Objective: To determine if there is any significant association between stroke and both hypoalbuminema and hypoproteinemia. Patients and Methods: Total serum proteins “T.S.P.” and serum albumin were measured for 65 patients with stroke who were admitted to the medical and neurological wards at Baghdad Teaching Hospital in the Medical City from November 2003 to October 2004. Careful history was obtained and proper clinical examinations were done. Serum albumin, T.S.P., blood sugar, renal function, liver function and general urine examination “G.U.E.” were tested within 48 - 72 hours of the start of patient symptoms. These patients with hepatic and renal dysfunction and those with diabetes mellitus were excluded. The results were compared with the results obtained from control group, which consisted of 40 persons of matched age and sex. By application pf chi square test “X” to see the association of serum albumin with cigarette smoking, age, hypertension and the presence of carotid bruit. Results: The mean serum level of T.S.P. and serum albumin of those with stroke was 6.42 ± 0.322 g/dl, 3.26 ± 0.251 g/dl respectively, which was significantly lower than T.S.P. and serum albumin of the control “mean = 7.8 ± 0.257 g/dl, 4.73 ± 0.206 g/dl respectively” [P X2 = 25.14, P X2 = 15.57, P < 0.025] and the blood pressure with serum albumin P < 0.0005, and the presence of carotid bruit is associated with low level of albumin P < 0.005 “Fisher’s test”. Conclusion: Hypoalbuminemia and hypoproteinemia are significantly associated with stroke.
目的:确定卒中与低白蛋白血症和低蛋白血症之间是否存在显著关联。患者和方法:血清总蛋白研究人员对2003年11月至2004年10月在医疗城巴格达教学医院内科和神经学病房住院的65名中风患者进行了血清白蛋白测定。获得了详细的病史并进行了适当的临床检查。血清白蛋白、T.S.P、血糖、肾功能、肝功能和尿常规检查在病人出现症状后的48 - 72小时内进行检测。排除肝肾功能不全及糖尿病患者。结果与对照组的结果进行了比较，对照组由40名年龄和性别匹配的人组成。应用卡方检验“X”观察血清白蛋白与吸烟、年龄、高血压和颈动脉损伤的关系。结果:平均血清T.S.P.水平和血清白蛋白的中风患者为6.42±0.322 g / dl,分别为3.26±0.251 g / dl,明显低于T.S.P.和血清白蛋白的控制”的意思是= 7.8±0.257 g / dl,分别为4.73±0.206 g / dl”(X2 = 25.14, P P X2 = 15.57, P < 0.025),血压和血清白蛋白P < 0.0005,颈动脉杂音的存在与低水平的白蛋白P < 0.005“费雪的测试”。结论:低白蛋白血症和低蛋白血症与脑卒中有显著相关性。
{"title":"The Significance of Hypoalbumineamia and Hypoproteinemia in Patients with Stroke","authors":"H. Aboud, H. Mohammed, M. Kamil, B. Hassan","doi":"10.4236/NM.2018.93011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/NM.2018.93011","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To determine if there is any significant association between stroke and both hypoalbuminema and hypoproteinemia. Patients and Methods: Total serum proteins “T.S.P.” and serum albumin were measured for 65 patients with stroke who were admitted to the medical and neurological wards at Baghdad Teaching Hospital in the Medical City from November 2003 to October 2004. Careful history was obtained and proper clinical examinations were done. Serum albumin, T.S.P., blood sugar, renal function, liver function and general urine examination “G.U.E.” were tested within 48 - 72 hours of the start of patient symptoms. These patients with hepatic and renal dysfunction and those with diabetes mellitus were excluded. The results were compared with the results obtained from control group, which consisted of 40 persons of matched age and sex. By application pf chi square test “X” to see the association of serum albumin with cigarette smoking, age, hypertension and the presence of carotid bruit. Results: The mean serum level of T.S.P. and serum albumin of those with stroke was 6.42 ± 0.322 g/dl, 3.26 ± 0.251 g/dl respectively, which was significantly lower than T.S.P. and serum albumin of the control “mean = 7.8 ± 0.257 g/dl, 4.73 ± 0.206 g/dl respectively” [P X2 = 25.14, P X2 = 15.57, P < 0.025] and the blood pressure with serum albumin P < 0.0005, and the presence of carotid bruit is associated with low level of albumin P < 0.005 “Fisher’s test”. Conclusion: Hypoalbuminemia and hypoproteinemia are significantly associated with stroke.","PeriodicalId":19381,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience and Medicine","volume":"4 1","pages":"105-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80952332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) and Cerebral Palsy (CP) are amongst the leading neurodevelopmental disorders in children worldwide causing diminished quality of life. Unlike CP caused by brain damage affecting muscle tone, movement and motor skills, equivocal report of different genes with varying loci as genetic malformation and genetic modulation by environmental factors have been the focus of attention in the aetiology of ASD. This study investigated levels of toxic metal (Pb) and macro elements (Ca and Mg) in blood of children with ASD and CP in Nigeria. 8 and 18 Children (aged 2 - 12 years) clinically screened for features of ASD and CP respectively by pediatric neurologist using DMS-IV classification along with 15 age-matched neurologically healthy ones as controls were recruited. Plasma levels of Ca, Mg and Pb were determined in the children using Induction Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Results were analyzed using students t-test. The gender difference was not significant in the children (P = 0.216) while developmental milestones’ abnormalities (stable neck, sitting, crawling and walking) was significantly prevalent among CP children relative to ASD and normal children (P= 0.003, 0.003, 0.003 and 0.000 respectively); however, abnormality in talking was common in ASD and CP relative to normal children (P = 0.000). There was significant difference in educational background of ASD and CP parents relative to those of normal children (P = 0.025). Mean plasma calcium and magnesium levels was significantly reduced in children with ASD (7.90 ± 0.17 mg/dl, 2.44 ± 0.07 mg/dl) and CP (7.26 ± 0.31 mg/dl, 2.42 ± 0.08 mg/dl) in comparison to the controls (8.97 ± 0.20 mg/dl and 3.26 ± 0.16 mg/dl); (P < 0.001; P < 0.000 and P < 0.002; P < 0.000) respectively. However, mean lead levels in children with CP (10.38 ± 1.45 μg/dl) were significantly greater than in ASD (7.92 ± 1.30 μg/dl) and normal children (6.83 ± 0.72 μg/dl) (P < 0.433; P < 0.047). Hypocalcaemia and hypomagnesaemia with concurrent plumbism (more pronounced in CP) was observed in children with ASD and CP in this study).
{"title":"Calcium and Magnesium Levels Are down Regulated in Nigerian Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Cerebral Palsy","authors":"I. Omotosho, A. O. Akinade, I. Lagunju","doi":"10.4236/NM.2018.93016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/NM.2018.93016","url":null,"abstract":"Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) and Cerebral Palsy (CP) are amongst the leading neurodevelopmental disorders in children worldwide causing diminished quality of life. Unlike CP caused by brain damage affecting muscle tone, movement and motor skills, equivocal report of different genes with varying loci as genetic malformation and genetic modulation by environmental factors have been the focus of attention in the aetiology of ASD. This study investigated levels of toxic metal (Pb) and macro elements (Ca and Mg) in blood of children with ASD and CP in Nigeria. 8 and 18 Children (aged 2 - 12 years) clinically screened for features of ASD and CP respectively by pediatric neurologist using DMS-IV classification along with 15 age-matched neurologically healthy ones as controls were recruited. Plasma levels of Ca, Mg and Pb were determined in the children using Induction Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Results were analyzed using students t-test. The gender difference was not significant in the children (P = 0.216) while developmental milestones’ abnormalities (stable neck, sitting, crawling and walking) was significantly prevalent among CP children relative to ASD and normal children (P= 0.003, 0.003, 0.003 and 0.000 respectively); however, abnormality in talking was common in ASD and CP relative to normal children (P = 0.000). There was significant difference in educational background of ASD and CP parents relative to those of normal children (P = 0.025). Mean plasma calcium and magnesium levels was significantly reduced in children with ASD (7.90 ± 0.17 mg/dl, 2.44 ± 0.07 mg/dl) and CP (7.26 ± 0.31 mg/dl, 2.42 ± 0.08 mg/dl) in comparison to the controls (8.97 ± 0.20 mg/dl and 3.26 ± 0.16 mg/dl); (P < 0.001; P < 0.000 and P < 0.002; P < 0.000) respectively. However, mean lead levels in children with CP (10.38 ± 1.45 μg/dl) were significantly greater than in ASD (7.92 ± 1.30 μg/dl) and normal children (6.83 ± 0.72 μg/dl) (P < 0.433; P < 0.047). Hypocalcaemia and hypomagnesaemia with concurrent plumbism (more pronounced in CP) was observed in children with ASD and CP in this study).","PeriodicalId":19381,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience and Medicine","volume":"72 1","pages":"159-170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74847401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Jardim, F. Amaral, Valeria Maria de Souza Antunes, F. Rodrigues, Mariana Soares de Souza, Fernanda Rossi Fernanda Rossi Siqueto, L. M. Silva, Rafaela Alves Bertolino, Victor Cavalaro, C. R. Oliveira
Background: Most anxiety complaints are treated with pharmacological measures involving barbiturates and benzodiazepines, in which they may end up causing tolerance and pharmacological dependence. Integrative approaches such as aromatherapy are used in addition to medications to improve sleep quality and reduce anxiety. Thus, PinetoninTM, a phytocomplex obtained from a blend of essential oils aims to aid in the symptoms of stress and anxiety. Methods: The cytotoxicity of PinetoninTM was evaluated MTT assay using fibroblasts and astrocytes showed reduction in the cell viability only at high concentrations. Evaluation of intracellular calcium and determination of residual glutamate in the supernatant of astrocyte cultures showed agonist action of dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) increasing linearly the concentration of intracellular calcium and the glutamate levels in the supernatants of the cultures. On the other hand, cultures of astrocytes treated with PinetoninTM showed residual glutamate levels in the supernatants reducing proportionally, as well as, intracellular calcium reduction. The determination of salivary cortisol showed a significant reduction in salivary cortisol levels in the group that received PinetoninTM. The evaluation of the electroencephalogram in patients treated with PinetoninTM had a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the frequency (Hz) of the alpha and beta waves. Results: A reduction in dose-dependent cell viability was observed when compared to cultures of PinetoninTM treated fibroblasts with control culture. When PinetoninTM and linole are administered in astrocytic cells, there was a reduction of the intracellular concentration of Ca2+ against a control group treated with DHPG agonist. The evaluation of salivary cortisol demonstrated a reduction when the patient group was treated with PinetoninTM by purchasing the results against the group of patients treated with saline. Reinforcing the relaxed state of that group, alpha waves have been increased and reductions in beta waves. Conclusion: The results obtained after intranasal administration of PinetoninTM suggest that this phytocomplex can help reduce the symptoms of stress and the better quality of life.
{"title":"PinetoninaTM, an Intranasally Administered Essential Oil Preparation, Is Effective in Decrease of Cortisol Levels and on the Glutamate Release Modulation","authors":"M. Jardim, F. Amaral, Valeria Maria de Souza Antunes, F. Rodrigues, Mariana Soares de Souza, Fernanda Rossi Fernanda Rossi Siqueto, L. M. Silva, Rafaela Alves Bertolino, Victor Cavalaro, C. R. Oliveira","doi":"10.4236/NM.2018.93014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/NM.2018.93014","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Most anxiety complaints are treated with pharmacological measures involving barbiturates and benzodiazepines, in which they may end up causing tolerance and pharmacological dependence. Integrative approaches such as aromatherapy are used in addition to medications to improve sleep quality and reduce anxiety. Thus, PinetoninTM, a phytocomplex obtained from a blend of essential oils aims to aid in the symptoms of stress and anxiety. Methods: The cytotoxicity of PinetoninTM was evaluated MTT assay using fibroblasts and astrocytes showed reduction in the cell viability only at high concentrations. Evaluation of intracellular calcium and determination of residual glutamate in the supernatant of astrocyte cultures showed agonist action of dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) increasing linearly the concentration of intracellular calcium and the glutamate levels in the supernatants of the cultures. On the other hand, cultures of astrocytes treated with PinetoninTM showed residual glutamate levels in the supernatants reducing proportionally, as well as, intracellular calcium reduction. The determination of salivary cortisol showed a significant reduction in salivary cortisol levels in the group that received PinetoninTM. The evaluation of the electroencephalogram in patients treated with PinetoninTM had a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the frequency (Hz) of the alpha and beta waves. Results: A reduction in dose-dependent cell viability was observed when compared to cultures of PinetoninTM treated fibroblasts with control culture. When PinetoninTM and linole are administered in astrocytic cells, there was a reduction of the intracellular concentration of Ca2+ against a control group treated with DHPG agonist. The evaluation of salivary cortisol demonstrated a reduction when the patient group was treated with PinetoninTM by purchasing the results against the group of patients treated with saline. Reinforcing the relaxed state of that group, alpha waves have been increased and reductions in beta waves. Conclusion: The results obtained after intranasal administration of PinetoninTM suggest that this phytocomplex can help reduce the symptoms of stress and the better quality of life.","PeriodicalId":19381,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience and Medicine","volume":"22 1","pages":"135-149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85326054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samuel Kule Kyolo, G. Bbosa, J. Odda, A. Lubega, Ntabe Namegabe Edmond
Various forms of Karuho poisoning are a common traditional mystery and a public health challenge in Goma city, North Kivu in DRC practiced by unscrupulous people. Its signs and symptoms are commonly mistaken by local communities and medical world with those of tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and typhoid fever; with neurological and psychological symptoms. Study investigated sub-acute toxicity of Karuho poison on brain of Wistar albino rats. Laboratory based experimental study was conducted at Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Makerere University College of Health Sciences. A total of 4 Karuho poisons (OMGKRP, DLNKRP, CHKRP and BHKRP) were screened for acute and sub-acute toxicity. Fifty animals, 10 in each group were daily dosed for 28 days with 1 mg, 5 mg, 20 mg and 5000 mg/kg bwt of OMGKRP (most active following screening) and normal saline for control group using OECD 407 and NIH 2011 guidelines. Behavioral changes were noted. Histopathological changes in brain regions were analyzed. Treated rats by OMGKRP, most active Karuho poison, were associated with sign of depression, piloerection and shortness of breath. Histopathological changes revealed moderate diffuse congestion and mononuclear inflammatory cells infiltration (plasma cells, lymphocytes and macrophage) in cerebral region with severe inflammation observed in meninges of cerebellum. OMGKRP poison induced inflammation of meninges of cerebellar region of brain.
{"title":"Toxicity Profile of Karuho Poison on the Brain of Wistar Albino Rats","authors":"Samuel Kule Kyolo, G. Bbosa, J. Odda, A. Lubega, Ntabe Namegabe Edmond","doi":"10.4236/nm.2018.92008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/nm.2018.92008","url":null,"abstract":"Various forms of Karuho poisoning are a common traditional mystery and a public health challenge in Goma city, North Kivu in DRC practiced by unscrupulous people. Its signs and symptoms are commonly mistaken by local communities and medical world with those of tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and typhoid fever; with neurological and psychological symptoms. Study investigated sub-acute toxicity of Karuho poison on brain of Wistar albino rats. Laboratory based experimental study was conducted at Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Makerere University College of Health Sciences. A total of 4 Karuho poisons (OMGKRP, DLNKRP, CHKRP and BHKRP) were screened for acute and sub-acute toxicity. Fifty animals, 10 in each group were daily dosed for 28 days with 1 mg, 5 mg, 20 mg and 5000 mg/kg bwt of OMGKRP (most active following screening) and normal saline for control group using OECD 407 and NIH 2011 guidelines. Behavioral changes were noted. Histopathological changes in brain regions were analyzed. Treated rats by OMGKRP, most active Karuho poison, were associated with sign of depression, piloerection and shortness of breath. Histopathological changes revealed moderate diffuse congestion and mononuclear inflammatory cells infiltration (plasma cells, lymphocytes and macrophage) in cerebral region with severe inflammation observed in meninges of cerebellum. OMGKRP poison induced inflammation of meninges of cerebellar region of brain.","PeriodicalId":19381,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience and Medicine","volume":"59 1","pages":"63-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76405495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Elnady, H. Azab, M. Said, A. Bekheet, Ashraf Khodeary, Ahmed Ali
Background: Urinary tract infections UTIs occur repeatedly after stroke and are related to bad outcomes with increased rates of deterioration in neurological state during hospitalization, death or long term disability as well as increased length of hospitalization. Factors found to predict UTI include stroke severity, depressed consciousness level, increased post-void residual urine volume, and diabetes mellitus. Stroke severity appears to be the most important predictor of infection risk. We aimed to determine the risk factors associated with UTI after acute stroke, and its association with outcome. Subjects and Methods: This is prospective cohort study. We analysed clinical data of 100 patients with first ever ischemic stroke. We assessed risk factors for UTI, as well as clinical outcome. Results: Urinary tract infection was found in 72% of our subjects. On univariate analysis, patients with UTI were more likely to have had a more severe stroke, more likely to be catheterized and more likely to have a higher serum creatinine level. The multivariate analysis revealed that greater stroke severity was independently associated with increased risk of developing UTI. Greater stroke severity measured by CSS was independently associated with unfavorable outcome on discharge. Conclusion: UTI is common after acute stroke. It is associated with more severe stroke.
{"title":"Stroke Severity Is the Major Player in Post-Stroke Urinary Tract Infection in Patients with First Ever Ischemic Stroke","authors":"H. Elnady, H. Azab, M. Said, A. Bekheet, Ashraf Khodeary, Ahmed Ali","doi":"10.4236/NM.2018.92010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/NM.2018.92010","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Urinary tract infections UTIs occur repeatedly after stroke and are related to bad outcomes with increased rates of deterioration in neurological state during hospitalization, death or long term disability as well as increased length of hospitalization. Factors found to predict UTI include stroke severity, depressed consciousness level, increased post-void residual urine volume, and diabetes mellitus. Stroke severity appears to be the most important predictor of infection risk. We aimed to determine the risk factors associated with UTI after acute stroke, and its association with outcome. Subjects and Methods: This is prospective cohort study. We analysed clinical data of 100 patients with first ever ischemic stroke. We assessed risk factors for UTI, as well as clinical outcome. Results: Urinary tract infection was found in 72% of our subjects. On univariate analysis, patients with UTI were more likely to have had a more severe stroke, more likely to be catheterized and more likely to have a higher serum creatinine level. The multivariate analysis revealed that greater stroke severity was independently associated with increased risk of developing UTI. Greater stroke severity measured by CSS was independently associated with unfavorable outcome on discharge. Conclusion: UTI is common after acute stroke. It is associated with more severe stroke.","PeriodicalId":19381,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience and Medicine","volume":"51 1","pages":"94-104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77611966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Sodium imbalances are among the most common electrolyte abnormalities encountered in the acute care setting. The syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone (SIADH) and cerebral salt wasting (CSW) are characterized by hyponatremia and can be difficult to differentiate. Failure to accurately diagnose these conditions and implement the correct treatment results in an increased mortality risk, a longer length of stay in the hospital, and an increase in the cost of hospitalization. Objective: The purpose of this review is to summarize the key diagnostic findings in each disorder and to review the use of the fractional excretion of uric acid (FeUA) and the fractional excretion of phosphate as additional diagnostic measures to differentiate between SIADH and CSW. Observation: Publications from MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Google Scholar from 2009 through 2017 were reviewed. Articles were included if original data was presented and diagnosed either SIADH or CSW. Articles were excluded if they did not discuss diagnostic measures or were review articles. Results: Thirteen out of 51 publications met the inclusion criteria; four (31%) were clinica trials, seven (54%) were case reports, one (7.5%) was a prospective study and one (7.5%) was a retrospective-observational study. The populations studied, the etiologies causing hyponatremia, and diagnostic criteria used to distinguish between SIADH and CSW varied. Conclusion and Relevance: There is a need for consistent diagnostic criteria for SIADH and CSW. Based on current evidence, the use of FeUA and the fractional excretion of phosphate have consistently and accurately differentiated between SIADH and CSW.
{"title":"Differentiating between SIADH and CSW Using Fractional Excretion of Uric Acid and Phosphate: A Narrative Review","authors":"A. Rudolph, R. Gantioque","doi":"10.4236/nm.2018.92007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/nm.2018.92007","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Sodium imbalances are among the most common electrolyte abnormalities encountered in the acute care setting. The syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone (SIADH) and cerebral salt wasting (CSW) are characterized by hyponatremia and can be difficult to differentiate. Failure to accurately diagnose these conditions and implement the correct treatment results in an increased mortality risk, a longer length of stay in the hospital, and an increase in the cost of hospitalization. Objective: The purpose of this review is to summarize the key diagnostic findings in each disorder and to review the use of the fractional excretion of uric acid (FeUA) and the fractional excretion of phosphate as additional diagnostic measures to differentiate between SIADH and CSW. Observation: Publications from MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Google Scholar from 2009 through 2017 were reviewed. Articles were included if original data was presented and diagnosed either SIADH or CSW. Articles were excluded if they did not discuss diagnostic measures or were review articles. Results: Thirteen out of 51 publications met the inclusion criteria; four (31%) were clinica trials, seven (54%) were case reports, one (7.5%) was a prospective study and one (7.5%) was a retrospective-observational study. The populations studied, the etiologies causing hyponatremia, and diagnostic criteria used to distinguish between SIADH and CSW varied. Conclusion and Relevance: There is a need for consistent diagnostic criteria for SIADH and CSW. Based on current evidence, the use of FeUA and the fractional excretion of phosphate have consistently and accurately differentiated between SIADH and CSW.","PeriodicalId":19381,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience and Medicine","volume":"39 1","pages":"53-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86117440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Adoukonou, O. Kossi, M. Agbétou, B. Tchaou, Gottfried Agballa, D. Houinato
Background: The burden of stroke is very high in sub-Saharan Africa. The identification of the factors influencing poor outcome can help to reduce this burden. Objective: To study factors influencing the prognosis of stroke at Parakou. Methods: It was a prospective study conducted over two periods: inclusion period between 1st January and 30 June 2013; monitoring period of survivors between 1st July and 30 September. All consecutive patients admitted in the hospitals for stroke in the study period were included. The functional outcomes were assessed by the RANKIN scale (RANKIN > 2). Epi-info version 7 and SPSS version 16 were used for the statistical analyses. Results: We recruited 85 patients; mean age was 52 ± 15 years. The housewives and the unschooled represented respectively 33% and 65%. The mortality rates at 1 and 3 month were respectively 27% and 32%. Factors associated with mortality were female gender, stroke severity, disorders of consciousness, hyperthermia and hyperglycemia at admission, overweight, pneumonia, anemia, hyperleucocytosis, higher total and LDL serum cholesterol levels at 1 month; housewife status and pneumonia were associated at 3 month. 47% of survivors were independent at 1 month. Stroke severity and length of hospital stay were associated with disability at 1 month whereas previous stroke and disability history, stroke severity, weight and length of hospital stay were related with 3 month poor functional outcome. Conclusion: This study showed the poor outcome of stroke patients in Parakou which were influenced by many factors. Taking account of these factors in the strategies of care in the acute phase may improve the prognosis of stroke patients.
背景:在撒哈拉以南非洲，中风的负担非常高。确定影响不良结果的因素有助于减轻这一负担。目的:探讨影响帕拉口脑卒中预后的因素。方法:前瞻性研究分为两个阶段:纳入期为2013年1月1日至6月30日;7月1日至9月30日幸存者监测期。所有在研究期间连续住院的中风患者均被纳入研究范围。功能结局采用RANKIN量表(RANKIN > 2)评价，采用Epi-info version 7和SPSS version 16进行统计分析。结果:我们招募了85例患者;平均年龄52±15岁。家庭主妇和未受教育的人分别占33%和65%。1个月和3个月死亡率分别为27%和32%。与死亡率相关的因素有女性、中风严重程度、意识障碍、入院时高热和高血糖、超重、肺炎、贫血、高白细胞血症、1个月时血清总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平升高;3个月时，家庭主妇身份与肺炎相关。47%的幸存者在1个月时独立。卒中严重程度和住院时间与1个月时的功能障碍相关，而既往卒中和残疾史、卒中严重程度、体重和住院时间与3个月时的功能障碍相关。结论:帕拉口地区脑卒中患者预后不良，受多种因素影响。在急性期的护理策略中考虑这些因素可能会改善脑卒中患者的预后。
{"title":"Short Term (3 Months) Prognosis of Stroke in Parakou","authors":"T. Adoukonou, O. Kossi, M. Agbétou, B. Tchaou, Gottfried Agballa, D. Houinato","doi":"10.4236/NM.2018.92009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/NM.2018.92009","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The burden of stroke is very high in sub-Saharan Africa. The identification of the factors influencing poor outcome can help to reduce this burden. Objective: To study factors influencing the prognosis of stroke at Parakou. Methods: It was a prospective study conducted over two periods: inclusion period between 1st January and 30 June 2013; monitoring period of survivors between 1st July and 30 September. All consecutive patients admitted in the hospitals for stroke in the study period were included. The functional outcomes were assessed by the RANKIN scale (RANKIN > 2). Epi-info version 7 and SPSS version 16 were used for the statistical analyses. Results: We recruited 85 patients; mean age was 52 ± 15 years. The housewives and the unschooled represented respectively 33% and 65%. The mortality rates at 1 and 3 month were respectively 27% and 32%. Factors associated with mortality were female gender, stroke severity, disorders of consciousness, hyperthermia and hyperglycemia at admission, overweight, pneumonia, anemia, hyperleucocytosis, higher total and LDL serum cholesterol levels at 1 month; housewife status and pneumonia were associated at 3 month. 47% of survivors were independent at 1 month. Stroke severity and length of hospital stay were associated with disability at 1 month whereas previous stroke and disability history, stroke severity, weight and length of hospital stay were related with 3 month poor functional outcome. Conclusion: This study showed the poor outcome of stroke patients in Parakou which were influenced by many factors. Taking account of these factors in the strategies of care in the acute phase may improve the prognosis of stroke patients.","PeriodicalId":19381,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience and Medicine","volume":"37 1","pages":"81-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84359771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carpal tunnel syndrome is one of the commonest entrapment neuropathies. Hand pain and numbness are mostly the presenting symptoms. Endoscopic carpal tunnel release (ECTR) has been demonstrated to reduce recovery time and allow faster return to the work. The purpose of this prospective descriptive study was to evaluate the efficacy and advantages of (ECTR) through single proximal incision. In this study, the procedure was done for 36 hands in 36 patients. The results showed that females:male = 9:1, mean age was 42 years. Right hand dominance was 90% and affected in 67%. Preoperatively, the condition was moderate in 61% and severe in 39%. The average operating time was 10 minutes and the mean follow up period was 6 months with no major postoperative complications. In 8%, transient neurapraxia was found and resolved in 1 week and tenderness was found in 70% and resolved in 4 weeks. we concluded that endoscopic carpal tunnel release is an effective minimal incisional safe procedure with a high success rate, rapid return to work.
{"title":"Endoscopic decompression of the median nerve for idiopathic Carpal tunnel syndrome","authors":"H. Behairy","doi":"10.4236/nm.2018.91001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/nm.2018.91001","url":null,"abstract":"Carpal tunnel syndrome is one of the commonest entrapment neuropathies. Hand pain and numbness are mostly the presenting symptoms. Endoscopic carpal tunnel release (ECTR) has been demonstrated to reduce recovery time and allow faster return to the work. The purpose of this prospective descriptive study was to evaluate the efficacy and advantages of (ECTR) through single proximal incision. In this study, the procedure was done for 36 hands in 36 patients. The results showed that females:male = 9:1, mean age was 42 years. Right hand dominance was 90% and affected in 67%. Preoperatively, the condition was moderate in 61% and severe in 39%. The average operating time was 10 minutes and the mean follow up period was 6 months with no major postoperative complications. In 8%, transient neurapraxia was found and resolved in 1 week and tenderness was found in 70% and resolved in 4 weeks. we concluded that endoscopic carpal tunnel release is an effective minimal incisional safe procedure with a high success rate, rapid return to work.","PeriodicalId":19381,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience and Medicine","volume":"73 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86653156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: This study aimed to compare the neurophysiological responses to sound in adults with hypersensitivity compared to adults without hypersensitivity, and correlate the daily-life experiences to the neurophysiological manifestations. Material and Methods: The Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile (AASP) was administered to 27 adults, separated by their cut-off scores. Differences in neurophysiological responses were measured by N1-P2 Event-Related Potentials (ERP) in response to auditory changes in frequency and intensity. Reactions to daily sounds were measured by the hyperacusis questionnaire. Correlations between AASP, hyperacusis questionnaire, and ERP were measured. Results: The basic ability to detect a change in stimuli manifested in N1 waveform was not significantly different. However, participants with hypersensitivity presented a stronger P2 response and a higher hyperacusis score. Daily expressions of auditory hypersensitivity correlated (p = 0.05 - p = 0.01) with larger ERP responses. Conclusions: Auditory hypersensitivity as reflected in daily scenarios is evident in neurophysiological manifestations measured by ERPs. Understanding the relationship between the neural mechanisms of auditory hyper-ensitivity and its daily expressions, may optimize participation and wellbeing for people with hypersensitivity.
背景:本研究旨在比较超敏成人与非超敏成人对声音的神经生理反应，并将日常生活经历与神经生理表现联系起来。材料和方法:对27名成年人进行青少年/成人感官测试(AASP)，按他们的截止分数分开。神经生理反应的差异通过N1-P2事件相关电位(ERP)测量。对日常声音的反应通过听觉亢进问卷进行测量。测量AASP、超音问卷和ERP的相关性。结果:以N1波形表现的对刺激变化的基本感知能力无显著差异。然而，超敏反应的参与者表现出更强的P2反应和更高的超听觉评分。听觉超敏反应的日表达量与ERP反应呈正相关(p = 0.05 ~ p = 0.01)。结论:听觉超敏反应反映在日常情景中，在erp测量的神经生理表现中是明显的。了解听觉超敏反应的神经机制与其日常表达之间的关系，可以优化听觉超敏反应患者的参与和健康。
{"title":"Neurophysiological Manifestations of Auditory Hypersensitivity Correlate with Daily Life Experiences","authors":"S. Zlotnik, J. Attias, H. Pratt, B. Engel-Yeger","doi":"10.4236/NM.2018.91005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/NM.2018.91005","url":null,"abstract":"Background: This study aimed to compare the neurophysiological responses to sound in adults with hypersensitivity compared to adults without hypersensitivity, and correlate the daily-life experiences to the neurophysiological manifestations. Material and Methods: The Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile (AASP) was administered to 27 adults, separated by their cut-off scores. Differences in neurophysiological responses were measured by N1-P2 Event-Related Potentials (ERP) in response to auditory changes in frequency and intensity. Reactions to daily sounds were measured by the hyperacusis questionnaire. Correlations between AASP, hyperacusis questionnaire, and ERP were measured. Results: The basic ability to detect a change in stimuli manifested in N1 waveform was not significantly different. However, participants with hypersensitivity presented a stronger P2 response and a higher hyperacusis score. Daily expressions of auditory hypersensitivity correlated (p = 0.05 - p = 0.01) with larger ERP responses. Conclusions: Auditory hypersensitivity as reflected in daily scenarios is evident in neurophysiological manifestations measured by ERPs. Understanding the relationship between the neural mechanisms of auditory hyper-ensitivity and its daily expressions, may optimize participation and wellbeing for people with hypersensitivity.","PeriodicalId":19381,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience and Medicine","volume":"7 1","pages":"29-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76506002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Khan, Muhammad Ali, Hareem Bakhsh Sobhi, S. M. Waheed, Ifrah Shahnawaz, M. Abdullah, Sardar Muhammad Omer Naseem, O. Kamal, F. Bashir, M. Nadeem
Background: Several circumstances and conditions lead to UGIB. The commonest among them peptic ulcer to an approximation of 50% in cases. The second major cause may be esoghageal varices and third is mallory-weis tears. There are also other causes, which may include erosins, tumors and other malformations like arteriovenous. Methods: This was an observational retrospective study of all patients referred to endoscopy. The study exclusion criteria include all patients who had repeat endoscopies within one month of the previous endoscopy whereas all the patients with UGIB were included in this study. Results: We retrieved data of total 150 patients who had experienced upper gastrointestinal endoscopy during the selected time period covered in the study, March 2015 to February 2016. The mean age of the patients was 43.3 ± 13.80. 80 (53.3%) of the patients were male and 70 (46.7%) were females. Exploring more into UGIB causes the majority of patients were with esophageal varices 68 (45.3%) with male to female share was 2:1. The second most cause was esophagitis (n = 22, (14.67%)), the distribution of the cause was similar in male to female. Conclusion: We may conclude from our findings that the most common cause of UGIB is esophageal varices in our population.
{"title":"Etiology of Upper GI Bleeding on Endoscopy","authors":"J. Khan, Muhammad Ali, Hareem Bakhsh Sobhi, S. M. Waheed, Ifrah Shahnawaz, M. Abdullah, Sardar Muhammad Omer Naseem, O. Kamal, F. Bashir, M. Nadeem","doi":"10.4236/nm.2018.91003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/nm.2018.91003","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Several circumstances and conditions lead to UGIB. The commonest among them peptic ulcer to an approximation of 50% in cases. The second major cause may be esoghageal varices and third is mallory-weis tears. There are also other causes, which may include erosins, tumors and other malformations like arteriovenous. Methods: This was an observational retrospective study of all patients referred to endoscopy. The study exclusion criteria include all patients who had repeat endoscopies within one month of the previous endoscopy whereas all the patients with UGIB were included in this study. Results: We retrieved data of total 150 patients who had experienced upper gastrointestinal endoscopy during the selected time period covered in the study, March 2015 to February 2016. The mean age of the patients was 43.3 ± 13.80. 80 (53.3%) of the patients were male and 70 (46.7%) were females. Exploring more into UGIB causes the majority of patients were with esophageal varices 68 (45.3%) with male to female share was 2:1. The second most cause was esophagitis (n = 22, (14.67%)), the distribution of the cause was similar in male to female. Conclusion: We may conclude from our findings that the most common cause of UGIB is esophageal varices in our population.","PeriodicalId":19381,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience and Medicine","volume":"103 1","pages":"16-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72890526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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