Pub Date : 2018-09-03DOI: 10.1787/9789264304741-6-en
Tg
282. Modality detected/endpoints: estrogens (♂ VTG ↑; ♂ 2 sex characteristics ↓); anti-estrogens (♀ VTG ↓); androgens (♂ 2 sex characteristics in ♀); anti-androgens (♂ 2 sex characteristics ↓); aromatisable androgens (♂ VTG ↑); aromatase inhibitors (♀ VTG ↓); non-specific effects on hypothalamic/pituitary/gonadal (HPG) axis, plus other reprotox (fecundity ↓); (optional endpoint – gonadal histo-pathology. This may assist with diagnosis of mode of action). Note that this assay may, in some cases, have low statistical power or sensitivity to detect anti-androgenic activity through effects on secondary sexual characteristics. However, if gonad histopathology has been optionally studied, changes in Leydig cells resulting from anti-androgen exposure may have been observed. Finally, diagnostic endpoints (i.e. indicators of hormonal activity) and the apical endpoint (i.e. fecundity) should be considered together to obtain maximum value from this assay.
{"title":"Fish Short-Term Reproduction Assay (FSTRA) (OECD TG 229)","authors":"Tg","doi":"10.1787/9789264304741-6-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264304741-6-en","url":null,"abstract":"282. Modality detected/endpoints: estrogens (♂ VTG ↑; ♂ 2 sex characteristics ↓); anti-estrogens (♀ VTG ↓); androgens (♂ 2 sex characteristics in ♀); anti-androgens (♂ 2 sex characteristics ↓); aromatisable androgens (♂ VTG ↑); aromatase inhibitors (♀ VTG ↓); non-specific effects on hypothalamic/pituitary/gonadal (HPG) axis, plus other reprotox (fecundity ↓); (optional endpoint – gonadal histo-pathology. This may assist with diagnosis of mode of action). Note that this assay may, in some cases, have low statistical power or sensitivity to detect anti-androgenic activity through effects on secondary sexual characteristics. However, if gonad histopathology has been optionally studied, changes in Leydig cells resulting from anti-androgen exposure may have been observed. Finally, diagnostic endpoints (i.e. indicators of hormonal activity) and the apical endpoint (i.e. fecundity) should be considered together to obtain maximum value from this assay.","PeriodicalId":19458,"journal":{"name":"OECD Series on Testing and Assessment","volume":"365 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80341442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-03DOI: 10.1787/9789264304741-12-en
{"title":"Daphnia magna Reproduction Test (OECD TG 211)","authors":"","doi":"10.1787/9789264304741-12-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264304741-12-en","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19458,"journal":{"name":"OECD Series on Testing and Assessment","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86324628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"OECD mammalian screens and tests (Conceptual Framework Levels 3-5)","authors":"","doi":"10.1787/g27e23fefd-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/g27e23fefd-en","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19458,"journal":{"name":"OECD Series on Testing and Assessment","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87412406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-03DOI: 10.1787/9789264304741-29-en
{"title":"Subchronic Dermal Toxicity: 90-Day Study (OECD TG 411)","authors":"","doi":"10.1787/9789264304741-29-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264304741-29-en","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19458,"journal":{"name":"OECD Series on Testing and Assessment","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85403456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-03DOI: 10.1787/9789264304741-11-en
Tg
358. Modality detected/endpoints: This medium-term in vivo assay with the dipteran insect Chironomus spp. is responsive to juvenile hormone (JH) (ant)agonists and ecdysteroid (Ec) (ant)agonists which can interfere with such processes as metamorphosis, moulting and growth (e.g. Hahn, Liess and Schulz [2001]; Taenzler et al. [2007]; Jungmann et al. [2009]; Tassou and Schulz [2009, 2013]). It exposes the test organisms over a single generation. It is important to note, however, that none of the endpoints in this apical test are specifically responsive to JHor Ec-active chemicals, and the assay will give positive results with many other substances. The lack of internationally validated mechanistic assays for endocrine activity in insects may prevent firm conclusions about whether test chemicals are endocrine disrupters (EDs) in this taxon, although in vitro assays for JH and estrogen (E) activity are available in the literature. However, the data from the test may nevertheless be of value for classification and hazard identification/characterisation.
358. 形态检测/终点:这种双翅目昆虫Chironomus sp .的中期体内试验对幼虫激素(JH)(蚂蚁)激动剂和蜕皮类固醇(Ec)(蚂蚁)激动剂有反应，它们会干扰蜕变、换毛和生长等过程(例如Hahn, Liess和Schulz [2001];Taenzler等[2007];Jungmann et al. [2009];Tassou and Schulz[2009, 2013])。它将测试生物体暴露在一个世代中。然而，值得注意的是，在这个尖端测试中，没有一个终点对JHor ec活性化学物质有特别的反应，并且该分析将给出许多其他物质的阳性结果。尽管文献中有JH和雌激素(E)活性的体外测试，但缺乏国际上有效的昆虫内分泌活性机制测试，可能无法确定测试化学物质是否为该分类单元的内分泌干扰物(EDs)。然而，来自测试的数据可能对分类和危险识别/特征有价值。
{"title":"Chironomid Toxicity Test Using Spiked Sediment (OECD TG 218) or Spiked Water (OECD TG 219)","authors":"Tg","doi":"10.1787/9789264304741-11-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264304741-11-en","url":null,"abstract":"358. Modality detected/endpoints: This medium-term in vivo assay with the dipteran insect Chironomus spp. is responsive to juvenile hormone (JH) (ant)agonists and ecdysteroid (Ec) (ant)agonists which can interfere with such processes as metamorphosis, moulting and growth (e.g. Hahn, Liess and Schulz [2001]; Taenzler et al. [2007]; Jungmann et al. [2009]; Tassou and Schulz [2009, 2013]). It exposes the test organisms over a single generation. It is important to note, however, that none of the endpoints in this apical test are specifically responsive to JHor Ec-active chemicals, and the assay will give positive results with many other substances. The lack of internationally validated mechanistic assays for endocrine activity in insects may prevent firm conclusions about whether test chemicals are endocrine disrupters (EDs) in this taxon, although in vitro assays for JH and estrogen (E) activity are available in the literature. However, the data from the test may nevertheless be of value for classification and hazard identification/characterisation.","PeriodicalId":19458,"journal":{"name":"OECD Series on Testing and Assessment","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84683083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-03DOI: 10.1787/9789264304741-30-en
Tg
882. This assay determines the subchronic inhalation toxicity of chemicals to provide data for quantitative inhalational hazard identification/characterisation. It is primarily used to derive regulatory concentrations for assessing worker risk in occupational settings. It may also be used to assess human residential, transportation and environmental risk. Dosing duration is 28 days and the preferred species is the rat. Animals are exposed to test substance in inhalation chambers for six hours per day on a five day per week basis. The preferred mode of exposure is nose only, but whole body exposure may also be used. OECD TG 412 was first adopted in 1981, revised in 2009 and 2017. Although it has not been validated for the detection of endocrine active substances (EASs), this assay contains several endpoints that are suitable for the determination of endocrine effects. As all the endpoints are apical, it is difficult to discern mechanism of action from this test alone. Information on mechanism of action may need to be obtained from in vitro estrogen/androgen/thyroid/steroidogenesis (E,A,T,S) assays or in vivo lower tier tests such as the Uterotrophic Bioassay (UT – OECD TG 440) and the Hershberger Bioassay (H – OECD TG 441). Hormone measurements are not included in this assay.
{"title":"28-Day (Subacute) Inhalation Toxicity Study (OECD TG 412)","authors":"Tg","doi":"10.1787/9789264304741-30-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264304741-30-en","url":null,"abstract":"882. This assay determines the subchronic inhalation toxicity of chemicals to provide data for quantitative inhalational hazard identification/characterisation. It is primarily used to derive regulatory concentrations for assessing worker risk in occupational settings. It may also be used to assess human residential, transportation and environmental risk. Dosing duration is 28 days and the preferred species is the rat. Animals are exposed to test substance in inhalation chambers for six hours per day on a five day per week basis. The preferred mode of exposure is nose only, but whole body exposure may also be used. OECD TG 412 was first adopted in 1981, revised in 2009 and 2017. Although it has not been validated for the detection of endocrine active substances (EASs), this assay contains several endpoints that are suitable for the determination of endocrine effects. As all the endpoints are apical, it is difficult to discern mechanism of action from this test alone. Information on mechanism of action may need to be obtained from in vitro estrogen/androgen/thyroid/steroidogenesis (E,A,T,S) assays or in vivo lower tier tests such as the Uterotrophic Bioassay (UT – OECD TG 440) and the Hershberger Bioassay (H – OECD TG 441). Hormone measurements are not included in this assay.","PeriodicalId":19458,"journal":{"name":"OECD Series on Testing and Assessment","volume":"207 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73016819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-03DOI: 10.1787/9789264304741-9-en
{"title":"Potamopyrgus antipodarum Reproduction Test (OECD TG 242)","authors":"","doi":"10.1787/9789264304741-9-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264304741-9-en","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19458,"journal":{"name":"OECD Series on Testing and Assessment","volume":"94 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77619535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"OECD non-mammalian screens and tests (Conceptual Framework Levels 3-5)","authors":"","doi":"10.1787/g27e1ac658-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/g27e1ac658-en","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19458,"journal":{"name":"OECD Series on Testing and Assessment","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77798121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-03DOI: 10.1787/9789264304741-5-en
{"title":"Non-OECD in vitro screens (Conceptual Framework Level 2)","authors":"","doi":"10.1787/9789264304741-5-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264304741-5-en","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19458,"journal":{"name":"OECD Series on Testing and Assessment","volume":"134 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79447200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-03DOI: 10.1787/9789264304741-25-en
Tg
Weights of: (parents only) testes, epididymides, prostate and seminal vesicles with coagulating glands (OECD TG 421 and TG 422), plus adrenals (OECD TG 422 only). Optional organ weights could include levator ani plus bulbocavernosus muscle complex, Cowper’s glands and glans penis in males, and paired ovaries and uterus (including cervix). Thyroid gland weight could be measured (after fixation) in all adults and PND 13 pups (OECD TG 421 and TG 422).
{"title":"Reproduction/Developmental Toxicity Screening Test (OECD TG 421) and Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction/Developmental Toxicity Screening Test (OECD TG 422)","authors":"Tg","doi":"10.1787/9789264304741-25-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264304741-25-en","url":null,"abstract":"Weights of: (parents only) testes, epididymides, prostate and seminal vesicles with coagulating glands (OECD TG 421 and TG 422), plus adrenals (OECD TG 422 only). Optional organ weights could include levator ani plus bulbocavernosus muscle complex, Cowper’s glands and glans penis in males, and paired ovaries and uterus (including cervix). Thyroid gland weight could be measured (after fixation) in all adults and PND 13 pups (OECD TG 421 and TG 422).","PeriodicalId":19458,"journal":{"name":"OECD Series on Testing and Assessment","volume":"21 4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83491212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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