Gender equality is increasingly becoming a goal of a variety of social policies. This paper explores the parental leave system, and the issues with it. Specifically, it examines the low rates of fathers who take leave, and the impact of this on traditional gender norms and the division of labour, showing how these policies can work to encourage or discourage gender equality based on their design. This paper contemplates the role of behavioural approaches in public policy and its application to parental leave policies, especially concerning improving their effectiveness in promoting leave to fathers. This paper argues that the relevancy of behavioural public policy to social care policies, such as parental leave, has been overlooked in the literature and that ample opportunities exist for powerful behavioural tools, such as ‘nudging,’ ‘framing,’ and ‘default option design,’ to play a robust and effective part in moving the needle on gender equality.
{"title":"The Parent (Mother?) Trap","authors":"Brooke Cheeks","doi":"10.22215/cpopp.v8i.3851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22215/cpopp.v8i.3851","url":null,"abstract":"Gender equality is increasingly becoming a goal of a variety of social policies. This paper explores the parental leave system, and the issues with it. Specifically, it examines the low rates of fathers who take leave, and the impact of this on traditional gender norms and the division of labour, showing how these policies can work to encourage or discourage gender equality based on their design. This paper contemplates the role of behavioural approaches in public policy and its application to parental leave policies, especially concerning improving their effectiveness in promoting leave to fathers. This paper argues that the relevancy of behavioural public policy to social care policies, such as parental leave, has been overlooked in the literature and that ample opportunities exist for powerful behavioural tools, such as ‘nudging,’ ‘framing,’ and ‘default option design,’ to play a robust and effective part in moving the needle on gender equality. ","PeriodicalId":193114,"journal":{"name":"Carleton Perspectives on Public Policy","volume":"77 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120892725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nonprofit organizations across Canada are advancing reconciliatory pathways in providing decent work for Indigenous peoples. This article explores the area of decent work, offering an Indigenous and reconciliatory lens to reflect upon organizational systems, structures, and policies. When Indigenous self-determination and ways of knowing, doing, or being are better understood and accommodated, a nonprofit’s ability to recruit, employ, support, and retain Indigenous employees can change dramatically. This challenge requires an ongoing practice of listening, learning, and then acting. This paper explores Indigenous rights and self-determination, equity, cultural safety and humility, the roles of Elders and Knowledge Keepers, representative workforces, and policy considerations. As nonprofit leaders and boards champion changes within an organizational culture that outline reconciliatory pathways, these shifts in ways of doing, knowing, and being can become sustainable and lead to long-term, transformational change.
{"title":"A Reconciliatory Pathway for Providing Decent Work for Indigenous Peoples Within the Nonprofit Sector","authors":"Bill Mintram","doi":"10.22215/cpopp.v8i.3852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22215/cpopp.v8i.3852","url":null,"abstract":"Nonprofit organizations across Canada are advancing reconciliatory pathways in providing decent work for Indigenous peoples. This article explores the area of decent work, offering an Indigenous and reconciliatory lens to reflect upon organizational systems, structures, and policies. When Indigenous self-determination and ways of knowing, doing, or being are better understood and accommodated, a nonprofit’s ability to recruit, employ, support, and retain Indigenous employees can change dramatically. This challenge requires an ongoing practice of listening, learning, and then acting. This paper explores Indigenous rights and self-determination, equity, cultural safety and humility, the roles of Elders and Knowledge Keepers, representative workforces, and policy considerations. As nonprofit leaders and boards champion changes within an organizational culture that outline reconciliatory pathways, these shifts in ways of doing, knowing, and being can become sustainable and lead to long-term, transformational change.","PeriodicalId":193114,"journal":{"name":"Carleton Perspectives on Public Policy","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122790492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines the evolution of the homeless serving system of care (HSSC) in Calgary, Alberta, and explores related successes, challenges, and lessons learned from a governance lens. The study relies on an inductive approach and qualitative methods, including a literature review, document reviews, and nine key informant interviews. Findings suggest that Calgary’s HSSC is a key governance structure for policy alignment and coordination and that it has facilitated system changes that promote more integration between homelessness, housing, health, and justice systems. The significance of this research is to document any notable components and best practices in Calgary’s HSSC that are relevant to stakeholders (e.g., community entities, government funders, policymakers, and academic researchers) looking to improve their systems.
{"title":"A Proactive Approach to End Homelessness","authors":"Rea Mishaxhiu","doi":"10.22215/cpopp.v8i.3816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22215/cpopp.v8i.3816","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the evolution of the homeless serving system of care (HSSC) in Calgary, Alberta, and explores related successes, challenges, and lessons learned from a governance lens. The study relies on an inductive approach and qualitative methods, including a literature review, document reviews, and nine key informant interviews. Findings suggest that Calgary’s HSSC is a key governance structure for policy alignment and coordination and that it has facilitated system changes that promote more integration between homelessness, housing, health, and justice systems. The significance of this research is to document any notable components and best practices in Calgary’s HSSC that are relevant to stakeholders (e.g., community entities, government funders, policymakers, and academic researchers) looking to improve their systems.","PeriodicalId":193114,"journal":{"name":"Carleton Perspectives on Public Policy","volume":"157 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130384028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Foundations play an important role in transitioning to a low-carbon economy. As mission-driven organizations, foundations can be leaders in social finance given their focus on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) impact. At best, the majority of foundation assets could be fully activated to achieve peak impact, and at worst, they could be negating the foundation’s beneficial impacts. This paper argues that annual reporting on ESG and an increase in the percentage of investments toward a greener economy will assist Canadian foundations in becoming more climate friendly. I employ semi-structured interviews with senior staff and board members at Canadian foundations that are leaders in ESG and impact investing and use institutional and stakeholder theory to explain the driving forces behind increased ESG investing at foundations.
{"title":"Illuminating Sustainable Investment at Canadian Foundations","authors":"Brigette DePape","doi":"10.22215/cpopp.v8i.3815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22215/cpopp.v8i.3815","url":null,"abstract":"Foundations play an important role in transitioning to a low-carbon economy. As mission-driven organizations, foundations can be leaders in social finance given their focus on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) impact. At best, the majority of foundation assets could be fully activated to achieve peak impact, and at worst, they could be negating the foundation’s beneficial impacts. This paper argues that annual reporting on ESG and an increase in the percentage of investments toward a greener economy will assist Canadian foundations in becoming more climate friendly. I employ semi-structured interviews with senior staff and board members at Canadian foundations that are leaders in ESG and impact investing and use institutional and stakeholder theory to explain the driving forces behind increased ESG investing at foundations.","PeriodicalId":193114,"journal":{"name":"Carleton Perspectives on Public Policy","volume":"203 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114739683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is overwhelming evidence that Two-Spirit, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer or questioning, intersex, and asexual (2SLGBTQIA+) youth in Canada experience significantly higher rates of mental health problems than their heterosexual and cisgender peers. This paper argues that intersectoral action on the social determinants of health (SDOH) at all levels of government is necessary to meaningfully address 2SLGBTQIA+ youth mental health in Canada. A literature review of English-language, peer-reviewed articles and grey literature was conducted to assess the root determinants of 2SLGBTQIA+ youth mental health. This paper utilizes an intersectional lens and the 3i framework to assess the relevant ideas, interests, and institutions that fuel mental health inequities facing 2SLGBTQIA+ youth in Canada. This paper recommends a pan-Canadian 2SLGBTQIA+ Health Strategy; a shift of focus towards SDOH; improving sex education curricula and teacher training; building resilience among 2SLGBTQIA+ youth; and strengthening the shelter system to improve 2SLGBTQIA+ youth mental health in Canada.
{"title":"Queering Institutions, Nearing Inclusion","authors":"Roslyn Neals","doi":"10.22215/cpopp.v8i.3817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22215/cpopp.v8i.3817","url":null,"abstract":"There is overwhelming evidence that Two-Spirit, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer or questioning, intersex, and asexual (2SLGBTQIA+) youth in Canada experience significantly higher rates of mental health problems than their heterosexual and cisgender peers. This paper argues that intersectoral action on the social determinants of health (SDOH) at all levels of government is necessary to meaningfully address 2SLGBTQIA+ youth mental health in Canada. A literature review of English-language, peer-reviewed articles and grey literature was conducted to assess the root determinants of 2SLGBTQIA+ youth mental health. This paper utilizes an intersectional lens and the 3i framework to assess the relevant ideas, interests, and institutions that fuel mental health inequities facing 2SLGBTQIA+ youth in Canada. This paper recommends a pan-Canadian 2SLGBTQIA+ Health Strategy; a shift of focus towards SDOH; improving sex education curricula and teacher training; building resilience among 2SLGBTQIA+ youth; and strengthening the shelter system to improve 2SLGBTQIA+ youth mental health in Canada.","PeriodicalId":193114,"journal":{"name":"Carleton Perspectives on Public Policy","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115380786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mental health illiteracy in primary care is a growing concern for policymakers. Given the generalist nature of the primary health care practice, these physicians may lack the specialized knowledge and the time to identify and treat mental illnesses appropriately. Mental health literacy interventions are either contact-based, intensive social-contact-based, or skills-based. Although contact-based and intensive social-contact interventions have shown positive improvements in reducing stigma in the short-term, their efficacy for clinical behavioural change is questionable. This paper argues that skills-based interventions are more appropriate mental health literacy interventions for health care settings, using three Canadian case studies to highlight their potential to foster positive improvements to physician confidence and competence when treating mental illness. These interventions require more research with larger sample sizes to determine their efficacies for wide-scale implementation across jurisdictional boundaries and health specializations.
{"title":"Using Skills, Not Pills","authors":"M. Bologna","doi":"10.22215/cpopp.v7i.3179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22215/cpopp.v7i.3179","url":null,"abstract":"Mental health illiteracy in primary care is a growing concern for policymakers. Given the generalist nature of the primary health care practice, these physicians may lack the specialized knowledge and the time to identify and treat mental illnesses appropriately. Mental health literacy interventions are either contact-based, intensive social-contact-based, or skills-based. Although contact-based and intensive social-contact interventions have shown positive improvements in reducing stigma in the short-term, their efficacy for clinical behavioural change is questionable. This paper argues that skills-based interventions are more appropriate mental health literacy interventions for health care settings, using three Canadian case studies to highlight their potential to foster positive improvements to physician confidence and competence when treating mental illness. These interventions require more research with larger sample sizes to determine their efficacies for wide-scale implementation across jurisdictional boundaries and health specializations.","PeriodicalId":193114,"journal":{"name":"Carleton Perspectives on Public Policy","volume":"116 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128256003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rates of food insecurity in Nunavut are the highest in Canada. This paper will focus on the federal government’s role in solving this problem, arguing that a thorough examination of the coherence of existing arrangements, institutions, programs, and regulations that impact food insecurity in Nunavut is needed. As an example, this paper will focus on three factors that contribute to food insecurity among the Inuit of Nunavut and policies that seek to address them or that exacerbate them: 1) high prices of food sourced from southern Canada, and the efficacy of the Government of Canada’s program, Nutrition North Canada, in decreasing those prices; 2) decreased rates of country food consumption and possible programming to increase that consumption; and 3) the role of large-scale infrastructure projects in damaging the Inuit traditional food system, followed by recommendations for the types of infrastructure projects that would strengthen food security, rather than harm it.
{"title":"Of Kale and Caribou","authors":"Lauren Johnson","doi":"10.22215/cpopp.v7i.3180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22215/cpopp.v7i.3180","url":null,"abstract":"Rates of food insecurity in Nunavut are the highest in Canada. This paper will focus on the federal government’s role in solving this problem, arguing that a thorough examination of the coherence of existing arrangements, institutions, programs, and regulations that impact food insecurity in Nunavut is needed. As an example, this paper will focus on three factors that contribute to food insecurity among the Inuit of Nunavut and policies that seek to address them or that exacerbate them: 1) high prices of food sourced from southern Canada, and the efficacy of the Government of Canada’s program, Nutrition North Canada, in decreasing those prices; 2) decreased rates of country food consumption and possible programming to increase that consumption; and 3) the role of large-scale infrastructure projects in damaging the Inuit traditional food system, followed by recommendations for the types of infrastructure projects that would strengthen food security, rather than harm it. ","PeriodicalId":193114,"journal":{"name":"Carleton Perspectives on Public Policy","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117183390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
New public management demands data-based decision-making. However, persistent data gaps for adults with developmental disabilities invisibilize this population in the policy process. This research identifies persistent data gaps in this sector as a result of decentralization, jurisdictional inconsistency and transinstitutionalization. To understand these gaps, I consider the role of neoliberalism in the process of the deinstitutionalization of large-scale residential institutions for persons with disabilities in Ontario. Austere provincial budgets have resulted in a waitlist of more than 15,700 adults with developmental disabilities who require residential services and supports. This waitlist results in the transinstitutionalization of persons with developmental disabilities, displacing them across ministerial borders. This research traces the provincial policy legacy of data collection regarding people with developmental disabilities to identify persistent data gaps and their impacts.
{"title":"Mind the Gap","authors":"M. Linton","doi":"10.22215/cpopp.v7i.3182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22215/cpopp.v7i.3182","url":null,"abstract":"New public management demands data-based decision-making. However, persistent data gaps for adults with developmental disabilities invisibilize this population in the policy process. This research identifies persistent data gaps in this sector as a result of decentralization, jurisdictional inconsistency and transinstitutionalization. To understand these gaps, I consider the role of neoliberalism in the process of the deinstitutionalization of large-scale residential institutions for persons with disabilities in Ontario. Austere provincial budgets have resulted in a waitlist of more than 15,700 adults with developmental disabilities who require residential services and supports. This waitlist results in the transinstitutionalization of persons with developmental disabilities, displacing them across ministerial borders. This research traces the provincial policy legacy of data collection regarding people with developmental disabilities to identify persistent data gaps and their impacts.","PeriodicalId":193114,"journal":{"name":"Carleton Perspectives on Public Policy","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115817097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Facial recognition technology (FRT) is a tool employed by both public and private actors, with uses ranging from personalized marketing to security. However, FRT’s negative reputation for accuracy issues and potential privacy invasion has created cause for concern. Finding the balance between prioritizing respect for these ethical considerations and ensuring FRT's legitimate use is key to its future success. This paper argues that while Canada has made progress in mitigating privacy invasion issues, significant work must be done to address widespread accuracy issues within FRT systems.
{"title":"Face the Facts","authors":"Laura L. Presley","doi":"10.22215/cpopp.v7i.3183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22215/cpopp.v7i.3183","url":null,"abstract":"Facial recognition technology (FRT) is a tool employed by both public and private actors, with uses ranging from personalized marketing to security. However, FRT’s negative reputation for accuracy issues and potential privacy invasion has created cause for concern. Finding the balance between prioritizing respect for these ethical considerations and ensuring FRT's legitimate use is key to its future success. This paper argues that while Canada has made progress in mitigating privacy invasion issues, significant work must be done to address widespread accuracy issues within FRT systems.","PeriodicalId":193114,"journal":{"name":"Carleton Perspectives on Public Policy","volume":"165 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131377225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As municipalities continue to address urban sprawl and development issues, smart growth principles are being adopted into Official Plans. However, despite their incorporation within municipal and provincial planning documents, implementation gaps remain. This paper explores and seeks to understand this gap using a City of Ottawa case study. Through a content analysis of the preliminary document for the City’s New Official Plan, this paper argues that the City of Ottawa will incorporate smart growth principles into its New Official Plan, but will continue to experience institutional, political, economic and socio-cultural barriers to implementation. It is key that policymakers, city staff, and smart growth advocates identify and address these barriers during the planning process by engaging with federal and provincial governments, as well as community stakeholders. Additional research, such as into the impact of Covid-19 on municipalities, will be essential for policymakers and city staff in addressing these barriers in the future.
{"title":"The City of Ottawa’s Smart Growth Challenge","authors":"Karyn Kipper","doi":"10.22215/cpopp.v7i.3181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22215/cpopp.v7i.3181","url":null,"abstract":"As municipalities continue to address urban sprawl and development issues, smart growth principles are being adopted into Official Plans. However, despite their incorporation within municipal and provincial planning documents, implementation gaps remain. This paper explores and seeks to understand this gap using a City of Ottawa case study. Through a content analysis of the preliminary document for the City’s New Official Plan, this paper argues that the City of Ottawa will incorporate smart growth principles into its New Official Plan, but will continue to experience institutional, political, economic and socio-cultural barriers to implementation. It is key that policymakers, city staff, and smart growth advocates identify and address these barriers during the planning process by engaging with federal and provincial governments, as well as community stakeholders. Additional research, such as into the impact of Covid-19 on municipalities, will be essential for policymakers and city staff in addressing these barriers in the future. ","PeriodicalId":193114,"journal":{"name":"Carleton Perspectives on Public Policy","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117137370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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