ilorin East and Irepodun Local Government areas (LGAs) was examined for mutant alleles of the Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at codon 51 and 108 respectively. Rapid Diagnostic Test kits were used for the malaria test. Of the 176 participants, 73 (41.5%) subjects tested positive for malaria parasite while 95 (54.0%) tested negative. For both N51I and S108N SNPscreening, mutant alleles were dominant over the wild type. The Iponrin community (Ilorin East LGA) recorded the highest percentage of mutant alleles 14 (33.33%) of the N51I SNP, while the Igbonla community (Irepodun LGA) had the least number of mutant alleles 8 (19.04%). On the other hand, the Alakuko community recorded the highest number of alleles 14 (31.80%) for S108N mutant while the Igbonla community (Irepodun LGA) had the least number of mutant alleles 8 (18.18%). There was widespread pyrimethamine resistance among the studied population and the malaria parasite remains persistent among the studied population. Therefore, there is a need for monitoring antimalarial drug resistance in Nigeria for prompt management of the antimalarial drug resistance menace.
恶性疟原虫疟疾仍然是撒哈拉以南非洲的一个主要公共卫生问题，其控制受到耐药性的严重挑战。对磺胺多辛-乙胺嘧啶的抗性是由编码靶酶二氢叶酸还原酶(pfdhfr)和二氢叶酸合酶(pfdhps)基因的点突变介导的。采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)方法，对来自伊洛林东部和伊洛波顿地方政府(LGAs)的176名11-19岁受试者的血液进行了恶性疟原虫二氢叶酸还原酶基因51和108密码子突变等位基因的检测。疟疾检测使用了快速诊断测试包。在176名参与者中，73名(41.5%)受试者疟疾寄生虫检测呈阳性，95名(54.0%)受试者检测呈阴性。在N51I和S108N snp筛选中，突变等位基因在野生型中占主导地位。Iponrin群落(Ilorin East LGA) N51I SNP突变等位基因14的比例最高(33.33%)，Igbonla群落(Irepodun LGA)突变等位基因8的比例最低(19.04%)。另一方面，Alakuko群落S108N突变体等位基因14的数量最多(31.80%)，Igbonla群落(Irepodun LGA)突变体等位基因8的数量最少(18.18%)。研究人群普遍存在乙胺嘧啶耐药性，疟原虫在研究人群中持续存在。因此，有必要监测尼日利亚的抗疟药物耐药性，以便及时管理抗疟药物耐药性威胁。
{"title":"Mutant DHFR Prevalence and Pyrimethamine Resistance among Asymptomatic Adolescents in Kwara State","authors":"K.A. Obaniyi, O. J. Sunday, G.O. Oso, O. Olalubi","doi":"10.4314/njpar.v44i1.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v44i1.19","url":null,"abstract":"Plasmodium falciparum malaria remains a leading public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa and its control is seriously challenged by drug resistance. Resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine is mediated by point mutations in genes encoding the target enzymes dihydrofolate reductase (pfdhfr) and dihydropteroate synthase (pfdhps). Blood from a total of 176 subjects aged 11-19 years from Ilorin East and Irepodun Local Government areas (LGAs) was examined for mutant alleles of the Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at codon 51 and 108 respectively. Rapid Diagnostic Test kits were used for the malaria test. Of the 176 participants, 73 (41.5%) subjects tested positive for malaria parasite while 95 (54.0%) tested negative. For both N51I and S108N SNPscreening, mutant alleles were dominant over the wild type. The Iponrin community (Ilorin East LGA) recorded the highest percentage of mutant alleles 14 (33.33%) of the N51I SNP, while the Igbonla community (Irepodun LGA) had the least number of mutant alleles 8 (19.04%). On the other hand, the Alakuko community recorded the highest number of alleles 14 (31.80%) for S108N mutant while the Igbonla community (Irepodun LGA) had the least number of mutant alleles 8 (18.18%). There was widespread pyrimethamine resistance among the studied population and the malaria parasite remains persistent among the studied population. Therefore, there is a need for monitoring antimalarial drug resistance in Nigeria for prompt management of the antimalarial drug resistance menace. ","PeriodicalId":19206,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41461812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Shehu, S. M. Bawa, A. Mohammed, I. Yakudima, S. Hasber
Immature mosquitoes were evaluated for the productivity of the breeding habitats using field cages in Niger State. Mosquitoes were sampled weekly both outside and inside field experimental cages by dipping and emptying the cages in a bowl container and identified using microscope-guided standard morphological keys. Three genera namely, Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex, were encountered and the mean immature abundance rate (IAR), in gutters, follows decreasing order and dominated by Culex (93.16±10.79%) > Anopheles (17.79±2.23%) > Aedes (15.77±2.12 %). In swamps, Anopheles highest mean (78.04±8.00%), followed by Culex (28.13±2.55%) and Aedes(14.54±1.56%). Similarly, in large water bodies, the distribution decreases as; Anopheles (74.33±7.07%)> Culex (27.14±2.50%)>Aedes (12.91±1.30%). In terms of immature productivity rate (IPR) among the three genera, Culex had the highest mean in gutters (191.29±22.37%) followed by Anopheles in large waters and swamps (148.03±14.81% and 153.15±15.92%) while lowest was Aedes (25.57±2.42%) in large water. Furthermore, for the density of immature, 1st stage (L1) recorded the highest followed by 2nd stage (L2), followed by 3rd stage (L3), and the least was the 4th stage (L4) for IAR and IPR. For the estimation of breeding habitats, the cage sampling method is the most reliable (709.86±73.63 mosquitoes) when compared with dipping techniques that recorded 324.06±44.00 mosquitoes. Mosquito physicochemical conditions varied significantly with DO (8.83±0.40) in large water bodies; nitrate (4.57±0.55), phosphate (3.26±0.73), calcium (88.19±12.79), sulphur (28.23±2.45), potassium (10.63±0.76), chlorine (87.52±20.89) and alkalinity (187.00±26.39) in the gutters. However, a positive correlation between rainfall and mosquito species (r = 0.523 to 0.801) as well as between relative humidity and mosquitoes (r= 0.236 to 0.551, p>0.05) on mosquito populations. Only Anopheles in large water habitats was significant (0.801*, p>0.05). The findings revealed disparities in the abundance and larval habitat production rates of the mosquito genera and associated positively with some physicochemical and metrological cues. Consequently, an effective tactic must be developed for mosquito control, particularly in the most highly recognized breeding habitats.
{"title":"Relative Productivity of Mosquito Larval Habitats for Abundance and Immature stages Distribution in Relation to Physicochemical Properties in Niger State, Nigeria","authors":"I. Shehu, S. M. Bawa, A. Mohammed, I. Yakudima, S. Hasber","doi":"10.4314/njpar.v44i1.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v44i1.16","url":null,"abstract":"Immature mosquitoes were evaluated for the productivity of the breeding habitats using field cages in Niger State. Mosquitoes were sampled weekly both outside and inside field experimental cages by dipping and emptying the cages in a bowl container and identified using microscope-guided standard morphological keys. Three genera namely, Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex, were encountered and the mean immature abundance rate (IAR), in gutters, follows decreasing order and dominated by Culex (93.16±10.79%) > Anopheles (17.79±2.23%) > Aedes (15.77±2.12 %). In swamps, Anopheles highest mean (78.04±8.00%), followed by Culex (28.13±2.55%) and Aedes(14.54±1.56%). Similarly, in large water bodies, the distribution decreases as; Anopheles (74.33±7.07%)> Culex (27.14±2.50%)>Aedes (12.91±1.30%). In terms of immature productivity rate (IPR) among the three genera, Culex had the highest mean in gutters (191.29±22.37%) followed by Anopheles in large waters and swamps (148.03±14.81% and 153.15±15.92%) while lowest was Aedes (25.57±2.42%) in large water. Furthermore, for the density of immature, 1st stage (L1) recorded the highest followed by 2nd stage (L2), followed by 3rd stage (L3), and the least was the 4th stage (L4) for IAR and IPR. For the estimation of breeding habitats, the cage sampling method is the most reliable (709.86±73.63 mosquitoes) when compared with dipping techniques that recorded 324.06±44.00 mosquitoes. Mosquito physicochemical conditions varied significantly with DO (8.83±0.40) in large water bodies; nitrate (4.57±0.55), phosphate (3.26±0.73), calcium (88.19±12.79), sulphur (28.23±2.45), potassium (10.63±0.76), chlorine (87.52±20.89) and alkalinity (187.00±26.39) in the gutters. However, a positive correlation between rainfall and mosquito species (r = 0.523 to 0.801) as well as between relative humidity and mosquitoes (r= 0.236 to 0.551, p>0.05) on mosquito populations. Only Anopheles in large water habitats was significant (0.801*, p>0.05). The findings revealed disparities in the abundance and larval habitat production rates of the mosquito genera and associated positively with some physicochemical and metrological cues. Consequently, an effective tactic must be developed for mosquito control, particularly in the most highly recognized breeding habitats. ","PeriodicalId":19206,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47476899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Zida, P. M. Sawadogo, K. T. Guiguemde, I. Soulama, T. Chanolle, S. Traoré, I. Sangare, S. Bamba
In Burkina Faso, the first case of cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) dates from 1960 and a few cases were reported in the following years. The objective of this review was to collect and analyze available data on CLin Burkina Faso to improve case management and control of disease transmission. A review of the literature was carried out using the PubMed, Google Scholar and Hinari databases. Publications dealing with the epidemiological aspects of CL, the parasite species involved, vectors and potential reservoir hosts, as well as drugs used in the treatment of CLwere searched. From 1960 to 1961, Burkina Faso recorded 13 cases of CL. From 2000 to 2005, an average of more than 1500 CLcases were recorded in Ouagadougou. In 2016 authors reported the results of the investigation of a second epidemic focus in Larama, Bassins region. More recently, in 2021, an investigation was carried out in a focus in the Centre-Nord region, bringing the number of CL focus to three in Burkina Faso. Leishmania major is the main species identified. In the wild area in the Ouagadougou focus, rodents Mastomys, Cricetomys, etc. have been described as the potential reservoir hosts, while in the domestic area, the animal reservoir would be the dog. In the focus of Ouagadougou, Phlebotomus duboscqi has been suspected since the 1960s as the possible vector of CL. The diagnosis is essentially microscopic. The first-line treatment meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime) accounted for only 65.9% of prescriptions. According to studies, the relapse rate after the first treatment with pentavalent antimony is about 37%. Despite the neglected disease status given to CL, there is therefore a need to strengthen the fight against this parasitosis by improving access to diagnosis and treatment, vector control and investigations to discover possible new endemic foci.
{"title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Burkina Faso: Epidemiological evolution of a vector-borne disease locally called “Ouaga 2000 disease”: a minireview","authors":"A. Zida, P. M. Sawadogo, K. T. Guiguemde, I. Soulama, T. Chanolle, S. Traoré, I. Sangare, S. Bamba","doi":"10.4314/njpar.v44i1.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v44i1.25","url":null,"abstract":"In Burkina Faso, the first case of cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) dates from 1960 and a few cases were reported in the following years. The objective of this review was to collect and analyze available data on CLin Burkina Faso to improve case management and control of disease transmission. A review of the literature was carried out using the PubMed, Google Scholar and Hinari databases. Publications dealing with the epidemiological aspects of CL, the parasite species involved, vectors and potential reservoir hosts, as well as drugs used in the treatment of CLwere searched. From 1960 to 1961, Burkina Faso recorded 13 cases of CL. From 2000 to 2005, an average of more than 1500 CLcases were recorded in Ouagadougou. In 2016 authors reported the results of the investigation of a second epidemic focus in Larama, Bassins region. More recently, in 2021, an investigation was carried out in a focus in the Centre-Nord region, bringing the number of CL focus to three in Burkina Faso. Leishmania major is the main species identified. In the wild area in the Ouagadougou focus, rodents Mastomys, Cricetomys, etc. have been described as the potential reservoir hosts, while in the domestic area, the animal reservoir would be the dog. In the focus of Ouagadougou, Phlebotomus duboscqi has been suspected since the 1960s as the possible vector of CL. The diagnosis is essentially microscopic. The first-line treatment meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime) accounted for only 65.9% of prescriptions. According to studies, the relapse rate after the first treatment with pentavalent antimony is about 37%. Despite the neglected disease status given to CL, there is therefore a need to strengthen the fight against this parasitosis by improving access to diagnosis and treatment, vector control and investigations to discover possible new endemic foci. ","PeriodicalId":19206,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43636865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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