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Intervention study in high school students with elevated blood pressures. Dietary experiment with polyunsaturated fatty acids. 高中生高血压的干预研究。多不饱和脂肪酸饲粮试验。
Pub Date : 1980-01-01 DOI: 10.1159/000176334
B Stern, S Heyden, D Miller, G Latham, A Klimas, K Pilkington

A blood pressure-lowering effect of increased prostaglandin synthesis via polyunsaturated fatty acids has been demonstrated in animal experiments. To our knowledge, for the first time an attempt was made to lower elevated blood pressures in adolescents (age 15-18 years) through a diet enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids. This community-based dietary trial involved 30 students in the diet group and 20 students in the control group without any dietary intervention. Within 6 weeks the systolic blood pressure decreased by almost 11 mm Hg in the diet group and by 6 mm Hg in the control group. Diastolic blood pressure fell by 2 and 1 mm Hg, respectively. The effect on blood pressure was markedly different in normal weight adolescents. Systolic blood pressure in the diet group decreased by 14 mm Hg but only by 5 mm Hg in the control group. Diastolic blood pressure levels fell by 4 mm Hg in the diet group and increased by 4 mm Hg in the control group. Unfortunately, the numbers in these two comparison groups were rather small. The majority (70%) of adolescents with high blood pressure was overweight (greater than or equal to 20% above normal weight). However, for the small group of normal weight adolescents, the diet enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids may be suitable to reduce elevated blood pressure levels.

通过多不饱和脂肪酸增加前列腺素合成的降血压作用已在动物实验中得到证实。据我们所知,这是第一次尝试通过富含多不饱和脂肪酸的饮食来降低青少年(15-18岁)的高血压。这项以社区为基础的饮食试验涉及30名学生作为饮食组,20名学生作为对照组,没有任何饮食干预。在6周内,饮食组的收缩压下降了近11毫米汞柱,对照组的收缩压下降了6毫米汞柱。舒张压分别下降2和1毫米汞柱。对血压的影响在正常体重的青少年中是明显不同的。饮食组的收缩压下降了14毫米汞柱,而对照组只下降了5毫米汞柱。饮食组的舒张压水平下降了4毫米汞柱,对照组的舒张压水平上升了4毫米汞柱。不幸的是,这两个对照组的人数相当少。大多数(70%)患有高血压的青少年超重(比正常体重高出或等于20%)。然而,对于少数体重正常的青少年,富含多不饱和脂肪酸的饮食可能适合降低血压升高水平。
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引用次数: 48
Recent international changes in coronary heart disease mortality. 最近冠心病死亡率的国际变化。
Pub Date : 1980-01-01 DOI: 10.1159/000176370
F H Epstein

Monitoring secular trends in mortality as well as morbidity from coronary heart disease (CHD) is important in order to relate favourable or unfavourable habits of daily living to the risk of disease, with a view toward effective preventive measures. A marked decline in CHD mortality has been observed in the United States during the past decade. Similar, but smaller, reductions have been recorded in a few other countries but the overall international tendency is toward unchanged or increasing mortality. There is a suggestion for countries with initially higher rates to register declines while the reverse tends to occur for low-mortality countries. The favourable trends in the United States can be linked to improvements in the style of life but parallel information in other countries is largely lacking. International, collaborative efforts to monitor CHD disease rates, living habits and risk factor distributions by country, region and social groups is a major need in the search for effective prevention programmes in the community.

监测冠心病死亡率和发病率的长期趋势非常重要,以便将有利或不利的日常生活习惯与疾病风险联系起来,以期采取有效的预防措施。在过去十年中,美国观察到冠心病死亡率显著下降。其他一些国家也记录了类似但较小的减少,但总的国际趋势是死亡率保持不变或增加。有人建议,最初死亡率较高的国家应登记死亡率下降,而死亡率低的国家则往往相反。美国的有利趋势可能与生活方式的改善有关,但在其他国家,类似的信息在很大程度上是缺乏的。按国家、区域和社会群体监测冠心病发病率、生活习惯和风险因素分布的国际合作努力是在社区寻求有效预防规划的主要需要。
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引用次数: 2
Plasma glucose and insulin responses to orally administered carbohydrate-rich foodstuffs. 血浆葡萄糖和胰岛素对口服富含碳水化合物食物的反应。
Pub Date : 1980-01-01 DOI: 10.1159/000176338
S Vaaler, K F Hanssen, O Aagenaes

Healthy individuals were given different carbohydrate-rich test meals (each with an energy content of 300 kcal) after a standardization period. Plasma glucose and insulin were measured during the tests. When compared with an ordinary oral glucose load, potato had a post-prandial plasma glucose and insulin response not statistically different from the glucose load, the bread group had a weaker and slower response than the potato group, and rice had a response between the two other groups. Gastric emptying, the availability of the starch for digestion and differences in the carbohydrate content are discussed as possible explanations for these differences.

在一段标准化时间后,给健康的人提供不同的富含碳水化合物的测试餐(每一餐的能量含量为300千卡)。在试验期间测定血浆葡萄糖和胰岛素。与普通的口服葡萄糖负荷相比,马铃薯的餐后血浆葡萄糖和胰岛素反应与葡萄糖负荷没有统计学差异,面包组的反应比马铃薯组更弱、更慢,大米组的反应介于其他两组之间。胃排空,消化淀粉的可用性和碳水化合物含量的差异被讨论为这些差异的可能解释。
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引用次数: 22
Selenium in premature infants. 硒在早产儿中的含量。
Pub Date : 1980-01-01 DOI: 10.1159/000176279
S Amin, S Y Chen, P J Collipp, M Castro-Magana, V T Maddaiah, S W Klein

Premature infants have a lower selenium concentration in serum than full-term infants and children. The selenium concentration goes down quickly in infants treated for respiratory distress syndrome without supplementation. One premature infant with bronchopulmonary dysplasia had persistently low concentrations of selenium. Vitamin E supplements did not affect the serum selenium concentration in healthy premature infants. Supplementation with 3 microgram/kg of selenium in parenteral fluids prevented the fall in the concentration seen in other infants not supplemented. Premature infants and especially those treated with oxygen may warrant selenium supplementation to the parenteral nutrition solution. Vitamin E supplements alone are apparently not sufficient to prevent selenium deficiency and potential oxygen toxicity.

早产儿血清硒浓度低于足月婴儿和儿童。在没有补充的情况下,接受呼吸窘迫综合征治疗的婴儿硒浓度迅速下降。一名患有支气管肺发育不良的早产儿持续低浓度硒。补充维生素E对健康早产儿血清硒浓度无影响。在肠外液中补充3微克/千克硒可以防止其他未补充硒的婴儿体内硒浓度的下降。早产儿,特别是那些用氧气治疗的早产儿可能需要在肠外营养液中补充硒。维生素E补充剂显然不足以预防硒缺乏和潜在的氧中毒。
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引用次数: 65
Effect of dietary sucrose in humans on blood uric acid, phosphorus, fructose, and lactic acid responses to a sucrose load. 人类膳食蔗糖对血尿酸、磷、果糖和乳酸对蔗糖负荷的影响。
Pub Date : 1980-01-01 DOI: 10.1159/000176340
J T Solyst, O E Michaelis, S Reiser, K C Ellwood, E S Prather

10 men and 9 women consumed diets that were identical, except for the 30% of the calories derived from either starch or sucrose, for 6 weeks in a crossover design. Of the total calories, 10% were given at breakfast and 90% at dinner. A sucrose load of 2 g/kg body weight was administered 1 week before and during the last week of both dietary periods. Blood was drawn before (fasting) and 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 h after the sucrose load. Serum uric acid was significantly higher (p < 0.01) and blood fructose significantly lower (p < 0.05) before and at all times after the sucrose load when subjects consumed the sucrose versus the starch diet. Levels of serum inorganic phosphorus and blood lactic acid were not affected by kind of carbohydrate in the diet.

在交叉设计中,10名男性和9名女性在6周内食用相同的饮食,除了30%的卡路里来自淀粉或蔗糖。总热量的10%来自早餐,90%来自晚餐。在两个饮食期的前1周和最后一周给糖量为2 g/kg体重。空腹前及糖负荷后0.5、1、2、3 h抽血。与淀粉日粮相比,蔗糖日粮在蔗糖负荷前和负荷后各时刻血清尿酸显著升高(p < 0.01),血糖显著降低(p < 0.05)。血清无机磷和血乳酸水平不受日粮碳水化合物种类的影响。
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引用次数: 13
Red blood cell fatty acid composition in a sample of Italian middle-aged men on free diet. 自由饮食的意大利中年男子的红细胞脂肪酸组成。
Pub Date : 1980-01-01 DOI: 10.1159/000176335
F Angelico, P Amodeo, C Borgogelli, A Cantafora, A Montali, G Ricci

Within the framework of a project of primary prevention of coronary heart disease the erythrocyte fatty acid composition was determined in 140 Italian middle-aged men on free diet. The linoleic/oleic ratio ranged from 0.27 to 0.96 pointing out remarkable differences in dietary fat intake. A negative correlation was observed between erythrocyte linoleic/oleic ratio and plasma cholesterol levels. This gives indirect support to the validity of this ratio as an index of adherence to cholesterol-lowering diets in long-term studies.

在冠心病初级预防项目的框架内,对140名自由饮食的意大利中年男子的红细胞脂肪酸组成进行了测定。亚油酸/油酸比值在0.27到0.96之间,表明了膳食脂肪摄入量的显著差异。红细胞亚油酸/油酸比值与血浆胆固醇水平呈负相关。这间接支持了这一比率在长期研究中作为坚持降胆固醇饮食指标的有效性。
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引用次数: 24
Effect of calcium and copper on zinc absorption in the rat. 钙、铜对大鼠锌吸收的影响。
Pub Date : 1980-01-01 DOI: 10.1159/000176274
N F Adham, M K Song

The effect of cupric and calcium ions on zinc absorption was examined in Sprague-Dawley rats. In in vivo studies test solutions containing 7.5 mM 65ZnCl2 alone or in combination with 500 mM of either CuSO4 or CaCl2 were administered intraduodenally to three groups of rats. 2 h later the animals were sacrificed and their organ 65Zn content was determined. The results of these studies revealed that excess cupric ions had no effect on the 65Zn content of rat internal organs, whereas excess calcium ions decreased organs 65Zn content to 40%. Similar results were obtained in in vitro studies using three sets of rat jejunal sacs each filled with one of the above test solutions and incubated in oxygenated Eagle's medium. To investigate the reason(s) for the observed decreased rate of zinc absorption in the presence of excess luminal calcium, we examined zinc transport in 6 sets of jejunal sacs using six test solutions, each containing 7.5 mM 65ZnCl2 with 0, 12.5, 25, 37.5, 50, or 62.5 mM CaCl2. These experiments showed that 65Zn transport from mucosa to serosa was decreased by 40% in the presence of 25.0 mM CaCl2 but lower calcium concentrations had no effect on zinc transport. Increasing the luminal calcium concentration from 25 to 62.5 mM did not cause a further significant decrease in the rate of zinc transport. These results strongly suggest that zinc absorption in the rat is mediated by a transcellular transport process different from that which mediates copper and calcium absorption. The fact that calcium has been shown to reduce passive cation movements via shunt pathways in the gallbladder mucosa suggests the possibility that calcium in high luminal concentration may depress zinc absorption by reducing the passive component of jejunal zinc absorption.

研究了铜、钙离子对sd大鼠锌吸收的影响。在体内研究中,将含有7.5 mM 65ZnCl2单独或与500 mM CuSO4或CaCl2联合的测试溶液滴注给三组大鼠。2 h后处死动物,测定器官中65Zn的含量。这些研究结果表明,过量铜离子对大鼠内脏器官65Zn含量没有影响,而过量钙离子使内脏器官65Zn含量降低到40%。在体外研究中,使用三组大鼠空肠囊,每个空肠囊中填充上述测试溶液中的一种,并在含氧Eagle培养基中孵育,获得了类似的结果。为了研究在存在过量腔内钙的情况下锌吸收率下降的原因,我们使用六种测试溶液检测了6组空肠囊中的锌运输,每种测试溶液含有7.5 mM 65ZnCl2和0、12.5、25、37.5、50或62.5 mM CaCl2。这些实验表明,在25.0 mM CaCl2的存在下,65Zn从黏膜到浆膜的运输减少了40%,但低钙浓度对锌的运输没有影响。将腔内钙浓度从25 mM增加到62.5 mM不会导致锌转运速率进一步显著降低。这些结果有力地表明,锌在大鼠体内的吸收是由一个不同于铜和钙吸收的跨细胞转运过程介导的。事实表明,钙可以通过胆囊粘膜的分流途径减少被动阳离子的运动,这表明高腔内浓度的钙可能通过减少空肠锌吸收的被动成分来抑制锌的吸收。
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引用次数: 17
Supplemental dietary carnitine and lipid metabolism in exercising rats. 饲粮添加肉碱对运动大鼠脂质代谢的影响。
Pub Date : 1980-01-01 DOI: 10.1159/000176314
E W Askew, G L Dohm, P C Weiser, R L Huston, W H Doub

Rats were physically trained by treadmill running and fed normal, high fat, or identical diets supplemented with 1.0% D,L-carnitine. Fatty acid oxidation, stimulated by exercise and/or by a high fat diet was studied to determine if it might be further augmented by supplemental dietary carnitine. Fatty acid oxidation in vitro or in vivo was unaffected by carnitine feeding. Carnitine feeding was associated with an increase in heart and muscle palmitylcarnitine acyltransferase activity and reduced serum cholesterol in trained rats fed the high fat diet. Under the conditions of this study, supplemental dietary carnitine did not greatly alter glyceride synthesis, lipolysis, or fatty acid oxidation, which indirectly indicates that the increased demands for fatty acid oxidation resulting from exercise or from fat feeding are adequately supported by endogenous levels of carnitine.

大鼠通过跑步机跑步进行体能训练,并喂食添加1.0% D、左旋肉碱的正常、高脂肪或相同的饮食。研究了由运动和/或高脂肪饮食刺激的脂肪酸氧化,以确定是否可以通过补充肉碱进一步增强。体外或体内脂肪酸氧化不受肉碱饲喂的影响。在喂食高脂肪食物的训练大鼠中,肉毒碱喂养与心脏和肌肉棕榈基肉毒碱酰基转移酶活性的增加和血清胆固醇的降低有关。在本研究条件下,饲粮中添加肉毒碱并没有显著改变甘油合成、脂肪分解或脂肪酸氧化,这间接表明内源性肉毒碱水平足以支持运动或脂肪喂养导致的脂肪酸氧化需求增加。
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引用次数: 8
[The cholesterol-lowering effect of the unicellular green alga Scenedesmus acutus 276-3a. II. Effect of alga fractions]. 单细胞绿藻Scenedesmus acutus 276-3a的降胆固醇作用。2藻类组分的影响[j]。
Pub Date : 1980-01-01
I Rolle, W Pabst

In former experiments we found that the extent of experimentally induced hypercholesterolemia in male Sprague-Dawley rats was significantly reduced by incorporation of 20% Scenedesmus powder in the diet. This paper reports on the localization of the activity in Scenedesmus powder following extraction of hydrophilic and lipophilic fractions. The fractions obtained by hot water treatment and chloroform-methanol extraction and the remaining extracted algae were incorporated in the standard diet in amounts corresponding to 20% Scenedesmus powder. In animals fed on the standard diet + 3% cholesterol for 6 weeks, the average concentration of blood plasma cholesterol increased from 2.0 to 3.5 mmol/l. The average cholesterol level in animals receiving the different algae extracts + 3% cholesterol amounted to between 2.1 and 2.9 mmol/l. The hot water extracted algae material held the plasma cholesterol levels in cholesterol-stressed animals at normal values. The content of plasma triglyceride in animals receiving the different fractions was lowered by 35-55% in nearly all groups. In cholesterol-stressed animals the excessive deposition of cholesterol in the liver was reduced by untreated algal powder as well as algal material extracted with water or chloroform/methanol. The decrease in liver cholesterol amounted to 50%.

在以前的实验中,我们发现在饮食中加入20%的花叶草粉可以显著降低雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠实验诱导的高胆固醇血症的程度。本文报道了在提取亲水性和亲脂性组分后,黄芪粉中活性的定位。将热水处理、氯仿-甲醇萃取得到的馏分和提取后的剩余藻类按20%的绿藻粉加入标准日粮中。标准日粮+ 3%胆固醇6周后,血浆胆固醇平均浓度由2.0 mmol/l升高至3.5 mmol/l。接受不同藻类提取物+ 3%胆固醇的动物的平均胆固醇水平在2.1 ~ 2.9 mmol/l之间。热水提取的藻类物质使胆固醇应激动物的血浆胆固醇水平保持在正常值。各组动物血浆甘油三酯含量几乎均降低35-55%。在胆固醇应激动物中,未经处理的藻粉以及用水或氯仿/甲醇提取的藻物质可以减少肝脏中胆固醇的过度沉积。肝脏胆固醇降低了50%。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of undernutrition on lipid metabolism of brain. In vivo incorporation of labelled acetate and palmitate into lipids. 营养不良对脑脂质代谢的影响。标记的醋酸酯和棕榈酸酯在体内并入脂质。
Pub Date : 1980-01-01 DOI: 10.1159/000176315
S Chauhan, R Jailkhani, D Subrahmanyam

Albino rats were malnourished from neonatal to weanling stage by increasing the litter size. The in vivo incorporation of (1-(14)C)-acetate, (1-(14)C)-palmitate into the lipid classes was examined in the animals. A stimulated incorporation of the label was observed in total lipids, phospholipids, cholesterol, cerebrosides and sulfatides of the brain of malnourished animals compared to controls.

随着产仔数的增加,白化大鼠从新生期到断奶期营养不良。在动物体内研究了(1-(14)C)-醋酸酯和(1-(14)C)-棕榈酸酯在脂类中的掺入。与对照组相比,营养不良动物大脑的总脂质、磷脂、胆固醇、脑苷和硫脂中都观察到受刺激的标签结合。
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引用次数: 2
期刊
Nutrition and metabolism
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