Pub Date : 2022-05-09DOI: 10.4135/9781483365817.n472
O. Ueda, K. Fujieda
While students with Down syndrome may share certain physical traits, each student is an individual and the level of general learning disability will range from mild to profound. The student with Down syndrome may have problems such as heart defects, respiratory problems and eye defects, and may variously exhibit the following characteristics: auditory and visual impairment, delayed fineand gross-motor skills, difficulties with thinking and reasoning and applying knowledge in new situations, limited concentration span, poor auditory memory, speech and language impairment and sequencing difficulties.
{"title":"[Down syndrome].","authors":"O. Ueda, K. Fujieda","doi":"10.4135/9781483365817.n472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483365817.n472","url":null,"abstract":"While students with Down syndrome may share certain physical traits, each student is an individual and the level of general learning disability will range from mild to profound. The student with Down syndrome may have problems such as heart defects, respiratory problems and eye defects, and may variously exhibit the following characteristics: auditory and visual impairment, delayed fineand gross-motor skills, difficulties with thinking and reasoning and applying knowledge in new situations, limited concentration span, poor auditory memory, speech and language impairment and sequencing difficulties.","PeriodicalId":19307,"journal":{"name":"Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine","volume":"52 1","pages":"119-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90075598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"[Cycling].","authors":"S. Katamoto","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv21ptsn8.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv21ptsn8.19","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19307,"journal":{"name":"Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine","volume":"195 1","pages":"245-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77638633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urinary incontinence (UT) has considerable impacts on quality of life (QOL) and the num- ber of patients of it increases by age. Classifying UT based on the pathophysiology, it includes stress urinary incontinence (SUI), urgency urinary incontinence (UUI), overflow incontinence and functional urinary incontinence. SUI alone is the most common among female with UI, followed by mixed urinary incontinence of SUI and UUI, and UUI alone. Among male with UI, UUI and overflow incontinence associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia are fre- quently observed. In this article, the pathophysiology and treatment of UI are described and discussed.
{"title":"Urinary incontinence.","authors":"T. Yoshizawa, Satoru Takahashi","doi":"10.4264/numa.80.4_187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4264/numa.80.4_187","url":null,"abstract":"Urinary incontinence (UT) has considerable impacts on quality of life (QOL) and the num- ber of patients of it increases by age. Classifying UT based on the pathophysiology, it includes stress urinary incontinence (SUI), urgency urinary incontinence (UUI), overflow incontinence and functional urinary incontinence. SUI alone is the most common among female with UI, followed by mixed urinary incontinence of SUI and UUI, and UUI alone. Among male with UI, UUI and overflow incontinence associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia are fre- quently observed. In this article, the pathophysiology and treatment of UI are described and discussed.","PeriodicalId":19307,"journal":{"name":"Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine","volume":"34 1","pages":"579-583"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85176928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-11DOI: 10.1002/9781119584414.ch20
M. Michikawa
It has been shown that the inflammatory pathways are activated in the brains of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD), and the use of anti-inflammatory drugs reduces risk to develop AD. It is understood that molecules involved in this inflammation promote pathological processes leading to AD, whereas other molecules work to protect neuron/brain function from toxicity found in AD pathogenesis. Periodontal disease is one of the diseases causing inflammation and recent lines of evidence show the link between these two diseases. In this paper, relationship between periodontitis and AD will be reviewed and the possible mechanisms, by which periodontitis may affect the onset and progression of AD, will be discussed.
{"title":"[Periodontal disease].","authors":"M. Michikawa","doi":"10.1002/9781119584414.ch20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119584414.ch20","url":null,"abstract":"It has been shown that the inflammatory pathways are activated in the brains of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD), and the use of anti-inflammatory drugs reduces risk to develop AD. It is understood that molecules involved in this inflammation promote pathological processes leading to AD, whereas other molecules work to protect neuron/brain function from toxicity found in AD pathogenesis. Periodontal disease is one of the diseases causing inflammation and recent lines of evidence show the link between these two diseases. In this paper, relationship between periodontitis and AD will be reviewed and the possible mechanisms, by which periodontitis may affect the onset and progression of AD, will be discussed.","PeriodicalId":19307,"journal":{"name":"Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine","volume":"14 1","pages":"744-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80412237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198777182.003.0004
C. Dechenne, P. Mahieu
Glomerular diseases are common causes of end-stage kidney disease in many parts of the world. The epidemiology of glomerular diseases varies across countries, contributed in part by genetic predisposition and in part by differences in screening and biopsy practices. While glomerulonephritis could be considered a primary condition due to inherent pathologies in the kidneys, e.g. minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranous nephropathy, and IgA nephropathy, it can be secondary to systemic conditions with distinct histopathological features on kidney biopsies. Likewise, even though histopathological patterns like mesangiocapillary and endocapillary glomerulonephritis may represent primary inflammatory features of kidney diseases, they may often manifest as a feature and be a suggestion of an underlying secondary systemic condition. For certain glomerular diseases, the natural history may be one of spontaneous remission, or may follow a remitting–relapsing course even with treatment. The approach to treatment involves general management measures to reduce proteinuria and provide symptomatic relief, with consideration for immunosuppression in those who present with significant morbidities or who have clinical features suggestive of a poor prognostic risk profile.
{"title":"[Glomerular disease].","authors":"C. Dechenne, P. Mahieu","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198777182.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198777182.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Glomerular diseases are common causes of end-stage kidney disease in many parts of the world. The epidemiology of glomerular diseases varies across countries, contributed in part by genetic predisposition and in part by differences in screening and biopsy practices. While glomerulonephritis could be considered a primary condition due to inherent pathologies in the kidneys, e.g. minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranous nephropathy, and IgA nephropathy, it can be secondary to systemic conditions with distinct histopathological features on kidney biopsies. Likewise, even though histopathological patterns like mesangiocapillary and endocapillary glomerulonephritis may represent primary inflammatory features of kidney diseases, they may often manifest as a feature and be a suggestion of an underlying secondary systemic condition. For certain glomerular diseases, the natural history may be one of spontaneous remission, or may follow a remitting–relapsing course even with treatment. The approach to treatment involves general management measures to reduce proteinuria and provide symptomatic relief, with consideration for immunosuppression in those who present with significant morbidities or who have clinical features suggestive of a poor prognostic risk profile.","PeriodicalId":19307,"journal":{"name":"Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":"1201-439"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76144655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-17DOI: 10.1542/9781610025225-part03-ch125
Nobuhiko Okabe
Symptoms in the initial stage of smallpox included fever, chills, headache, nausea, vomiting and severe muscle aches. This stage would usually last for two to four days and was, at times, accompanied by flushing of the skin. By the fourth day of illness, the fever dropped and the characteristic smallpox rash appeared. The rash started out as flat or slightly thickened spots (known as macules) and quickly progressed to raised spots (known as papules). These papules continued to enlarge and became filled with a clear fluid. The lesions were then referred to as vesicles. The fluid in the vesicles would gradually change from clear to pus-like, and the lesions were then referred to as pustules. During the pustule stage, a fever would again be common and the pustules would start to form into scabs. Over time, the dried scab material would fall off of the skin. This entire process took three to four weeks, and the areas affected by the rash were often permanently scarred.
{"title":"[Smallpox (variola)].","authors":"Nobuhiko Okabe","doi":"10.1542/9781610025225-part03-ch125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1542/9781610025225-part03-ch125","url":null,"abstract":"Symptoms in the initial stage of smallpox included fever, chills, headache, nausea, vomiting and severe muscle aches. This stage would usually last for two to four days and was, at times, accompanied by flushing of the skin. By the fourth day of illness, the fever dropped and the characteristic smallpox rash appeared. The rash started out as flat or slightly thickened spots (known as macules) and quickly progressed to raised spots (known as papules). These papules continued to enlarge and became filled with a clear fluid. The lesions were then referred to as vesicles. The fluid in the vesicles would gradually change from clear to pus-like, and the lesions were then referred to as pustules. During the pustule stage, a fever would again be common and the pustules would start to form into scabs. Over time, the dried scab material would fall off of the skin. This entire process took three to four weeks, and the areas affected by the rash were often permanently scarred.","PeriodicalId":19307,"journal":{"name":"Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine","volume":"4 1","pages":"48-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87866874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：